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Peace Issue What is Climate Anxiety?

Climate Anxiety is a new term encompassing fears, mental distress, and negative emotions related to the climate crisis. In this column, we will explore the meaning, impact, and coping strategies for climate anxiety.― Q. What is Climate Anxiety? ―A. Climate Anxiety refers to the phenomenon where individuals experience mental and emotional distress due to worries and fears about climate change and environmental issues.The World Health Organization (WHO) defines climate anxiety as:"Climate Anxiety refers to the distress and emotional turmoil caused by the anticipation of future environmental disasters related to climate change."Severe climate anxiety can lead to depression. An increasing number of people are experiencing anxiety after watching news about extreme weather events and climate change. Additionally, more members of the MZ generation (Millennials and Generation Z) are afraid to have children or have given up on the idea altogether due to these fears.This shows that climate anxiety extends beyond mere worry and significantly impacts individual mental health.As climate change becomes more severe, there are limited actions individuals can take, leading to feelings of helplessness and anxiety. The IPCC's 6th Assessment Report in 2023 stated that climate change will increase mental health issues, including disease, premature death, anxiety, and stress.― Increasing Climate Anxiety ―Indeed, climate anxiety is on the rise globally. This is clearly reflected in Google search trends. Between 2018 and 2023, searches related to "climate anxiety" increased by 45 times (4,590%).A data analysis by the BBC and Google in October 2023 revealed that the most searched questions included "How to overcome depression caused by climate change?" and "How to sleep without worrying about the environmental crisis?"Northern European countries have the highest search volumes for "climate anxiety," with over 40% of related searches coming from Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.This surge in search volume indicates that climate anxiety is not just an internet trend but a real issue affecting many people.(Source: BBC, Google Trends)Particularly, the younger generation shows significant levels of anxiety.According to the Climate Psychology Alliance (CPA), which published a study titled "Climate Anxiety in Children and Young People and their Beliefs about Government Responses to Climate Change" in the international journal The Lancet in 2021, a survey of 10,000 youth (aged 16-25) from 10 countries revealed that 59% of respondents were "extremely worried" about climate change. Did you know that so many young people experience feelings of sadness, anxiety, anger, helplessness, powerlessness, and guilt due to climate change?Adults are similarly affected. A study by Yale University revealed that about 7% of American adults suffer from psychological distress related to climate change.― Types of Climate Anxiety ―Public Health Watch explains that climate anxiety can manifest as dysthymia, causing people to feel sadness about the state of the world, and can lead to general anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and insomnia.The WHO's 2021 Health and Climate Change Survey Report classifies mental health issues arising from climate change as follows: • Eco-Anxiety: Anxiety and stress caused by climate change, including persistent fear and worry about environmental disasters. • Eco-Guilt: Guilt felt when individuals believe they have violated environmental protection standards, stemming from the perception of having a negative impact on the environment. • Eco-Grief: Sadness over ecological losses due to climate change, including the loss of physical environments, anticipated future losses, and the collapse of environmental knowledge systems. • Eco-Paralysis: A sense of helplessness in responding to climate change issues, which can occur when there are too many or conflicting action options. • Solastalgia: The distress and despair felt when beloved places deteriorate due to environmental changes.• Eco-Nostalgia: Nostalgia and sadness when revisiting places that have been significantly altered by climate change. These classifications show that climate change can impact mental health in various ways, leading to different psychological responses.― Reducing Climate Anxiety ―To reduce climate anxiety, a multifaceted approach is necessary:∎ Education and Information Provision is EssentialTo effectively manage climate anxiety, it is crucial to provide accurate information about climate change through education. Understanding information related to climate change through education can help manage climate stress.∎ Mental Health Support is NecessarySchools and communities should establish counseling services and support programs for youth experiencing climate anxiety. Recognizing climate anxiety and finding ways to overcome it with professionals is essential. Here are some programs:Australia's "Climate Counselling" ProgramThis program provides psychological support related to climate change to young people in schools and communities. Professional counsellors help youth experiencing climate anxiety, build knowledge about climate change, and offer opportunities to participate in environmental protection activities.Iceland's "Green Healthcare" ProgramThis program addresses mental health issues caused by climate change by conducting counseling sessions in nature. Youth relieve stress and discuss their fears related to climate change in a natural setting.UK's "Youth Climate Now" ProjectThis project helps young people learn more about climate change and actively participate in environmental protection activities. Regular sessions with psychological counsellors provide opportunities to share feelings related to climate anxiety and learn coping strategies.∎ Creating Change Through ActionEncouraging youth to directly participate in environmental protection activities is also effective in reducing climate anxiety. Community activities such as environmental clean-ups, recycling campaigns, and tree planting projects provide opportunities for youth to take active measures against climate change.As the Earth continues to warm, climate anxiety is no longer just an individual issue but a problem for all humanity.Climate anxiety can lead to mental health issues, negatively impacting education, social relationships, and long-term quality of life. Therefore, education on climate change, mental health support, and proactive climate action are necessary.In particular, more active responses are required at the family, school, community, and government levels to help youth overcome anxiety caused by climate change and lead positive changes towards the future. It is time to seek a comprehensive approach and integrated solutions to this problem.If you want to learn more about the state of our planet in crisis, please refer to the following articles!↓↓↓What are Planetary Boundaries?Peace must be extended to the future. Even if we do not meet, we must ensure that our descendants lead happy lives.-Hak Ja Han Moon, Founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn MoreWhat are Planetary Boundaries?The Glaciers are Sending Us a WarningReferenceHickman, C., Marks, E., Pihkala, P., Clayton, S., Lewandowski, R. E., Mayall, E. E., et al. Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: a global survey. The Lancet Planetary Health, December (2021). Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is Sea Level Rise?

Sea level rise refers to the phenomenon where the ocean levels are gradually increasing. In this article, we’ll explore the current situation, causes, and solutions to sea level rise.― A Disappearing Island: The Cry of Kiribati ―(Source: The Guardian)Have you ever heard of the island nation of Kiribati?Located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, this small country is gradually disappearing due to rising sea levels. Like a scene from a movie, the ocean is swallowing the island little by little each day.Anote Tong, the first Sunhak Peace Prize laureate and former president of Kiribati, spoke about this crisis:"The issue of sea level rise in Kiribati is no longer a story of the future. It’s a reality we are facing now. We understand that migration is the last option, but we must take every possible measure before that."— Anote Tong, Former President of Kiribati—As he mentioned, many areas of Kiribati are already contaminated with saltwater, making them unsuitable for agriculture and habitation. This is not just an environmental issue; it is a matter of survival.And it’s not just Kiribati. Many coastal nations around the world are facing similar threats.― The Reality of Sea Level Rise: A Crisis by the Numbers ―According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), sea levels have risen by 20-23 cm since 1880. In the last decade, the rate of increase has doubled, signaling a serious warning to humanity (World Meteorological Organization).(The areas shown in red indicate higher-than-normal sea levels around two of Tuvalu's inhabited islands, Nanumanga and Nanumea. Source: NASA)NASA has reported that, since 1993, sea levels have been rising by an average of 3.3 mm per year. If this trend continues, sea levels could rise by 30 cm to 1 meter by the end of the 21st century.NASA's 2023 report on sea level rise in Tuvalu predicts that sea levels in the Pacific island nation could rise by 0.2-0.3 meters by 2050 and up to 0.5-2.0 meters by 2100. This will lead to more frequent and severe flooding and storm surges.Additionally, NASA's Earth Observatory announced that, as of February 2, 2023, the Antarctic sea ice extent had shrunk to 1.79 million km², the lowest level since satellite monitoring began in 1979.This is particularly devastating for Pacific island nations like Kiribati. The latest 2023 Southwest Pacific Climate State report from the WMO emphasized that sea level rise in the Pacific region is occurring at a rate faster than the global average. Nations like Tonga and Vanuatu are at severe risk due to rising sea levels, increased ocean temperatures, and more frequent marine heatwaves.(Sendai Target G scores of countries in the South-West Pacific region as of 2023, as reported by the countries themselves through the Sendai Monitor. Source: UNDRR)Download the report here↓↓↓2023 Southwest Pacific Climate State Report― Q. What Causes Sea Level Rise? ―According to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which acts as a "health check" for our planet, sea level rise is primarily caused by glacier meltingand thermal expansion.Want to learn more about the IPCC?Check out the following article!↓↓↓What is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?1. Glaciers and ice sheets are melting.As the Earth gets warmer, glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic are melting rapidly. The melted water flows into the oceans, causing sea levels to rise.2. Thermal expansion of the oceans.As the climate warms, the ocean water itself is heating up and expanding. Just like how water expands when boiled, warm seawater occupies more space, causing the sea level to rise.In addition to these two factors, stronger storms and changes in ocean currents caused by climate change are accelerating sea level rise.Why is Sea Level Rising? We Asked a NASA Scientist― The Consequences of Sea Level Rise: People Losing Their Homes ―Sea level rise is not just about the water going up a little bit—it’s creating significant social and economic problems.1. People are losing their homes.About 900 million people live near coastal areas. If sea levels continue to rise, they will face extreme flooding. For example, densely populated countries like Bangladesh and India are likely to experience large-scale migration.2. The economic impact is severe.Sea level rise is destroying coastal industries such as tourism, fisheries, and ports. For example, in St. Lucia in the Caribbean, floods have destroyed resorts, severely impacting the tourism industry. Additionally, when sea levels rise, urban infrastructure gets flooded, leading to enormous costs for recovery.3. Ecosystem disruption.Saltwater seeps into farmland, making agriculture impossible, and the mixing of freshwater and seawater is damaging ecosystems. Particularly, natural defenses like mangrove forests and coral reefs are being destroyed, which is reducing biodiversity and putting many marine species at risk of extinction.― Sea Level Rise and Peace: Why It Could Lead to Conflict ―If your home were submerged underwater, what would you do? The first priority would be to find a new place to live.But in the process, conflicts are likely to arise. As climate refugees search for new land, they may clash with the people already living there.United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres described sea level rise as a "threat multiplier," meaning that climate change can increase conflicts and intensify competition for resources.In the end, sea level rise is not just an environmental issue—it’s a critical global issue that can lead to social unrest and international disputes.― Q. How Can We Prevent Sea Level Rise? ―Solving the problem of sea level rise requires various strategies, including actions we can all take.1. Slow down global warming!The main cause of sea level rise is climate change, so reducing greenhouse gas emissions that are warming the planet is essential.We can all do our part with small everyday actions! For example, reducing electricity usage and using public transportation more frequently can make a big difference. Governments and companies also need to adopt more renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.2. We need adaptation strategies too.Sea level rise is already affecting us, so we need strategies to cope with it. Building coastal defense walls or restoring mangrove forests are good examples. Mangrove forests not only block waves but also absorb carbon, contributing to climate change mitigation.Want to learn more about nature-based solutions?Check out the following article!↓↓↓What is Nature-Based Solutions?― For a Better Future ―"Is the place where you live safe?"Sea level rise may seem like a distant problem, but it’s actually something that concerns all of us. Major cities like New York, London, and Bangkok are under significant threat from rising sea levels, and many other countries are experiencing more frequent typhoons, floods, and tidal waves.Small actions can lead to big changes. Saving electricity, using eco-friendly products, and reducing your carbon footprint are great ways to start. Raising awareness of the issue of sea level rise can also make a huge difference.In the end, solving this issue requires global cooperation. For a better future for all of us, why not start with small climate actions today?Want to learn more about climate action?Check out the following article!↓↓↓What is Climate Action?"We must expand the scope of peace to include the future. Even if we don’t meet them, we must ensure that our descendants can lead happy lives."— Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon, Founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize—Learn moreWhat is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?What is a Climate Refugee?What is Nature-Based Solutions?What is Climate Action?Written by: Director Yeonjae Cho

Peace Issue What is a Food Desert?

Food deserts are areas where it is difficult to purchase fresh and healthy food. In this column, we will delve into the meaning, current state, and ways to improve the situation of food deserts.The Reality of Food DesertsMaria, a single mother raising two children in Chicago, has to take a two-hour bus ride to reach the nearest supermarket. Without a car and on a tight budget, she struggles to provide fresh fruits and vegetables for her family, often resorting to unhealthy junk food from nearby convenience stores.As a result, her children show signs of malnutrition and obesity.―What is a Food Desert?―(Source: CBC)A. Food deserts are areas where it is difficult to access healthy food necessary for maintaining a good diet.In the United States, food deserts are defined as areas where:■ There is no supermarket within a 400-meter walking radius,■ The median household income is below 185% of the federal poverty line,■ Over 30% of households do not have a car,■ The Healthy Food Availability Index is low.These areas are primarily inhabited by low-income populations. They often have poor facilities and security, but lower rents, making it challenging to find quality food.Residents in these areas tend to rely on fast food high in calories, sugar, and unhealthy fats, increasing the likelihood of diet-related health issues such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.― Global Status of Food Deserts ―Food desert issues are prevalent worldwide, regardless of being in developed or developing countries, and are particularly pronounced in urban outskirts and rural areas.According to the FAO's Global Report on Food Crises 2023, millions of people globally experience food insecurity due to limited access to nutritious food. 1. Developing Countries ■  Acute Food InsecurityIn 2023, about 258 million people in 58 countries experienced acute food insecurity, with more than half concentrated in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, and Yemen.■  Child MalnutritionMajor food crisis analyses reveal that approximately 35 million children under five suffer from wasting or acute malnutrition, with 9.2 million in the most severe stage. 2. United States ■  According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), as of 2023, about 34 million Americans live in food deserts, with approximately 27 million residing in rural areas facing significant challenges in accessing supermarkets or fresh food sources. 3. United Kingdom ■ Although food deserts are considered less severe in Europe than in the US, they are still an issue in certain low-income areas within large cities. The Food Foundation reports that around 1.2 million people in the UK are in a state of food insecurity.4. Japan ■  A survey on food accessibility by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Policy Research Institute found that about 46 million people, accounting for 36.2% of the total population, face difficulties in purchasing fresh food.Go to↓↓↓ ‘The Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) 2023’For more details, see the 2023 Global Food Crisis Report.↓↓↓Global Poverty Worsening― What Types of Food Deserts Exist? ―Major media and international organizations classify food deserts based on accessibility, economic factors, and community characteristics. 1. By Accessibility ■ Urban Food Deserts ● Typically occur in low-income areas within large cities. ●  Lack major food suppliers like supermarkets, relying mainly on convenience stores or fast-food outlets. ●  Limited access to transportation or high costs to reach grocery stores.■ Rural Food Deserts ●  Found in rural areas with low population density spread over large areas. ●  Grocery stores are often far away, making access nearly impossible without a vehicle. 2. By Economic Factors ■ Low-Income Food Deserts ●  Households have low incomes, making it difficult to afford healthy food. ●  Dependence on government support or non-profit assistance to secure enough groceries.■ High-Cost Food Deserts ●  Some areas have prohibitively high food prices. ●  For example, in city centers where only high-end grocery stores are available. 3. By Community Characteristics ■ Elderly Food Deserts ●   Areas with a high elderly population where mobility issues make it difficult to access grocery stores. ●   Physical limitations or medical problems add to the difficulty in securing food.■ Minority Food Deserts ●    Areas predominantly inhabited by racial or ethnic minorities. ●    Often lack grocery stores due to discrimination or policy inequalities.Addressing the diverse issues of food deserts requires approaches tailored to the community's characteristics.― How Can We Reduce Food Deserts? ―Multiple strategies are necessary to address the food desert issue.1. Improving Infrastructure● Supermarkets or markets providing fresh food should be easily accessible.2. Policy Support● Governments and communities must collaborate to create policies and support programs addressing food desert issues.3. Education● Educating residents on nutrition and healthy eating habits is crucial to understanding the importance of choosing good foods.4. Promoting Local Agriculture● Developing systems for local production and supply of fresh food to increase food self-sufficiency. Community gardens and urban farming are good examples. These methods provide fresh produce to residents and foster a sense of community.Efforts to Combat Food Deserts1. Urban Agriculture and Community Gardens in DetroitDetroit's economic struggles and population decline have led to many areas becoming food deserts. To address this, the Detroit Black Community Food Security Network established urban farms, enabling residents to grow and consume fresh produce. This program enhances food accessibility and contributes to job creation and community revitalization.(A Black farmer working on Detroit's urban farms, Source: Planet Detroit)2. Fresh Moves Mobile Market in ChicagoChicago's Fresh Moves Mobile Market is a successful example. This program operates a converted bus as a mobile grocery store, supplying fresh fruits and vegetables to food desert areas. Fresh Moves travels to various neighborhoods on a set schedule, selling fresh food.(Fresh Moves uses a converted bus to sell fresh food to residents in the food desert areas of South and West Chicago, Source: OPRAH)3. Bolsa Família Program in BrazilBrazil's Bolsa Família Program supports low-income families with cash assistance to meet basic needs, including food. This program reduces the economic burden on families and provides children with access to nutritious food, contributing to long-term community health and well-being.(In Brazil, citizens with a per capita income of up to R$218 per month receive a Bolsa Família card to help low-income families purchase food, Source: The Brazilian Report)4. Urban Agriculture Projects in South AfricaSouth Africa's urban agriculture projects use vacant lots and rooftops to grow crops. This program increases food access, positively impacts community education, and creates jobs by enabling residents to grow and consume their own produce.(Urban agriculture, which produces vegetables, crops, and livestock in and around cities, is widespread in Africa and plays an important role in feeding urban populations,Source: Food Bank)These diverse examples demonstrate the need for community involvement and innovative approaches to solve food desert issues. Customized solutions for each community's characteristics and needs are essential for reducing food insecurity and building healthy, sustainable food systems.To learn more about ways to combat poverty, check out the following articles!↓↓↓What is Zero Hunger?Food deserts are not distant problems. They might be issues faced by our friends or colleagues. Solving this problem requires everyone’s interest and participation.Getting involved in community gardens or urban farming projects, growing fresh vegetables with family and friends, and sharing them can be one way to address food desert issues.Taking an interest in policies to address food deserts and raising your voice in support can make a significant difference. Your small voice can create big changes.“Food is love.”-Sun Myung Moon, Founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn MoreGlobal Poverty WorseningWhat is Zero Hunger?Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is RE100?

RE100 is a campaign encouraging corporations worldwide to transition their power usage to 100% renewable energy.― Q. What is RE100? ― A. RE100 stands for 'Renewable Energy 100%', a campaign urging global corporations to switch their power consumption entirely to renewable energy sources. In other words, it’s a commitment by companies to exclusively use electricity generated from eco-friendly sources like solar and wind power. This campaign wasn’t initiated by any specific government but started at a private level. It was spearheaded in 2014 by the multinational non-profit organization 'The Climate Group' in collaboration with the CDP (formerly known as the Carbon Disclosure Project).When a particular company commits to RE100, its suppliers and subcontractors, who deliver components or represent the company’s manufacturing, also need to use renewable energy. This ripple effect allows the influence of RE100 to spread beyond national borders.Apple is a prominent example. Joining RE100 in 2016, Apple set a goal to use 100% renewable electricity. Since then, 110 of Apple's suppliers have committed to using 100% renewable electric energy.  ― Q. Why is RE100 important? ― A. Halting climate change urgently requires reducing fossil fuel usage and transitioning to renewable energy, and RE100 is a vital campaign leading this change. In 2023, Earth's average temperature reached record levels, making it one of the hottest years on record. This year's average global temperature was 1.46 degrees Celsius higher than the pre-industrial era average (1850-1900), surpassing the previous record set in 2016 by 0.13 degrees Celsius.If about 25% of the world's electricity were to transition to renewable energy, it could reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 10 billion tons. This impact is equivalent to removing about 200 million cars from the roads.Therefore, RE100 represents a powerful initiative capable of driving significant environmental change. Check out this article to learn more abouta Just Transition↓↓↓A Just Transition― Q. How does RE100 work? ― A. When companies join RE100, they must set goals to increase their use of renewable energy. To achieve these goals, they either produce renewable energy directly or purchase it. Not quite clear? Let's explain how RE100 works by comparing it to the process of buying our cherished item, the 'smartphone'. 1st Step: Joining RE100 and Setting Goals This is similar to you deciding to buy a smartphone and choosing which model to purchase. When a company joins RE100, it sets a goal to source its electricity from renewable energy. 2nd Step: Direct Production of Renewable Energy Some companies can produce renewable energy themselves. This is like you making your own smartphone. Though not impossible, it's quite challenging. For example, a company could install solar panels to produce electricity, but it's not an easy task. 3rd Step: Purchasing Renewable Energy from Other Companies Most companies do not produce renewable energy themselves; instead, they purchase it from other companies that provide it. This is similar to you not making your own smartphone but buying it from a store or online shop.Check out this article to learn more aboutCircular Economy!↓↓↓What is a Circular Economy― Q. What is the impact of RE100? ― A. The efficacy of RE100 is remarkably high. If the over 400 companies that have joined RE100 were considered as a single nation, they would rank as the 10th largest electricity consumer in the world. It's truly impressive to think of a 'country' equivalent to the world's 10th highest electricity consumer operating solely on renewable energy! The RE100 members now consume more electricity annually than France and are approaching the consumption levels of Germany.The RE100 initiative has committed to using over 500 Terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity annually as 100% renewable power by 2050. To put this in perspective, 500 TWh is enough to charge approximately 130 million smartphones once a day, every day for a year. 1. Acceleration of Energy Transition As of 2020, companies participating in RE100 used approximately 300 terawatt-hours (TWh) of clean electricity globally. This amount of energy is equivalent to charging about 80 million smartphones continuously for a year. 2. Growth of the Renewable Energy Market As large corporations involved in RE100 transition to renewable energy, the renewable energy market is expected to grow up to 98 gigawatts (GW) by 2030.― Q. Which companies have joined RE100? ― A. Numerous well-known companies like Google, Apple, Microsoft, Adobe, 3M, SK Hynix, Airbnb, Burberry, and Chanel have joined RE100. As of January 1, 2024, a total of 426 major corporations worldwide have committed to consuming 100% renewable power by 2050. To check the companies that have joined RE100,click the link!↓↓↓The companies that have joined RE100The companies participating in the RE100 campaign each have unique approaches to achieving 100% renewable energy usage.◎ Google: Google joined RE100 in 2015. They have set an intermediate goal to triple their renewable energy purchases by 2025 and a long-term goal to switch all corporate operations to renewable energy by 2050. Google is already the world's largest purchaser of renewable energy and uses its influential position to explore innovative technologies and supply green power produced locally to its offices and data centers.◎ Microsoft: Microsoft joined RE100 in 2015. They have been operating on 100% renewable energy since 2014, investing in renewable energy credits and renewable power generation projects at their data centers, including wind turbines and solar panels.◎ Burberry: Burberry joined RE100 in 2017. Currently, Burberry obtains 58% of its total energy (68% of its electricity) from renewable sources. They are actively utilizing sustainable materials and practices, including introducing regenerative farming practices in collaboration with Australian wool farmers.― Q. What are the technical standards of RE100? ― A. The crux of the RE100 campaign lies in the criteria defining 'what constitutes renewable energy'. To ascertain if companies are genuinely using 'renewable' energy, several standards are applied: ▲renewable energy sources, ▲age limits for power plants, ▲Energy Attribute Certificates (EACs), and ▲changes in market boundaries. Imagine participating in a 'recycled toilet paper usage' campaign. To truly experience the campaign's effects, you must use genuinely 'recycled' toilet paper that meets specific standards.Similarly, companies participating in RE100 must prove they are purchasing and using 'genuine' renewable energy. The technical standards of RE100 to certify this are as follows:1. Renewable Energy Sources: Companies must purchase electricity from renewable sources such as wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal, or biomass. In particular, biomass and hydropower must be sustainable and verified through third-party certification.2. Age Limit for Power Plants: As of January 1, 2024, the electricity purchased must come from power plants established or reconstructed within the last 15 years. This is because newer facilities are generally more efficient and less harmful to the environment.3. Energy Attribute Certificates (EACs): When a company purchases renewable power, the amount of electricity consumed and the amount purchased (as indicated on the Energy Attribute Certificates) must match. These certificates validate the actual use of the specified quantity of renewable electricity.4. Changing Market Boundaries: Electricity consumed in certain European countries must be sourced from within those countries. This standard encourages companies to use renewable energy produced in their local area or specific regional markets.RE100 encourages its members to adhere to these standards, thereby increasing the use of renewable energy and contributing to the reduction of global carbon emissions.Checking the Technical Criteria of RE100↓↓↓RE100 Technical GuidanceCheck out this article to learn more aboutNature based Solutions!↓↓↓What are green skills?― Joining Climate Action with RE100! ―To create a sustainable world for everyone, it's imperative to reduce the use of fossil fuels.Now that we understand RE100 better, what can we do? We can accelerate corporate eco-friendly initiatives by purchasing products from companies participating in RE100. After all, consumers are the ones who drive companies.Additionally, we can raise awareness about the RE100 initiative through social media, discussing the importance of renewable energy and heightening consciousness about climate change in the online ecosystem.These small actions contribute to the transition to renewable energy and the fight against climate change.Why not start by checking if the product next to you is produced by a company that's part of RE100?“To embrace the future,we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace.Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han MoonFounder of Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn More:A Just TransitionWhat is a Circular EconomyWhat are green skills?Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is the Wealth Tax?

The Wealth Tax is a tax imposed on individuals whose total assets (including real estate, stocks, cash, etc.) exceed a certain amount. The purpose of this tax is to reduce wealth inequality and increase investment in social welfare and public resources.― Q: What is the Wealth Tax? ― A: The Wealth Tax is a tax levied on individuals with a certain amount of wealth, calculated based on their total assets (such as real estate, stocks, cash, etc.). This tax is paid based on the assets held, rather than income, aiming to reduce wealth inequality and enhance investment in social and public resources. ● How the Wealth Tax Works Wealth Tax is typically imposed as a certain percentage of the annual asset value.For example, if the Wealth Tax rate in Country A is 1%, a citizen of Country A with assets over 100 million won must pay 1% of their asset value as tax. This tax is primarily levied on high-income earners and wealthy individuals, promoting the redistribution of wealth in society.― Q: Why is the Wealth Tax Gaining Attention? ―(Source: Oxfam International) A: The increasing global wealth inequality has heightened interest in the Wealth Tax. Economic inequality can lead to social unrest and be a hindrance to economic growth. As a result, many countries are considering introducing or strengthening Wealth Tax. ● Intensifying Global Wealth Inequality: The Rise of Billionaires' Wealth In recent years, the wealth of billionaires worldwide has significantly increased. For example, Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon in the United States, saw his wealth increase by nearly 75 billion dollars during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, reaching about 190 billion dollars.On the other hand, the income of ordinary households has either stagnated or decreased. This extreme wealth disparity can create social unrest and hinder economic growth. If you're curious about global inequality,check out the following article!↓↓↓Global Poverty WorseningDisaster drives inequality,inequality derails peace ● Addressing Social Inequality and Strengthening Public Services: Efforts to Improve Education and Health Services The introduction of a Wealth Tax plays a crucial role in increasing investment in public services and social infrastructure.Norway has successfully used the Wealth Tax to enhance its education and health services. The Norwegian government reinvests about 2 billion Norwegian kroner (approximately 230 million dollars) annually in public services from Wealth Tax revenue.Thanks to this, Norwegian schools have acquired world-class educational infrastructure, and the public healthcare system has been further strengthened.― Do Billionaires Want a Wealth Tax?! ―On April 18, 2023, Morris Pearl (Chair of Patriotic Millionaires) speaks in front of the U.S. Capitol.(Photo: Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images)"The current tax system is unfair. Let us pay more taxes."During the World Economic Forum in January 2022, over 102 super-rich individuals from 12 countries made headlines by sending an open letter stating, "Now is the time to solve the problem of extreme wealth inequality," and requesting, "Let us pay more taxes."These individuals are members of the progressive wealthy group 'Patriotic Millionaires.'Signatories include actor Mark Ruffalo, known for playing Hulk in the 'Avengers' series; Abigail Disney, heiress of Disney; American venture capitalist Nick Hanauer; and British entrepreneur Gemma McGough, among others.The title of the open letter was 'In Tax We Trust.' Through the letter, they expressed, "We know the current tax system is not fair. Our wealth increased while the world suffered greatly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Almost none of us can say that we have paid our fair share of taxes." They stand for the idea that paying more taxes is fairer.Nick Hanauer suggested that imposing a Wealth Tax on individuals with assets over 5 million dollars (about 6 billion won) could generate more than 2.53 trillion dollars (about 3000 trillion won) annually in tax revenue.He pointed out that with such tax revenue, 2.3 billion people globally could escape poverty, vaccines could be sufficiently supplied, and 3.6 billion citizens in low-income countries could be provided with universal health care.In January 2022, members of the progressive wealthy group 'Patriotic Millionaires' suggested improving the unfair tax system through an open letter titled 'In Tax We Trust.'If you're curious about global inequality,check out the following article!↓↓↓Profits from Pain, Pandemic and Billionaires― Which Countries Implement a Wealth Tax? ―According to a report by the Tax Foundation, as of 2020, among the OECD countries, Colombia, France, Norway, Spain, and Switzerland impose various forms of Wealth Tax on individuals' net assets. In these countries, the revenue from the Wealth Tax accounted for about 1.5% of the total tax revenue, with Switzerland notably reaching 5.12%. ● Switzerland In Switzerland, the Wealth Tax rate varies by canton. For example, in Zurich, a maximum Wealth Tax of 0.3% is levied on assets exceeding about 5 million Swiss francs (approximately 5.4 million dollars). Switzerland's high level of cantonal autonomy leads to varied applications of Wealth Tax rates. ● Norway In Norway, individuals whose net assets exceed about 160 million Norwegian kroner (approximately 1.7 million dollars) must pay Wealth Tax. The rates range from about 0.7% to 1.5%, and many people are subject to this tax. ● France France transformed its traditional Wealth Tax into a real estate Wealth Tax in 2018. Currently, in France, real estate assets exceeding 1.3 million euros (about 1.4 million dollars) are taxed at a rate of up to 1.5%. ● Others Recently, the United States has been pushing for the introduction of a Wealth Tax known as the 'Billionaire Tax.' In March 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden proposed a minimum tax rate of 20% on unrealized capital gains for billionaires with assets over 100 million dollars (about 130 billion won), and in March 2023, he reiterated his intent to push for a minimum tax rate of 25%.― The Effects of the Wealth Tax ― ● Positive Effects of a Wealth Tax ▪ Promotion of Redistribution: In countries like France, Wealth Tax generates significant tax revenue, collecting about 3 billion euros annually. This funding is used in areas such as public services, education, and health, contributing to social equality.▪ Reduction of Economic Inequality: Before the introduction of a Wealth Tax in Sweden, the top 1% owned about 25% of the total wealth. However, this ratio significantly decreased after its implementation.According to the Oxfam report 'Survival of the Richest' published in January 2023, the income of the world's top 1% wealthiest people mainly comes from asset earnings, which are typically taxed at a lower rate compared to labor income, exacerbating the rich-get-richer phenomenon. The report argues that Wealth Tax can play an important role in economic development and expanding access to public services. ● Negative Effects of the Wealth Tax ▪ Capital Flight: In some cases, the introduction of a Wealth Tax has led to capital outflow to foreign countries. Sweden, the originator of Wealth Tax, abolished it in 2007 due to the steep incidence of wealthy individuals moving their assets abroad to avoid taxes.▪ Administrative Complexity: The administrative cost of imposing and managing a Wealth Tax can be high, sometimes resulting in less tax revenue than expected.― Toward a Better Future ―The Oxfam International report 'Survival of the Richest' highlights that the current concentration of wealth among a few is unsustainable and a hindrance to creating a more equitable world.The Wealth Tax can play a crucial role in reducing wealth inequality, stabilizing society, and expanding inclusiveness, thereby safeguarding the values and practices of democracy.However, this policy, while powerful, also faces several challenges. The key is to find a balanced approach that maximizes its benefits while minimizing its drawbacks.What are your thoughts? How about contemplating together among our local group, whether such changes can positively impact resolving global inequality in our times?“To embrace the future,we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace.Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han MoonFounder of Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn More:Global Poverty WorseningDisaster drives inequality, inequality prevents peaceProfits from Pain, Pandemic and BillionairesReferencesOxfam International. (2023). Survival of the Richest.Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is Stakeholder Capitalism?

Stakeholder Capitalism is a management approach where a company considers not only the pursuit of profit but also the interests of society, the environment, and all stakeholders. In this article, we will explore what Stakeholder Capitalism is and the efforts corporations are making in this direction.― Q. What is Stakeholder Capitalism? ― A. Stakeholder Capitalism is a management approach in which companies consider not only the pursuit of profit but also the welfare of society, the environment, and all stakeholders involved. Here, stakeholders include not just employees but also customers, suppliers, the local community, shareholders, and the natural world. It's a concept where a company's purpose is not just to make money, but to fulfill its social responsibility to all stakeholders.To put this concept into more concrete perspective, think of a company as a large ship. This ship sails through the sea (the local community) and receives necessary resources from ports (suppliers). On this ship, there are various passengers: the owners of the ship (shareholders), those who row (employees), and the passengers (customers). Also the vessel travels through the ocean and has to cope with wind and waves which may be pleasant or else threatening.In Stakeholder Capitalism, the company's management must consider the safety and well-being of all these passengers and ports. As a cruise ship promises a happy and safe journey for everyone, a company must pursue profits while simultaneously considering the interests of employees, customers, suppliers, the local community, shareholders, and our fragile planet.― Q. How is Stakeholder Capitalism Different from Shareholder Capitalism? ―(Photo Credit : International Volunteers) A. Shareholder Capitalism primarily focuses on maximizing shareholder interests and stock value. In contrast, Stakeholder Capitalism goes beyond profit to emphasize social value with responsibility toward all people involved or affected, and the natural environment as well. This concept emerged as the perception of corporate roles and responsibilities evolved during the 1980s. A particularly significant moment was in 1984 when Professor R. Edward Freeman of the University of Virginia introduced the fundamental concepts of Stakeholder Capitalism in his book "Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach."The 1980s and 1990s were times when Shareholder Capitalism was emphasized. During this period, corporate objectives were aligned with maximizing shareholder value, often leading to the neglect of other stakeholders' interests, including employees, consumers, and the environment.Against this backdrop, Stakeholder Capitalism, emphasizing corporate social responsibility and ethical management, became increasingly important. This shift gained even more momentum after the global financial crisis of 2008, as there was a growing recognition that businesses should strive to exert a positive impact on society as a whole. Environmental responsibility also became a major concern, as Mother Earth is an important player in the game.If you want to learn more about Stakeholder Capitalism,check out the following article!↓↓↓What is a Circular Economy?Sustainable consumption andproduction to save the planet ― The Four Pillars of Stakeholder Capitalism ―The concept of Stakeholder Capitalism is built on four pillars, guiding companies to play a positive role socially and ethically beyond solely profit-making, based on the thoughts of Professor R. Edward Freeman. Let's take a look:1. Sustainable Value Creation: Companies should grow by positively impacting society and the environment in the long term. This could mean manufacturing environmentally friendly products or engaging in activities that contribute to community development.2. Stakeholder Inclusiveness: In all decision-making processes, companies should listen to and consider the interests of all stakeholders, not just shareholders. This includes employees, customers, local community, nature itself, and future generations.3. Social Responsibility: Companies must bear social and ethical responsibilities. For example, supporting fair trade or helping the socially disadvantaged.4. Collaboration with the Community: Businesses should collaborate and grow with the local community in solving its problems.― Q. Why is Stakeholder Capitalism Becoming More Prominent? ― A. Changes and Challenges in the Global Economy Recently, the world is facing complex issues such as rapid technological changes, increasing economic inequality, climate change, and resource depletion. These challenges are perceived as difficult to resolve through the traditional shareholder capitalism model, leading to the need for a new management model. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Aftermath In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread globally. This crisis brought climate change, economic, health, and social issues to the forefront, serving as a catalyst for urging greater social responsibility and roles on the part of businesses.If you're curious about global crises,check out the following article!↓↓↓What are Planetary Boundaries?― The Five Principles of Stakeholder Capitalism ―At the 2020 World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, five principles of Stakeholder Capitalism were presented against the backdrop of current global challenges.These principles emphasize that businesses should go beyond mere profit-making to bear broader social and ethical responsibilities, playing a crucial role in addressing today's complex global issues. The key principles are as follows: 1. Stakeholder-Centered Management This principle emphasizes that in all decisions, businesses should consider not only shareholders but also employees, customers, suppliers, and the local community. Apple, for instance, is renowned for actively incorporating customer feedback into user-friendly products and also considers various stakeholders by maintaining ethical relationships with suppliers and adopting sustainable production methods for environmental protection. 2. Respecting Employees' Rights Companies should provide a safe and respectful working environment. Employees can fully exercise their abilities under such conditions. This covers a wide range, including labor conditions, compensation, respect for human rights, and workplace diversity and inclusion. 3. Ethical Management Conducting business in a transparent and ethical way is essential to build trust and ensure long-term success. This includes anti-corruption measures, fair trade practices, and sincere communication. 4. Efforts for a Sustainable Future In today's serious climate crisis, it is crucial for companies to protect the environment and operate sustainably. This includes energy efficiency, sustainable resource use, eliminating air, water and solid waste pollution, and reducing carbon footprint. 5. Reinvesting Profits For companies, reinvesting a portion of their profits back into society can include corporate social responsibility activities, community development projects, and support for educational and health programs.― Stakeholder Capitalism Example: Patagonia ―The globally beloved brand among MZ generation, 'Patagonia,' an environmentally focused clothing brand, setting the standard of ‘Best Practice’ exemplifying benevolent Stakeholder Capitalism. ● Stakeholder-Centered Management "Footprint Chronicles" Initiative: This initiative provides transparent consumer information about how Patagonia's products are made and their environmental impact. It openly shares with customers the production process and its environmental implications, encouraging sustainable consumption. ● Respecting Employees' Rights "Child Care": Patagonia operates a "Child Care" program for its employees, supporting them in harmoniously managing work and family life. ● Ethical Management "Fair Trade Certified": Patagonia runs the 'Fair Trade Certified' program for ethical management up and down its supply chain. This program enhances ethical manufacturing processes by ensuring fair wages, safe working environments, and respect for workers' rights at all stages of the supply chain from raw material source to market. ● Efforts for a Sustainable Future "Worn Wear": This program accepts back used Patagonia products in good condition from customers for reuse or recycling. It aims to encourage sustainable consumption, extend product life, and thereby reduce environmental impact. ● Reinvesting Profits "1% for the Planet": Patagonia operates the "1% for the Planet" campaign, donating 1% of its sales to environmental protection organizations.These efforts of Patagonia reflect the company's goal to minimize environmental impact through the use of sustainable materials and ethical manufacturing processes.If you want to know more examples,check out the following article!↓↓↓Environmental, Social, andGovernance factors promote kindness― Toward a Better Future ―As exemplified by Patagonia, Stakeholder Capitalism opens new horizons in corporate management, encouraging companies to become significant and exemplary agents taking leadership in fulfilling valuable social roles.Now is the time for us to take thoughtful action. When we, as consumers, express warm approval of companies practicing Stakeholder Capitalism, these businesses are further motivated to create deeper social and environmental values.This supports companies' efforts toward leaving a healthier planet for future generations. Never forget, our interest and support in Stakeholder Capitalism is the driving force behind creating a better world!“To embrace the future,we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace.Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han MoonFounder of Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn More:What is a Circular Economy?What are Planetary Boundaries?Sustainable consumption and production to save the planet Environmental, Social, and Governance factors promote kindnessReferences:Freeman, R. Edward and McVea, John, A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Management (2001).World Economic Forum (2020). Stakeholder Capitalism: A Manifesto for a Cohesive and Sustainable World Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is the Gender Pay Gap?

The Gender Pay Gap refers to the situation where women receive lower wages than men for performing the same work. In this article, we will explore the global status, issues, and improvement strategies of the Gender Pay Gap, a critical topic for achieving gender equality.― Q: What is the Gender Pay Gap? ― A: The Gender Pay Gap is the phenomenon where women, despite doing the same job as men, earn less on average. It's like in a marathon where female runners start a few hundred meters behind the starting line. In such an unfair race, women have to put in more effort to achieve the same results as men.In reality, women working full-time earn less than 80% of what men make. This gap occurs regardless of education level.This issue goes beyond just a monetary problem. It is deeply connected to fairness, equality, and the future of our society, and must be addressed to move towards a more equal society.― Q. What is the current state of the global gender pay gap? ― ● Status of the Gender Pay Gap in OECD Countries As of 2022, women in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) earned about 12.1% less than men (OECD Employment Outlook 2022).Belgium stands out with a gender pay gap of just 1.2%, essentially indicating no significant gap. This means women in Belgium are almost on an equal starting line with men in the marathon of employment.However, the scenario varies across regions:• In Australia, New Zealand, Colombia, and Costa Rica, women earn about 10% less than men.• In the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, the gap is around 15%.• In the United States (17.0%), Canada (17.1%), and Mexico (-16.7%), women's earnings are about 17% lower than men's.(Source: OECD Gender Wage Gap Data) ● Progress and Limitations of the Gender Pay Gap Historically, when men earned a dollar, women's wages were 59 cents in 1963, increasing to 77 cents by 2010, improving at an average rate of about 0.5 cents per year.Despite these improvements, globally, women's income remains lower than men's.According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2023, at the current rate of closing the wage gap, it will take 162 years to achieve complete gender equality.Specifically, the gap in economic participation and opportunity is expected to take 169 years to close.Even in developed countries like the USA, the situation is similar. The Institute for Women’s Policy Research predicts that gender wage equality in the USA will not be achieved until 2059.For more on the global status of gender equality,check out the following article:↓↓↓Time to reach gender equality: 132 years ● Afghanistan, the Country with the Highest Gender Pay Gap in the World Afghanistan has the most significant gender pay gap globally. According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2022, as of 2021, women's average income in Afghanistan was less than 16% of men's average income.The primary reason for this gap is the low representation of women in higher education sectors and senior management positions. In Afghanistan, women hold only 4.1% of high-ranking and managerial positions and are 5 times less likely to work in fields requiring higher education than men.This trend is not unique to Afghanistan but is a major contributing factor to the gender pay gap in most developing countries.These statistics highlight the need for ongoing attention and solutions to the global issue of the "missing women" in higher education and top positions.― Q. What are the causes of the gender pay gap? ― A. The gender pay gap is influenced by a myriad of complex factors. Social and cultural biases, perceptions of traditional gender roles, career interruptions due to domestic and caregiving responsibilities, and differences in occupational fields by gender play significant roles. Let's explore these one by one: ● Gender Bias and Unequal Evaluation in the Workplace Employers tend to perceive men as more competent and undervalue women, negatively impacting women's career advancement and wages. ● Domestic Responsibilities and Career: The Double Burden for Women Women often take on the responsibilities of childbirth, childcare, and household duties, leading them to work regular hours only. This makes it challenging for them to work overtime or irregular hours, affecting their career progression and, consequently, their wage levels.Particularly, maternity leaves interrupt work continuity, which can lead to wage decreases. After career breaks, women often return to the workforce in lower-paid positions, further exacerbating the wage gap. ● Gender Occupational Segregation, The Difference in Occupations Reflects in Wages Women tend to be more concentrated in 'caring' professions such as education, nursing, and customer service. These fields often offer lower wages, widening the gender pay gap.On the other hand, jobs in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) fields, which are expected to be highly paid and increasingly significant in the future labor market, show a significant gender disparity. According to LinkedIn data across 163 countries, women constitute only 29.2% of the total STEM workforce.The participation of women in the promising field of artificial intelligence is also notably low. Despite a sixfold increase in AI job opportunities from 2016 to 2022, the proportion of women only rose by 4%, making up just 30% of the total. ● The Scarcity of Women in High-Level Positions A key factor in the gender pay gap is the lower number of women in high-ranking positions. Since higher positions typically offer higher wages, the underrepresentation of women in these roles tends to lower the average wage for women.A LinkedIn survey in 2023 revealed that although women comprised 41.9% of the overall employment market, they held only 32.2% of senior positions (director, vice president, or executive level), which is 10 percentage points lower than men.These multifaceted causes necessitate a comprehensive approach to bridging the gender pay gap, encompassing policy reforms, cultural shifts, and continuous efforts to challenge and change longstanding gender biases and structural inequalities in the workplace.― Q. What are the solutions to the gender pay gap? ―To effectively address the gender pay gap, several strategic approaches must be adopted: ● Equal Pay for Equal Work To bridge the gender pay gap, it is crucial to enforce laws prohibiting gender discrimination and actively implement policies that ensure equal pay for work of equal value. Transitioning the pay system from seniority-based to performance-based is also essential. ● Support for Parental Leave and Domestic Duties Enhancing childcare support and parental leave policies to allow women to harmoniously manage both work and home responsibilities is vital. Policies encouraging men to take parental leave are equally important, including providing programs for women's re-education and career retention.A flexible labor market is a priority. In Finland and Sweden, the introduction of flexible working arrangements has contributed to reducing the gender pay gap. In Finland, 92% of companies offer flexible working options, and in Sweden, 86% of companies actively implement this system. ● Promoting Women's Advancement in Senior Positions Fostering the advancement of women into leadership and high-level positions, especially in high-growth, high-income fields like STEM, is necessary. Supporting women's skill enhancement and career growth in these areas is critical.To explore more ways to create a gender-equal world,check out the following article!↓↓↓Creating a Gender Equal World“Achieving gender equality requires the engagement of women and men, girls and boys. It is everyone’s responsibility.”- Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon -Learn more : Time to reach gender equality: 132 years  Creating a Gender Equal WorldReference : World Economic Forum. (2023). Global Gender Gap Report 2023. World Economic Forum. (2022). Global Gender Gap Report 2022. PayScale. (2023). Gender Pay Gap Research and Insights. Forbes. (2023). Gender Pay Gap Statistics. OECD. (2022). Gender Wage Gap - OECD Employment Outlook 2022.Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What are Countries Vulnerable to Climate Change?

Countries Vulnerable to Climate Change are those most severely affected by climate change impacts. This article aims to explore the situation of these countries and possible solutions.―Q. What are Countries Vulnerable to Climate Change?―A. Countries Vulnerable to Climate Change are nations severely affected by the impacts of climate change.For example, small island nations losing their homes and lands to rising sea levels each year are like small sandcastles unprotected against massive waves. Bangladesh is also among these vulnerable countries, having lost thousands of homes to flooding over the past decade.These countries, although contributing least to global carbon emissions, are suffering significant damage due to climate change-induced disasters like rising temperatures, droughts, and floods, urgently requiring international cooperation and assistance.● Climate Change VulnerabilityThe Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) Index assesses and ranks countries based on their vulnerability to climate change.According to this index, the countries most vulnerable to climate change globally include Somalia, Chad, Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Micronesia, Tonga, Eritrea, Sudan, Liberia, and Solomon Islands, mainly located in Africa. Detailed lists and scores of countries'vulnerabilities can be found onthe ND-GAIN Index website.↓↓↓Vulnerability rankings―Q. What is Climate Change Vulnerability?―A. Climate Change Vulnerability refers to how susceptible a region, country, or society is to the effects of climate change. To effectively respond to climate change, it's essential to objectively assess vulnerability, akin to measuring blood pressure or temperature to gauge a person's health.Climate change vulnerability assessments play a crucial role for governments and international organizations in formulating policies to respond to climate change and providing support and resources.● Climate Change Vulnerability IndicatorsVarious indicators are used to assess climate change vulnerability. The '2007 Report on Key Vulnerabilities and Risks due to Climate Change' published by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) uses regional exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity as indicators.To learn more about the IPCC,check out the following article!↓↓↓What is the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC)?1. ExposureExposure indicates how much a specific area is exposed to significant climate changes.For example, coastal areas at risk of flooding due to sea-level rise are a good example of high exposure. Low-lying coastal areas with a high risk of flooding due to sea-level rise, and regions experiencing frequent and severe droughts or floods have high exposure.2. SensitivitySensitivity shows how an area can be affected or harmed by climate change.Agriculture in regions dependent on consistent rainfall patterns is a good example of sensitivity. Agriculture heavily reliant on specific climate conditions can be significantly impacted by changes (e.g., shifts in rainfall patterns due to climate change), indicating high sensitivity.3. Adaptive CapacityAdaptive capacity refers to the ability of a system to adapt to climate change, mitigate potential damages, capitalize on opportunities, and cope with the consequences.Communities with robust disaster management plans and resilient infrastructure have strong adaptive capacity. They typically have strong governance, high technological accessibility, community cohesion, and financial resources.Download the Report↓↓↓19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilitiesand the Risk from Climate Change● Climate Change Vulnerability Maps and Impact ScenariosThe 'Climate Change Vulnerability Map and Impact Scenarios' report, published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2015, is a crucial resource for understanding climate vulnerability in various regions.The report presents climate vulnerability under three scenarios based on the degree of global temperature rise compared to 1990-2000 levels:○ Up to 2°C global average temperature increase:Predicted to exacerbate current major impacts, especially affecting food security.○ Up to 2-4°C global average temperature increase:Expected to lead to an increase in major impacts at all scales, including widespread loss of biodiversity, decreased global agricultural productivity, and significant melting of Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets.○ Over 4°C global average temperature increase:Anticipated to greatly increase vulnerability.Download the Report↓↓↓Mapping Climate Change Vulnerability―Q. Why Are Developing Countries More Vulnerable to Climate Change?―(Photo Credit : The Portland Press Herald)A. Vulnerable countries lack the resources and technology to adapt to and respond to climate change. It's akin to students wanting to study but lacking books and writing tools, which leads to greater harm.According to the World Bank, climate change particularly affects regions with severe poverty and inequality. These areas lack the financial and technical resources necessary for an effective response to climate change.Countries like Bangladesh are experiencing economic losses due to rising sea levels and intensified cyclones. These natural disasters impact agriculture, fisheries, and the tourism industry, posing significant obstacles to economic growth.The Philippines frequently faces infrastructure destruction due to extreme weather events like typhoons. Such natural disasters destroy vital public infrastructure like roads, bridges, and schools, causing long-term economic and social damages.In many parts of Africa, drought and rising temperatures significantly decrease agricultural productivity. This leads to reduced crop yields and food shortages, creating climate refugees who must leave their homes in search of food.To learn more about climate refugees,check out the following article!↓↓↓Who are Climate Refugees?―Q. How Can We Help Countries Vulnerable to Climate Change?―A. Both the vulnerable countries themselves and the international community are implementing various programs and funds to support these nations.○ Efforts by Vulnerable CountriesMany Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have submitted enhanced National Determined Contributions (NDCs) to mitigate climate change.○ International CooperationAlthough these countries account for only 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, they are the most affected by the climate crisis, necessitating international support.Organizations like the World Bank play a significant role in climate investments for developing countries, emphasizing the link between climate change, poverty, and inequality. In 2023, they provided a record $38.6 billion in climate finance.At the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 28), an initial fund of $792 million was established for the ‘Loss and Damage Fund’ to monetarily compensate the vulnerable countries for the damages incurred due to the climate crisis.―For a Better Future―The issue of vulnerable countries is crucial for all of us. Just as carbon emissions from our country can affect climate change in another, climate change impacts transcend borders.So, what can we do? Firstly, it's vital to learn about vulnerable countries and spread awareness about this issue.Moreover, small environmentally-conscious practices in our daily lives, like recycling or using public transport, can contribute to global climate action.To learn more about climate action,check out the following article!↓↓↓What is Climate Action?“To embrace the future,we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace.Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han MoonFounder of Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn more :   What is the IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)?  Who are Climate Refugees?  What is Climate Action?Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is Open Source?

Open Source refers to the practice of making the design plans of technology (the 'source code' for software) publicly accessible so that anyone can use, modify, and distribute them freely. This article will discuss what open source is and how it can play a role in creating a better world.― Q. What is Open Source? ― A. Open Source involves publicly sharing the design blueprints of technology, enabling free use, modification, and distribution by anyone. It's similar to how people share and adapt recipes. This "technology recipe," known as Open Source or “free software”, is upgraded through the collaboration of technologists worldwide, thereby accelerating technological advancement. ● Open Source Software Open Source software means the method of creating computer programs, i.e., the source code, is open for everyone to see, use, or modify. Many internet browsers and operating systems are developed as Open Source, allowing anyone to use them for free and modify them as needed. ● Open Source Hardware Open Source hardware involves sharing the design blueprints of machines or electronic devices. Blueprints for various machines, electronic devices, and even rockets are shared, allowing anyone to view and modify them as necessary.During the COVID-19 pandemic, the design blueprints for critical medical equipment like ventilators were shared as Open Source, proving to be incredibly useful worldwide.Thus, Open Source serves as a public good that shares technological advancements with society at large and reduces the technological divide. The essence of Open Source is in collaboration and sharing knowledge, fostering more innovation and cooperation.For those interested in learning more about the digital divide,check out the following article!↓↓↓What is Digital Divide?― Richard Stallman: The Father of the Open Source Software Movement ― (Richard Stallman, Photo Credit: Getty Image)Have you heard of Richard Stallman? Stallman was the first to argue that computer code should be open source. He believed that computer code should be a public good, like air or water, and that it should lead to widespread benefits and development across the globe.Working at MIT in the early 1980s, he realized the importance of freedom and sharing in software and started the GNU Project in 1983. GNU stands for "GNU's Not Unix," a project aimed at creating a free software system that is compatible with Unix.Stallman made a significant statement that remains at the core of open source philosophy today, regarding the "freedom of software." Open Source is for "freedom of expression," not about being free of charge! "Free software is a matter of liberty, not price.To understand the concept, you should think of 'free' as in 'free speech,' not as in 'free beer.'"This statement emphasizes that the freedom of software is not a matter of cost but a matter of liberty. He highlighted that "free" refers not to being cost-free ("free beer") but to "freedom of expression" ("free speech").Richard Stallman's thoughts have laid the foundation for the Free Software Movement, profoundly impacting today's technological innovations and software development culture.― The Journey of Open Source for a Better World ― The Free Software Movement. Technology as Humanity's Collective Asset Richard Stallman's philosophy was further concretized through the "Free Software Movement." This movement posits that everyone should have the freedom to use, study, modify, and distribute software.The belief that technology should become a collective asset of humanity led to the formation of communities by developers worldwide, transcending national borders, and fostering global cooperation towards creating a better world.Furthermore, the positive force of this movement has contributed to the democratization of global education and knowledge. Open Source software plays a crucial role in providing technology to developing countries and marginalized regions, reducing the digital divide, and promoting equality in educational and economic opportunities. Transparency and Trust: The Power of Open Source Transparency and trust are crucial to Stallman's Open Source philosophy. When the source code of software is made available to everyone, ordinary users like us can understand how the software operates and easily identify any issues.For instance, the Open Source web browser "Firefox" became safer and more reliable through the review and improvement by developers worldwide. If any bugs or security issues are identified in such software, the global developer community quickly detects and resolves these issues, thereby increasing public trust.As demonstrated by the example of Firefox, software that embraces the Open Source philosophy benefits both users and developers, contributing significantly to increased trust and efficiency, especially in the public sector.Thus, Stallman's Open Source philosophy transcends mere technology, promoting the free flow of information and cooperative knowledge sharing, thereby enhancing societal transparency and trust.― Q. What are some examples of Open Source? ―(Image Credit : Ushahidi HP)A. There are numerous examples of Open Source functioning as a public good and making the world a better place. Notably, the 'Ushahidi' platform and the 'Open Source Ventilator' project stand out. 1. Ushahidi: The Power of Open Source Technology in Crisis Situations A prime example of Open Source is the Ushahidi platform. Developed after the violence in Kenya in 2008, it's a technology that enables rapid response in crisis situations.● How It Works:The Ushahidi platform collects data from text messages or social media posts from users and displays it on a map. This provides real-time information about crisis situations, allowing for the delivery of emergency relief and support to the areas in need.● The Power of a Good CommunityThe success of Ushahidi showcases the power of a positive Open Source community. Developers worldwide, armed with goodwill, have voluntarily improved the code and added new features, allowing the platform to continually evolve and adapt to various situations.Since its inception in Kenya, Ushahidi has been used worldwide in various disaster and crisis situations, including the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 2011 Japan tsunami, as well as in various political conflicts, proving to be a significant aid. 2. 'Open Source Ventilator': An Open Source Hardware Movement for Responding to COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic saw a heartwarming Open Source hardware movement. During a global shortage of medical equipment, engineers and scientists widely shared methods online for creating simple medical devices.● How It WorksThe 'Open Source Ventilator' project provided a way to create ventilators from simple materials. Makers, engineers, and medical professionals worldwide participated in the project, sharing knowledge, experience, and new ideas. Ventilators were manufactured around the world based on these designs.● The Power of a Good CommunityThis movement was instrumental in saving many lives worldwide by manufacturing equipment at low cost during the urgent pandemic situation.These examples illustrate how Open Source can contribute to world peace and social stability as a public good. Open Source platforms, combining information sharing and cooperation, significantly enhance communication and responsiveness in emergency situations, leading to inspiring outcomes.― Q. What is the relationship between Open Source and AI? ― AI as a Public Good and Its Social Impact Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming every aspect of our lives. In this era of rapid change, Richard Stallman's Open Source philosophy could significantly impact the future of AI technology and world peace.The potential of AI technology as a public good is immense. AI is not merely a sector within technology but has the power to bring about widespread changes across society. For instance, using AI to address climate change issues or to improve diagnoses in the medical field could enhance the quality of life for all humanity.As demonstrated by the positive outcomes of Open Source projects mentioned earlier, integrating Open Source philosophy with AI development can provide solutions to various global issues, including healthcare, education, and environmental problems. This could facilitate collaboration beyond national borders, leveraging AI as a powerful tool for societal transformation and improvement.― The Challenges Ahead of Us ―In the age of the AI technology revolution, a significant challenge that remains for us is applying Richard Stallman's innovative Open Source philosophy to modern AI development.Stallman believed that an individual's creativity yields the greatest value when shared with society as a whole.However, many AI technologies are currently being developed in closed environments. Global tech companies are increasingly developing AI in a proprietary manner, aimed at corporate profits. This approach not only limits innovation but also contributes solely to the interests of specific corporations or governments, overlooking the social and ethical impacts AI might have, which is problematic.Ultimately, the future of AI development is deeply intertwined with the principles of Open Source philosophy. The values of cooperation, sharing, and transparency, as proposed by Richard Stallman, should serve as crucial guidelines for directing AI towards contributing to world peace and the welfare of humanity.It is essential that we collectively maintain interest and vigilance to ensure that AI technology acts as a force for good, improving the lives of everyone.“To embrace the future,we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace.Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han MoonFounder of Sunhak Peace Prize-ReferenceWhat is Digital Divide?Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is Femicide?

Femicide refers to the killing of women simply because they are women. This article aims to explore the meaning and causes of femicide and discuss strategies to overcome it.― Q: What is Femicide? ― A: Femicide is the act of killing women for the mere fact that they are women. It represents the most extreme form of gender-based violence and is typically perpetrated by men. The term was first used in 1976 by South African feminist activist and scholar Diana Russell. Since then, it has been widely used in human rights movements to describe the killing and murder of women. ● Femicide or Feminicide Femicide is sometimes used interchangeably with the term Feminicide. Feminicide is a more specific term, referring to the killing of women as a form of social control or political violence.Thus, Feminicide encompasses not only male perpetrators but also state and judicial structures that normalize misogyny. Femicide is a broader concept compared to Feminicide.<Differences between Femicide and Feminicide>FeatureFemicideFeminicideMotive Act of killing women because they are women Killing women as a form of social control or political violenceScope Broadened scope of murder cases targeting women More specific term referring to political k illings of womenPerpetrator Intimate partners, family members, strangers, armed groups, state actors State actors, armed groups, individuals acting in politicalContext Can occur in any situation Often related to situations where women's lives are broadly undervaluedIf you're curious about gender-based violence,check out the following article!↓↓↓What is Gender-based Violence?  ― Q: What are the Causes of Femicide? ― (Credit : Arab Center Washington DC)A: The root causes of femicide lie in longstanding stereotypes about gender roles, discrimination against women and girls, and unequal power relations between women and men. Harmful social norms also contribute to the occurrence of femicide. ● Femicide in Africa Femicide rates in Africa are relatively high compared to the population. In South Africa, it's reported that a woman is killed every four hours, which is five times the global average.The high incidence of femicide in Africa is attributed to a combination of factors, including strong patriarchal culture, domestic violence, poverty, and social instability. ● Femicide in Latin America In Latin America, approximately 4,050 women were victims of femicide in 2022, with Honduras having the highest rate (6.0 per 100,000 women).In this region, strong patriarchal culture, poverty, social instability, and drug-related gang violence are identified as the main causes of femicide. ● Honor Killings in the Middle East In the Middle East, practices like 'honor killings' are closely associated with femicide.Honor killings occur for reasons such as a woman's sexual behavior, refusing forced marriage, being a victim of sexual violence, divorce, or infidelity. The perpetrators are often close relatives like fathers, husbands, or brothers.In Iran, honor killings have some legal acceptance, allowing perpetrators to evade legal punishment. Article 630 of the Iranian Penal Code grants husbands the right to kill their wives and the man involved if he witnesses them in a sexual relationship, highlighting the urgent need for legal reform.If you're curious about gender-based violence in Iran,check out the following article!↓↓↓Reason for her Death: Improper Hijab― Q: What is the Current State of Femicide? ― A: Femicide is a global human rights issue occurring worldwide. The results of the 2023 report by UN Women, titled 'Gender-related killings of women and girls,' are shocking. In 2022, approximately 48,800 women and girls globally were killed by a family member or an intimate partner.2022 Global Femicide StatisticsSource: UN WomenThe key points of the report are as follows:<5 Key Points of the Report of'Gender-related killings of women and girls’> 1. Women and Girls are Most Likely to be Killed by Someone Close to Them Shockingly, many women and girls are killed by those closest to them, including intimate partners, fathers, mothers, uncles, and brothers. In 2022, about 48,800 women and girls globally met this tragic fate, meaning over 133 women or girls are killed daily by a family member.Intimate partners are still the most likely perpetrators of femicide, accounting for an average of 55% of family and partner-related killings. 2. Femicide is a Universal Problem Femicide is not confined to any one region. It's most prevalent in Africa (around 20,000 cases), followed by Asia (18,400 cases), the Americas (7,900 cases), Europe (2,300 cases), and Oceania (200 cases).When adjusting for total population size, in 2022, the rates were 2.8 per 100,000 in Africa, 1.5 in the Americas, 1.1 in Oceania, 0.8 in Asia, and 0.6 in Europe. 3. The Actual Scale of Femicide is Likely Much Larger The figures presented in the report, while alarmingly high, are just the tip of the iceberg, with many more cases going unrecorded.About 4 out of 10 intentional killings of women and girls are not sufficiently documented to be identified as murder due to national differences in criminal justice records and investigation practices. 4. Certain Groups of Women and Girls Face Greater Risks Femicide poses a greater risk to certain groups of women and girls. Particularly, women in the public eye, such as politicians, women's rights activists, and journalists, face higher risks. 5. Femicide is Preventable and Must Be Prevented To prevent femicide, harmful social norms must change, and entire communities and societies must develop a zero-tolerance approach to violence.Survivor-centered support and protection, early intervention and risk assessment, and gender-responsive policing and judicial services play a crucial role in addressing this issue.Gender-related killings of women and girls (femicide/feminicide): Global estimates of female intimate partner/family-related homicides in 2022Source: UN WomenIf you're interested in more statistics related to gender discrimination,check out the following article!↓↓↓A Femicide Factsheet: Global Stats & Calls to Action  ― Q: How Can We Reduce Femicide? ― A: Femicide is a severe global issue that undermines gender equality and peace. Combating and eradicating femicide requires a complex and multifaceted approach. 1. Strengthen Legal and Policy Responses! To reduce femicide, robust legal and policy responses are necessary. Joint research reports by UN Women and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime suggest risk assessment and protective measures, establishing femicide watch centers, and treating femicide as a specific crime. 2. Educate and Raise Awareness! Educational initiatives and campaigns are needed to raise awareness about violence against women and gender discrimination. Including content on gender equality and human rights in school curriculums, and conducting awareness campaigns through mass media and social media can help reduce this crime. 3. Encourage Community Engagement! Since femicide often occurs in patriarchal societies, community-based programs are needed to promote community participation and prevent violence against women. Collaborating with community leaders to enhance awareness of gender equality and women's rights and activities to reduce violence against women within communities are essential. 4. Strengthen International Cooperation! As femicide is a cross-border issue, international cooperation is crucial. This involves collaboration among international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations, and civil society groups.If you're interested in how to create a gender-equal world,check out the following article!↓↓↓Creating a Gender Equal World― For a Society Where Women's Safety and Peace are Guaranteed ―True foundations for world peace are established only when women, who make up half of the world, are happy. Femicide is a fundamental threat to this peace and the most extreme form of discrimination and violence women face in our society.The shocking reality that more than 133 women and girls are killed daily highlights that femicide is not just an isolated incident but a serious obstacle to global efforts for gender equality and human rights.We all must strive to eradicate violence against women, and this requires the collective efforts of policymakers, civil society, and individuals in each country.How about showing interest in an online campaign related to femicide today and hitting the ‘like’ button?“Equality for women is progress for all.”-Ban Ki-moon,Sunhak Peace Prize Founders’ Award Laureates-Learn More:What is Gender-based Violence?Reason for her Death: Improper HijabCreating a Gender Equal WorldReferencesUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime & United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. (2023). Gender-related killings of women and girls (femicide/feminicide): Global estimates of female intimate partner/family-related homicides in 2022.A Femicide Factsheet: Global Stats & Calls to ActionWritten by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is a Filter Bubble?

The Filter Bubble is a phenomenon where the internet learns our interests and behavior patterns to provide only the information we seem to want to see. In this article, we will explore the problems associated with filter bubbles and seek ways for a better democracy.― Q: What is a Filter Bubble? ― A: A Filter Bubble occurs when the internet tailors the information it provides to us based on our interests and behavior patterns. Imagine going to a special restaurant. This restaurant offers a menu based on the food we've ordered in the past. For instance, if we frequently ordered pizza, the menu might only show various types of pizza, hiding other food options. In such a scenario, we might not even be aware that other foods exist, increasing the likelihood of us continuing to eat only pizza.Internet portals and social media function similarly to this restaurant. These platforms identify our interests and search habits to provide customized content. While such algorithms might initially seem convenient, they can actually confine us to a narrow perspective, posing significant problems.The term "Filter Bubble" was coined by Eli Pariser, an internet activist and author. In his 2011 book, "The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You," Pariser introduced this term and argued that personalized search results and news feeds narrow users' perspectives and limit exposure to diverse information.Pariser's insights initiated an important discussion about how the internet and social media influence our consumption of information and communication, continuing to be a crucial concept today.― Q: What types of Filter Bubbles exist? ― A: The filters that screen the information reaching us can be divided into social filters, search engine filters, and content recommendation filters. ◾ Social Filter Bubbles This phenomenon occurs when individuals consume information solely within their social networks. As a result, we may only be exposed to information from people who hold similar opinions and perspectives to our own. ◾ Search Engine Filter Bubbles Search engine filter bubbles provide customized search results based on a user's past search history and click behavior. ◾ Content Recommendation Filter Bubbles Content recommendation filter bubbles on social media platforms and video streaming services recommend content tailored to an individual's tastes and interests. This limits users from exploring a wider variety of content.― Q: What are the problems with Filter Bubbles? ― A: The most significant issue with Filter Bubbles is their 'closed-off nature'. When the information we encounter is limited, our opportunities to be exposed to diverse perspectives and opinions decrease. Filter Bubbles can lead to several negative outcomes: ◾ Isolation in Personalized Information Algorithms provide us with tailored information, making us only exposed to the news and advertisements we prefer. For example, on social media, if we hold certain political views, we might only see news and posts that align with those views, which can diminish our ability to understand different perspectives. ◾ Manipulation of Consumer Choices Algorithms analyze our online behavior to show us customized advertisements. For instance, if we search for a specific product, related ads will continue to appear, encouraging us to make a purchase. This can manipulate our choices and limit our awareness of other options. ◾ Biased Decision-Making Personalized information can introduce bias into our decision-making. For example, someone interested in the stock market may only come across positive news about certain stocks, potentially leading to misguided investment decisions. ◾ Creation of 'Echo Chambers' Filter Bubbles can strengthen echo chambers, where information circulates only among people with the same opinions. Echo chambers can amplify extreme opinions, which is dangerous.― A Case Study of Filter Bubbles: The 2016 US Presidential Election ―During the 2016 US presidential election, social media users encountered vastly different news and information based on their political leanings, complicating the understanding of opposing views and increasing social division. ◾ Social Media and Customized News Feeds Many voters used social media platforms like Facebook as their primary news source. These platforms delivered personalized content based on users' past interactions. As a result, users were mainly exposed to information that aligned with their viewpoints, reducing their chances of encountering opposing opinions or different political perspectives. ◾ Spread of Fake News Users were more likely to react to and share fake news that reflected their preferences or beliefs. Negative fake news about specific candidates spread rapidly on Facebook. According to a study by Stanford University, fake news supporting Trump was shared around 30 million times during the election period, nearly four times the number of shares for fake news supporting Hillary Clinton. ◾ Candidates' Social Media Strategies The presidential candidates leveraged filter bubbles to implement targeted campaign strategies. They delivered customized messages to specific voter groups through social media ads and content, further intensifying the phenomenon where voters are only exposed to messages that reflect their viewpoints. ◾ Formation of Divided Social Echo Chambers Filter bubbles strengthened the phenomenon of information circulating only among individuals with similar opinions. This further amplified extreme opinions about certain candidates or political issues.Ultimately, the 2016 US presidential election remains a clear example of the negative impact filter bubbles can have on democracy and public discourse.― Q: Is there a way to overcome Filter Bubbles? ―(Photo Credit : Facebook/Yuval Noah Harari)"In a world deluged by irrelevant information, clarity is power. In theory, everybody can join the discussion about the future of humanity, but it is becoming harder to engage in  meaningful dialogue. We are in an era of a personal information bubble, where what we see and hear is tailored to our existing beliefs."- Historian, Yuval Noah Harari-To overcome Filter Bubbles, we must approach the issue with Yuval Noah Harari's perspective: "In a world deluged by irrelevant information, clarity is power." Efforts must come from individuals, big tech companies, and governments. ◾ On an Individual Level: It's crucial to consciously manage our information consumption habits.Exploring news from diverse sources and perspectives, and listening to opinions different from our own are essential steps. Additionally, adjusting the settings on social media and search engines to expose ourselves to a variety of information is important. ◾ Big Tech Companies: They need to increase the transparency of their algorithms and make greater efforts to provide users with balanced information. Overcoming algorithms that reflect users' existing beliefs and improving them to respect diversity is necessary. ◾ Governments and Regulatory Bodies: They should focus on the issue of Filter Bubbles and implement appropriate policies. For example, they have a role in strengthening digital literacy education and enacting laws to promote the diversity and transparency of information.When these efforts are combined, we can overcome the difficulty of "participating in discussions about the future of humanity" mentioned by Yuval Noah Harari and move towards "meaningful conversation and social participation."For a peaceful coexistence among diverse ethnicities, religions, and nationalities, understanding and accepting different perspectives is essential!Overcoming Filter Bubbles is not just about choosing different information. It's a crucial first step towards creating a more peaceful and unified world by understanding and accepting different perspectives.“To embrace the future,we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace.Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han MoonFounder of Sunhak Peace Prize-ReferenceWhat is Digital Divide?Written by: Yeon Je Choi, Director

Peace Issue What are Food Loss and Waste?

Food loss and waste refer to the decrease in food quantity during the food supply process. This article examines the global situation, issues, and solutions for 'Food Loss and Waste,' a crucial topic in addressing poverty and hunger.― Q: What are Food Loss and Waste? ― (Photo Credit : Global Initiative on Food Loss and Waste)A: Food Loss and Waste refer to the decrease in food quantity during the food supply process. It's like having building materials disappear before a house is constructed. The food produced on farms is diminished by about one-third before reaching people’s tables. ● What is Food Loss? 'Food Loss' occurs from harvest up to the distribution stage, akin to building materials vanishing before a house is built. This issue is more prevalent in developing countries, with causes including inefficient harvesting methods, lack of storage facilities, and transportation issues. ● What is Food Waste? 'Food Waste' is similar to leaving materials unused after building a house. It occurs post-distribution, that is, at the retail and consumer stages. This is more common in developed countries, where overconsumption, improper storage, and confusion over expiration dates often lead to good food being discarded.― Q: What is the Scale of Food Loss and Waste? ― A: According to the 'Global Food Losses and Waste' report published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2011, nearly one-third of the food produced for consumption, approximately 1.3 billion tons per year, is wasted or lost. Recent reports indicate some improvement. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Food Waste Index Report 2021 states that now only about 8-10% of food produced worldwide is wasted.However, food loss and waste still pose significant environmental, social, and economic problems, especially concerning greenhouse gas emissions. ● Variations by Region: Food loss and waste vary by region in terms of quantity and causes. In developing countries, significant losses occur post-harvest and during storage, while in developed countries, the problem is more about consumers purchasing food and not consuming it. ● Differences by Food Type: The amount of waste also varies depending on the type of food. Fresh fruits and vegetables, and meat products are more prone to damage during storage and transportation. Additionally, consumers often purchase these items but end up discarding them without use.Download the Report↓↓↓Global Food Loss and Food Waste― Q: What is the Impact of Food Loss and Waste? ― A: Food Loss and Waste create problems far beyond just discarding food. The food we carelessly waste accumulates, significantly affecting our environment, economy, and society. Can you believe that the food we waste hinders the achievement of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? ● SDG 2: Zero Hunger Over 800 million people worldwide suffer from hunger. Shockingly, one-third of the food we produce, enough to feed approximately 1.3 billion people, is wasted or lost. To solve the famine problem, we need to reduce food loss and waste.To learn more about Zero Hunger,check out the following article!↓↓↓Zero hunger! For a worldwithout hungry people ● SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Food Loss and Waste represent a waste of resources. The water, energy, and labor used in agriculture ultimately go into producing food that is not consumed. It's crucial to manage resources efficiently and produce food sustainably. ● SDG 13: Climate Action Did you know that Food Loss and Waste also significantly impact climate change? Discarded food emits greenhouse gases as it decomposes, and the food production process itself leaves a carbon footprint. Thus, reducing carbon emissions in agriculture and promoting sustainable agriculture is necessary.To better understand the global poverty situation,check out the following article!↓↓↓Global Poverty Worsening― Q: How Can We Reduce Food Loss and Waste? ― A: To address the issue of Food Loss and Waste, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and other international bodies propose various strategies and recommendations: 1. Efficient Food Supply Chain Management ○ Improving production and harvesting techniques: FAO suggests reducing early-stage losses through better harvesting technologies and methods, like mechanized harvesting or improved timing. Yet be sensitive, keeping in mind that in some cases it is proper to leave some grain standing for birds (e.g. cranes) that depend on leftover rice or barley to survive.○ Enhancing storage and transportation infrastructure: Especially crucial in developing countries. Needs include refrigeration facilities, effective packaging, and improved transportation methods. 2. Consumer Awareness and Behavioral Change ○ Education and awareness: It's vital to educate people on proper food storage and cooking methods and raise awareness to avoid unnecessary food purchases.○ Improving date labeling: Many consumers confuse ‘date produced’, 'best before' and 'expiration' dates, leading to unnecessary food waste.  Clearer labeling can help reduce this. 3. Policy and Legal Framework ○ Developing policies and regulations: Governments should develop and implement policies and regulations to reduce food loss and waste, such as incentives for reducing food waste or taxes on food waste.○ Globally-minded subsidies: Rather than paying farmers not to produce so as to bolster prices, the same funds would be much better used to send the surplus produce to countries in dire need. 4. Solutions Through Technology and Innovation ○ Encouraging technological innovation: Utilizing IoT, big data, blockchain, etc., can improve efficiency by providing information throughout the food's journey from origin to consumer.○ Sustainable packaging solutions: Developing and applying eco-friendly packaging that preserves food longer can reduce environmental impact and maintain freshness. 5. Promoting Food Recycling and Reuse ○ Food donation programs: Expanding and encouraging programs to donate unsold food can reduce food waste and contribute to solving hunger issues.○ Food recycling initiatives: Developing and promoting methods to recycle food waste into animal feed, energy production, or composting is necessary.Additionally, there's the 'Food Loss and Waste Protocol' (FLW Protocol), a global standard for action to reduce food loss and waste. It provides guidance on how to measure and manage food loss and waste and use the best methods.Download the Food Loss and Waste Protocol(FLW Protocol)This protocol includes measuring and monitoring food loss and waste, sharing best practices, and fostering cooperation among various stakeholders.― For a Better Future ―As we've seen, reducing food loss and waste is a critical challenge for a better future. The key to solving this issue lies with us, not with anyone else.Shall we start with the meals we eat every day? Each of our small actions can lead to significant changes.For instance, only buying as much as we need, being careful not to waste food, sharing food when possible, and properly storing it can make a big difference.These small practices, when combined, can significantly contribute to protecting the planet and creating a sustainable future, where we all can live healthier and happier lives.“Whenever food is thrown out it is as if it were stolen from the table of the poor.” – Pope Francis –Learn more:  Zero hunger! For a world without hungry people  Global Poverty WorseningWritten by: Yeon Je Choi, Director

Peace Issue What are Wet-Bulb Temperatures?

Wet-Bulb Temperatures refer to the temperature of air containing moisture. With global warming, wet-bulb temperatures exceeding human survival limits are being recorded around the world, making it urgent to respond to this crisis.― Q. What are Wet-Bulb Temperatures? ― A. Wet-Bulb Temperatures can be described as the 'temperature of humid air' and can be considered an element of weather. Wet-Bulb Temperatures are vital indicators that significantly impact our health and the overall environment of the Earth. When the wet-bulb temperature reaches 35°C, or 95°F, it signifies a critical threshold for human life. Therefore, understanding wet-bulb temperatures is crucial in the context of global warming.― Q. Why are Wet-Bulb Temperatures Important? ― ◎ Impact on Human Health High wet-bulb temperatures make it difficult for our bodies to cool down through sweating, leading to serious health issues like heatstroke.Humans have an amazing ability to sweat. As temperatures rise, sweat evaporates from our pores, cooling the skin and preventing the body from overheating. This is our natural cooling mechanism.However, this ability to sweat has theoretical limits. If the air is too humid, sweat does not evaporate efficiently, hindering our body's ability to cool down. This situation is precisely what happens in high wet-bulb temperature conditions.When the wet-bulb temperature reaches 35°C, our natural cooling system hits its limit. At this temperature, even the healthiest individuals with an unlimited water supply can only survive for a few hours before succumbing to the heat. ◎ Impact on Ecosystems and Environment Wet-bulb temperatures significantly affect ecosystems and the environment. High wet-bulb temperatures can alter habitats for flora and fauna and negatively impact crop growth. Additionally, hot weather increases energy demands, placing a greater burden on the environment.Who suffers the most from high wet-bulb temperatures?Stay tuned for the next article!↓↓↓Who are Climate Refugees?― Q. How are Wet-Bulb Temperatures Measured? ― ◎ Method of Measuring Wet-Bulb Temperatures The method of measuring wet-bulb temperatures is quite intriguing. Scientists use a special instrument called a 'wet-bulb thermometer' for this purpose.This device consists of two thermometers. One is the 'dry-bulb thermometer', which measures the temperature of the air as it is. The other, the 'wet-bulb thermometer', has its bulb wrapped in a cloth soaked in water.As air passes over this moist cloth, water evaporates, absorbing heat from the surroundings, causing the temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer to drop. The temperature recorded at this moment is the 'wet-bulb temperature'.Source: ClimateCheck(습구온도계 이미지 넣기)Interested in calculating wet-bulb temperatures?Click here!↓↓↓Wet-Bulb Calculator ◎ Interpreting Wet-Bulb Temperatures Using a wet-bulb thermometer, we can accurately determine how hot and humid the air is. This is especially important in hot regions like Delhi, India, where not just the temperature but also the wet-bulb temperature has a significant impact on the ecosystem.Let's look at recent wet-bulb temperatures in Delhi:• June 29, 2022, Wet-Bulb Temperature: 33.7°C (Source: Hindustan Times)• July 16, 2022, Wet-Bulb Temperature: 36.2°C (Source: Hindustan Times)The critical threshold for human survival in wet-bulb temperatures is 35°C. From the above data, we can gauge how intensely hot and humid the summer was in Delhi in 2022. That summer, over 160 people died in Delhi due to high wet-bulb temperatures.In November 2022, the World Bank announced that some regions in India could become uninhabitable for humans in the future.The high wet-bulb temperatures in Delhi during the summer of 2022, exceeding the human survival limit of 35°C, resulted in over 160 deaths.Photo Credit: Getty Images PlusSuch high-temperature environments also impact ecosystems. Due to high wet-bulb temperatures, it's projected that India's agriculture and livestock industries will soon suffer significant setbacks, water resources will become more challenging to secure, and soil degradation will lead to reduced agricultural output.Check out this article to learn more abouta Global Warming↓↓↓The Glaciers are Sending Us a Warning― Q. What is the Relationship Between Climate Change and Wet-Bulb Temperatures? ―  ◎ Impact of Global Warming Global warming is causing a rise in average temperatures worldwide, leading to an increase in wet-bulb temperatures.According to a 2020 study by Columbia University, the Earth is already experiencing combinations of heat and humidity that are threatening to life.India is particularly affected. The Columbia University research team analyzed global weather data collected from 1979 to 2017 and found that the 'Eastern Coastal' and 'Northwestern' regions of India showed hotspots with the highest 99.9 percentile of wet-bulb temperatures (at least 31°C).It's not just India. Looking at the map below, you can see regions in Pakistan and Northwestern India, the Red Sea coast, the Gulf of California, and the southern coast of the Gulf of Mexico marked in red (at least 33°C) and yellow (at least 31°C).Extreme wet-bulb temperatures are being observed worldwide. Areas marked in yellow and red on the map have recorded minimum daily wet-bulb temperatures of at least 31°C.source: Science Advances  ◎ Future Climate Prediction Scenarios In 2021, the UK's Met Office, a meteorological and climate research institution, released future prediction scenarios based on global temperature rises. According to these scenarios, if global warming continues at its current rate, there will be a sharp increase in the sector of population experiencing life-threatening extreme heat stress.The Met Office states that if the Earth's temperature rises by 2°C, the number of people globally affected by extreme heat stress will increase from the current 68 million to about 1 billion.If the Earth's temperature increases by 4.0°C, it is predicted that about 50% of the world's population will live in areas affected by extreme heat stress.Dr. Andy Hartley, the Met Office's head of climate impacts, warns, "People living in areas with wet-bulb temperatures above 32.0°C are in extreme danger. Vulnerable groups and those with outdoor occupations face greater health risks. While this is currently observed in some regions of India, our analysis indicates that a 4.0°C rise could affect people on most continents with severe heat risks."The map shows areas where wet-bulb temperatures exceeding 32.0°C will occur for more than 10 days annually, assuming a 4.0°C rise in Earth's temperature compared to pre-industrial levels.Source : Met OfficeProfessor Matthew Huber from Purdue University, a climate scientist, also warns, "By the end of this century, extreme situations with wet-bulb temperatures reaching 35°C could become more common."― Our Action is Needed! ―The research findings and warnings from scientists regarding the rise in wet-bulb temperatures highlight the severity of climate change's impact on humanity.If the Earth's temperature and humidity continue to rise unchecked, our beloved blue planet will become increasingly inhospitable for life.To tackle global warming and the issue of rising wet-bulb temperatures, it's essential to develop customized strategies at local and national levels. However, that alone is not enough. It's time for all of us to take action.Just as individual raindrops join to form rivers, the small actions of our 8 billion-strong global population can combine to create massive change. Why not start today by actively recycling, choosing sustainable products, and turning off unnecessary electricity? Using public transport, cycling, and walking are also great ways to make a difference.Creating a better tomorrow through small actions - this is what we can and must do right now. Check out this article to learn more abouta Climate Action↓↓↓What is Climate Action?“To embrace the future,we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace.Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han MoonFounder of Sunhak Peace Prize-ReferenceThe emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance, Colim Raymond et al., Sci Adv, 2029Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is Maternal Health?

Maternal Health refers to the health issues experienced by women from pregnancy through childbirth and beyond. This article explores the global status, challenges, and improvement strategies for Maternal Health, a critical topic in achieving gender equality.― Q: What is Maternal Health? ― A: Maternal Health encompasses the range of health-related issues women face during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. It includes not just physical health but also mental and social well-being. Healthy pregnancies and childbirths have a significant impact on families and society at large, making Maternal Health a vital issue for creating peaceful communities.It is also crucial for achieving gender equality. Improved access to maternal health services enhances the quality of life for women and facilitates their economic independence. However, many countries still fall short in providing adequate health care for women.Curious about the global status of gender equality?Check out the following article!↓↓↓Time to reach gender equality: 132 years― Childbirth Turning Fatal! ―In May 2020, amid the global COVID-19 pandemic, reproductive health services in Yemen, Africa, faced funding depletion.Mariam, a Yemeni war widow and mother of four daughters, was receiving prenatal care at the Bani Shamakh medical center supported by the United Nations Population Fund. However, due to the funding crisis and the departure of her doctor, Mariam died from excessive bleeding during childbirth.There's another woman, Zainab, from Yemen. She gave birth to her daughter during the pandemic. Planned to deliver at a hospital, she had to give birth at home after her obstetrician left. Zainab also succumbed to excessive bleeding during childbirth.It's not just women in war zones. Globally, approximately 290,000 mothers die each year.― Global Maternal Health Status ―Let's look at the global status of maternal health. According to a United Nations report tracking maternal deaths from 2000 to 2020, approximately 287,000 maternal deaths occurred worldwide in 2020. This is a shockingly high number. ● Stagnation or Increase in Maternal Mortality Rates Between 2016 and 2020, only 31 countries saw a decrease in maternal mortality rates. Progress stalled in 133 countries, and 17 saw an increase. ● Africa Faces the Gravest Situation Maternal deaths are concentrated in the poorest and most conflict-ridden regions globally. In 2020, about 70% of all maternal deaths occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. The risk of dying during pregnancy or childbirth in Sub-Saharan Africa is 130 times higher than in Europe or North America.Particularly, in the nine countries with the highest Fragile States Index in 2020, the maternal mortality rate was 551 per 100,000 live births, twice the global average of 223. ● Higher Mortality Rates Among Black Mothers in Developed Countries There's also a racial disparity in developed countries. For instance, in the United States, Black women are nearly three times more likely to die during childbirth than non-Hispanic white women.In Brooklyn, USA, in 2020, a 26-year-old Black woman died during childbirth. She suffered a heart attack during an emergency cesarean section.Even in 2017, Shalon Irving, a Black public health professional and Johns Hopkins University graduate, died from hypertension complications after giving birth. Despite her expertise in the health field, she did not receive adequate care for her childbirth complications.These cases highlight that maternal health issues extend beyond medical problems, closely tied to social and economic factors.― Q. What are the Factors Threatening Maternal Health? ―A. There are several factors that jeopardize maternal health: ▲ Lack of adequate medical facilities and professionals ▲ Challenges in obtaining proper nutrition during pregnancy ▲ Lack of awareness about pregnancy-related complications According to a UN report, many women are not receiving essential maternal services. One-third of pregnant women worldwide fail to receive even four of the eight recommended antenatal check-ups, and 270 million women lack access to modern family planning.Teen mothers are also at high risk. Annually, an estimated 5.6 million abortions occur among adolescent girls, with nearly 4 million being unsafe.Pandemics like COVID-19, increasing poverty, and humanitarian crises add strain to health systems. Particularly in conflict zones and some African countries, issues such as decreased funding for maternal and neonatal health and lack of necessary medical facilities are severe.Download the Report↓↓↓Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020* This report, prepared by the WHO on behalf of the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group, comprising WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank Group, and the UN Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, uses national data to estimate levels and trends of maternal mortality from 2000 to 2020.― Q. How Can Maternal Health Be Improved? ― A. The UN's Sustainable Development Goals aim to reduce global maternal mortality to fewer than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Although the global maternal mortality rate decreased from 227 in 2015 to 223 in 2020, there is still a long way to go to achieve this goal. But we must make progress, step by step! ▪ Strengthening Universal Health Coverage All women must have access to necessary medical services during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. To this end, the UN Population Fund set the following targets in 2021:<Goals to End Maternal and Newborn Deaths>(1) Increase the proportion of pregnant women receiving at least four antenatal care visits to 90%.(2) Expand the availability of skilled healthcare professionals during childbirth to meet 90% of the need.(3) Increase the proportion of mothers and babies receiving postnatal care within two days of birth to 80%.(4) Raise the national capacity for emergency obstetric and newborn care services to 80%.(Source: Maternal Mortality Trends Report from 2000 to 2020Joint study by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group,and UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division) ▪ Education and Awareness It's crucial that everyone understands the importance of maternal health and that women, in particular, are educated to manage their health. Recent data shows that only about 60% of women aged 15-49 make their own decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care. To improve maternal health, women need to be empowered to take control of their healthy lives.Furthermore, education for men is also important. To tackle harmful gender norms, biases, and inequalities prevalent in communities, men's participation is essential.Curious about a world of gender equality?Check out the following article!↓↓↓Creating a Gender Equal World― For a Better Tomorrow ―In our journey toward a better tomorrow, maternal health is an issue that goes beyond the health of an individual. It forms the foundation of gender equality and societal advancement. Therefore, creating an environment where all women can enjoy healthy and happy lives is a responsibility for all of us.As Catherine Russell, the Executive Director of UNICEF, said, the miracle of childbirth should never turn into a tragedy for the mother.“For millions of families, the miracle of childbirth is marred by the tragedy of maternal deaths,” said UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell. “No mother should have to fear for her life while bringing a baby into the world, especially when the knowledge and tools to treat common complications exist. Equity in healthcare gives every mother, no matter who they are or where they are, a fair chance at a safe delivery and a healthy future with their family.”-Catherine Russell, Executive Director of UNICEF-  Learn more :  Time to reach gender equality: 132 years   Creating a Gender Equal World  Reference :   World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Population Fund, World Bank Group, & United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division. (2021). Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA/Population Division. World Health Organization.Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is Zoonotic Diseases?

Zoonotic diseases are illnesses that can be transmitted from animals to humans. In this article, we discuss the risks and global spread of zoonotic diseases.― Q. What is Zoonotic Diseases? ― A: Zoonotic diseases refer to illnesses that can be transmitted from animals to humans. The term originates from the Greek words 'Anthropos' (human), 'Zoo' (animal), and 'Nosis' (disease), meaning diseases that both humans and animals can contract. However, it is commonly used in the context of diseases transmitted from animals to humans.In a 1952 World Health Organization (WHO) expert meeting, zoonotic diseases were defined as "diseases or infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans." Just like humans being able to eat fruits that were once only eaten by forest animals, these diseases have 'jumped' from animals to humans.The history of zoonotic diseases is as old as human history itself. The 'Black Death,' 'Spanish Flu,' and 'Measles' that claimed numerous human lives since the beginning are examples of zoonotic diseases, as are AIDS, MERS, and COVID-19, which emerged in the 1980s and are still not fully conquered, all originating from animals.While some zoonotic diseases like rabies can be prevented through vaccination, others like Ebola and the COVID-19 virus are harder to prevent.Virus-caused zoonotic diseases, in particular, are challenging due to their high outbreak frequency, rapid progression, and active mutations. <Important Facts About Zoonotic Diseases> ▪ Zoonotic diseases encompass all diseases or infections that can naturally be transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans.▪ There are over 200 known types of zoonotic diseases.▪ Zoonotic diseases account for a significant portion of new and existing diseases in humans.▪ Some zoonotic diseases, like rabies, can be 100% prevented through vaccination and other methods.<Source: World Health Organization (WHO)>― Q: What are the Main Causes of the Spread of Zoonotic Diseases? ― A: Climate change is a significant factor in the spread of zoonotic diseases. Recent studies show that climate change, causing temperature rises and changes in precipitation patterns in some areas, has led many wild animals to migrate to new habitats, similar to how we seek cooler places during summer vacations. We now live in the “Anthropocene Epoch” in Earth’s 4.6 billion-year history, when the dominant influence on Earth is mankind. Human-induced environmental destruction has triggered significant changes in the Earth's systems, and the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is altering our planet's ecosystems.If you're curious about how humans have altered Earth's systems,check out the following article!↓↓↓What is Anthropocene?Living Planet Report 2022As a result, diseases once confined to tropical regions are now spreading to cooler areas, impacting the spread of diseases like malaria.(Image Source: CFR)Global warming is also affecting the spread of disease vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It's akin to seeing more mosquitoes as summer lengthens. These vectors are sensitive to weather changes, especially becoming more active as temperature and humidity increase.As the Earth's temperature and humidity rise, diseases transmitted by ticks, such as Lyme disease, are significantly increasing in North America.― Trend of Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks ―Over the past 100 years, there has been a continuous increase in zoonotic diseases. According to reports by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), it is estimated that about 1 billion cases of zoonotic diseases occur globally each year, leading to millions of deaths.Notably, COVID-19, which emerged in 2019, has caused the death of 15 million people (as of the end of 2021).The future outlook is even more grim.In 2022, a research team from the Department of Biology and the Center for Global Health Science and Security at Georgetown University in the United States published shocking research results in the journal 'Nature.' They predicted that by 2070, about 15,000 new cross-species viral infections would emerge.As the world becomes interconnected as a single living area, viruses freely cross borders, making global cooperation imperative for infectious disease response.― Q: What are the Major Zoonotic Diseases? ― A: There are about 250 known zoonotic diseases, with over 100 significantly impacting human health. Some prominent zoonotic diseases include Anthrax, Brucellosis, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection, Rabies (hydrophobia), Japanese Encephalitis, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (v-CJD).While most can be prevented through vaccination and hygienic practices, newly emerging diseases are difficult to prevent, as seen in the COVID-19 pandemic, causing substantial global damage.Newly emerged zoonotic diseases include highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Nipah virus infection, and Hendra virus infection.Approximately 60% of newly reported infectious diseases worldwide are zoonotic. In the last 30 years, over 30 new human pathogens have been discovered, 75% of which originated from animals, indicating a significant increase in zoonotic diseases.― Response to Zoonotic Diseases ―The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on global health, society, and the economy, resulting in over 15 million deaths and completely altering the daily lives of people worldwide.This crisis has highlighted the importance of international cooperation and a strong public health system.UN Secretary-General António Guterres, responsible for global peace, emphasized the need for transboundary cooperation: “The world must prepare for the next pandemic and act according to the lessons learned from COVID-19.”As he stated, prevention and control of zoonotic diseases are now essential not only for health but also for world peace and stability.To achieve this, cooperation between veterinary and human health sectors and comprehensive strategies are necessary. On an individual level, practicing eco-friendly living is also vital.What about starting with not consuming wildlife indiscriminately, practicing sustainable consumption, raising awareness about climate change, and participating in environmental protection activities?If you're curious about sustainable consumption and production,check out the following article!↓↓↓Sustainable consumption and production to save the planetFind the answer in nature through Nature-based Solutions“We coexist on one planet, and human health is inseparably linked to the health of the planet.”-António Guterres, UN Secretary-General-Learn More:  What is Anthropocene?  Living Planet Report 2022  Sustainable consumption and production to save the planet  Find the answer in nature through Nature-based SolutionsReferences:  Carlson, Colin J., Gregory F. Albery, Cory Merow, Christopher H. Trisos, Casey M. Zipfel, Evan A. Eskew, Kevin J. Olival, Noam Ross, & Shweta Bansal. "Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk." Nature 607, 555-562 (2022). Published on April 28, 2022. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04788-w  Rupasinghe, R., Chomel, B. B., & Martínez-López, B. (2022). Climate change and zoonoses: A review of the current status, knowledge gaps, and future trends. Acta Tropica, 226, 106225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106225Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is Universal Health Coverage(UHC)?

(Photos Credit : BORGEN Magazine, Reuters, UN) Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a concept that ensures everyone can access medical services without financial hardship. In this article, we will explore the meaning, current state, and challenges of Universal Health Coverage. --- (Photo Credit : The New York Times) Tragic Photos Related to COVID-19 in Africa The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide, but its severity varied significantly from country to country. South Korea has a robust national health insurance system that provides extensive medical services to all citizens, which became a crucial asset in protecting the population from the virus's onslaught. In contrast, the healthcare systems in developing countries, including Africa and South America, were utterly unprepared to halt the spread of the virus and treat patients. Millions died, and communities and economies suffered irreversible damage. This stark contrast powerfully illustrates how deadly the absence of Universal Health Coverage can be. ― Q. What is Universal Health Coverage (UHC)? ― A. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) means ensuring that everyone can access the essential quality medical services they need, without discrimination. Imagine our society as a large ship. Universal Health Coverage is like providing every passenger on this ship with life jackets and emergency medical kits. Just as anyone who falls ill or gets injured during the voyage should be able to receive the necessary medical services, regardless of their deck, UHC guarantees that everyone can access medical services when needed. UHC goes beyond just access to healthcare; it encompasses disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and health promotion. It is a comprehensive concept that is one of the main global health goals emphasized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN), aiming to ensure the health of all and prevent financial ruin. When everyone is healthy, the whole society can thrive more stably and prosperously! Thus, Universal Health Coverage plays a vital role in maintaining the health and safety of the entire society.  ― Q: What does Universal Health Coverage guarantee? ― (Photo Credit : ARHRC) A: The World Health Organization (WHO) aligns Universal Health Coverage (UHC) with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically targeting Goal 3: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages." To achieve this, WHO proposes specific objectives including: ■ Provision of essential quality health services: ▪ Preventive services: Immunizations, maternal health check-ups, disease prevention campaigns, etc. ▪ Treatment services: Emergency care, surgeries, cancer treatments, etc. ▪ Rehabilitation services: Physical therapy, occupational rehabilitation, etc. ▪ Health promotion: Nutritional counseling, exercise programs, mental health services, etc. ■ Reduction of financial hardship in accessing health care: ▪ Healthcare cost burden: Household expenditure on health, protection against costly healthcare. ▪ Insurance benefits: Coverage of health insurance, support for premiums, public health assistance, etc. ■ Ensuring healthcare services for everyone: ▪ Protection for vulnerable groups: Ensuring medical accessibility for low-income families, people with disabilities, rural residents, and other socially vulnerable groups. ▪ Regional balance: Balancing the quality and accessibility of healthcare services between urban and rural areas, as well as among different regions. ■ Providing high-quality healthcare services: ▪ Improving patient satisfaction: Surveys on patients' experiences and satisfaction. ▪ Enhancing service efficiency and effectiveness: Rates of disease treatment, effectiveness of preventive services, medical error rates, etc. This framework is part of the broader goal to reduce global health inequalities and promote a healthier life and well-being for all. To learn more about the state of global health inequality, click here! ↓↓↓ Every human being has the right to be cured ― Q: What is the global status of Universal Health Coverage? ― A: According to the 2023 UHC Global Monitoring Report published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank, significant improvements have been made in global health services since 2000 (refer to Figure 3a). However, recent years have seen a halt in progress (refer to Figure 3b). As of 2021, nearly half of the world's population, approximately 4.5 billion people, are unable to access essential health services. In 2019, around 2 billion people faced financial hardship due to out-of-pocket medical expenses, with 340 million of these individuals falling into extreme poverty. The countries shaded in darker colors on the map below are those that have seen significant increases in their health service scores. The improvement varies from country to country, with some not improving at all and others increasing by as much as 39 points. Most countries (85 in total) have seen improvements of about 20-29 points compared to the year 2000. However, since the launch of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, the global index has only increased by 3 points, with few countries experiencing significant improvements (refer to Figure 3b). This indicates a clear need for further action. The graph below shows a cluster of points in the bottom right corner, representing countries that made progress in UHC between 2000 and 2015. Yet, the top left corner, representing the change in health coverage between 2016 and 2021, is almost empty of points, signifying little to no progress in UHC advancement during this period. This graph clearly demonstrates the urgent need for increased efforts and support for global Universal Health Coverage. Download the report ↓↓↓ Tracking universal health coverage 2023 global monitoring report ― Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic ― The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health and social crisis, highlighting the critical need for Universal Health Coverage (UHC) more than ever. Furthermore, the pandemic has underscored the importance of international cooperation in addressing global health crises. This is because viruses know no borders. Even high-income countries cannot be safe if any part of the world is vulnerable to an outbreak. If universal health services were established for everyone around the globe, humanity could respond more effectively to new pandemics. Just as life jackets must be provided to everyone on board a ship without discrimination, when essential health services are equitably provided to every global citizen, we all can enjoy a safer and happier life.  "Universal health coverage is a political choice. It takes vision, courage, and long-term thinking. But the payoff is a safer, fairer, and healthier world for everyone." Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General Learn more :   Every human being has the right to be curedReference : World Health Organization; World Bank. 2023. "Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2023 Global Monitoring Report." World Health Organization and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/ 40348. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is Gender Neutrality?

Gender Neutrality refers to not classifying or making assumptions about people based on their gender. In this article, we explore the concept of Gender Neutrality, a crucial topic for achieving gender equality, and look into its practical applications. ― Q: What is Gender Neutrality? ― (Photo credits : The Guardian) A: Gender Neutrality means not categorizing or assuming people's genders. It encompasses a perception beyond social, cultural, and physical differences. Traditionally, our society has been divided into two genders: 'male' and 'female', the so-called ‘binary’ distinction. However, a gender-neutral perspective recognizes the right of everyone to freely express themselves beyond this binary division. For example, if all the scientists pictured in elementary school science textbooks are male, female students might think being a scientist is irrelevant and inaccessible to them. Gender Neutrality aims to correct such ingrained gender biases in society. The concept of Gender Neutrality has been around for years. Philosopher Michel Foucault first used the term in an academic context in his 1976 book "The History of Sexuality," which brought wider attention to the concept. Over time, this concept has gained increasing interest. It emphasizes the need for a gender-transcending approach in various fields. ― Examples of Gender Neutrality ― There are various ways to practice Gender Neutrality. Let's look at specific examples in three areas: language, products, and policies. ● Use Gender-Neutral Language! Practicing Gender Neutrality in language means not classifying people by gender. For instance, using gender-neutral pronouns like 'they' instead of 'he' or 'she.' Also, it's important to use gender-neutral terms in job titles. For example, use 'firefighter' instead of 'fireman' or 'firewoman’. Such changes in language help people move away from gender stereotypes and embrace and respect diversity. This is especially important in educational environments like schools. ● Create Gender-Neutral Products! Gender-neutral products are designed not for a specific gender but for everyone to use. For example, some clothing brands offer gender-neutral apparel, not specifically for men or women. These clothes focus on individual taste and comfort, eliminating gender distinctions in size and design. Admittedly, in some areas, it may take some getting used to. All in all, it amounts to broadening our minds. A similar change is seen in toys. Instead of 'boys' toys' or 'girls' toys,' companies are increasingly making toys that all children can enjoy. This change helps children freely explore their interests without being constrained by gender. (Photo credits : Mattel) ● Implement Gender-Neutral Policies! Gender-neutral policies aim to respect everyone's gender identity and prevent discrimination. For instance, many schools and workplaces in Europe and America have introduced gender-neutral bathrooms. These facilities are available for all genders, replacing traditional 'male' or 'female' bathrooms. Another example is the introduction of gender-unspecified IDs. These IDs use 'X' or other gender-neutral markers instead of 'Male (M)' or 'Female (F)', acknowledging various gender identities. Gender-neutral education policies are also a significant change. Sweden, for instance, actively implements gender-neutral education policies. They avoid gender-divided classes or activities, encourage students to freely explore their interests, and include educational content that challenges gender stereotypes. ― Q: Why is Gender Neutrality Important? ― A: Gender Neutrality is crucial because it provides equal opportunities for everyone. When expectations and roles based on gender are eliminated, everyone can live their life freely according to their abilities and interests. ▪ Reduction of Gender Stereotypes and Prejudices: Gender Neutrality helps reduce discrimination and violence based on gender, creating an environment where everyone can freely express and explore themselves. ▪ Expanded Consumer Choices: Gender-neutral marketing offers consumers a wider range of choices. Toys not divided by gender allow all children to choose based on their preferences. ▪ Economic Benefits: A gender-neutral approach fosters an atmosphere that moves away from gender-based roles and expectations, leading to more innovation and productivity. Increasing the number of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields can lead to more diverse innovations! If you're curious about the global status of gender equality, check out our next article! ↓↓↓ Time to reach gender equality: 132 years ― Challenges Toward Gender Equality: The Role of Gender Neutrality ― The 'Sustainable Development Goals: 2023 Gender Snapshot Report' by UN Women and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) reveals the current state of inequality faced by women and girls. This report highlights issues such as women's poverty, lack of leadership opportunities, and limited participation in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), showcasing a male-dominated world structure. For instance, the percentage of women familiar with programming languages is only half that of men, and women inventors listed in international patent applications are only a fifth of their male counterparts. To address this imbalance, the adoption and implementation of gender-neutral policies are necessary. If you're curious about a gender-equal world, check out our next article! ↓↓↓ Creating a Gender Equal World Report Download ↓↓↓ Progress on the sustainable development goals: The gender snapshot 2023 * This report is the latest in an annual series produced jointly by UN Women and UN DESA. It provides a comprehensive analysis of gender equality progress across all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ― Now, We Need Gender-Neutral AI! ― (Photo Credit : Koalition Interactive, Koalition Interactive has introduced the first gender-neutral AI tool.) Recently, a gender-neutral approach has become crucial in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). For example, early voice recognition technology was developed mainly for male voices, leading to difficulties in recognizing female voices. This was because most developers were men. A more diverse development team, including various genders, can create fairer and more inclusive AI. The importance of gender equality is also emphasized in the scientific community. Historically, most medical research focused mainly on men, primarily because most researchers were male. However, recent trends are promoting participation from diverse genders, including women. Especially in heart disease research, there's an increasing number of studies highlighting the differences between men and women. These studies are crucial in developing treatments suitable for everyone. Gender-neutral language and policies play a vital role in facilitating these changes. If both men and women participate equally in all professions, our society will naturally become more equal. ― For a Better Future ― These changes go beyond just language or policy adjustments. They contribute to a deeper understanding and respect for gender in our society. George Orwell's masterpiece, '1984', delves deeply into how language can limit thought and how it affects an individual's perception of the world. Individuals living in a gender-biased language and system are inevitably shaped to have a biased reality perception and worldview. Correcting this towards gender neutrality can lead us to a more equal society. Change always starts with a single step. How about starting to use gender-neutral language in schools and communities and pondering how to actively realize diversity and inclusivity? “Achieving gender equality requires the engagement of women and men, girls and boys. It is everyone’s responsibility.” - Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon - Learn more :  Time to reach gender equality: 132 years   Creating a Gender Equal WorldReference : P. H. Smith and E. T. Bamberger, “Gender Inclusivity is Not Gender Neutrality,” J. Hum. Last., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 441–443, 2021. S. L. Archer and A. S. Waterman, “Psychological individualism: Gender differences or gender neutrality?,” Hum. Dev., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 65–81, 1988.Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is the Gaza Strip?

The Gaza Strip is a region belonging to the Palestinian Authority, isolated and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea and Israel. This article explores the history of conflict in this area, known as 'the world's largest prison,' and examines potential solutions.― Q: What is the Gaza Strip? ―(Photo credits : Ai-monitor) A: The Gaza Strip is an isolated area enclosed by the Mediterranean Sea and Israel, spanning about 365 square kilometers (141 square miles), and is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, with over 2 million inhabitants. The Gaza Strip has a complex political and historical background. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, it has been a focal point of conflict between Palestine and Israel.Currently, it's part of the Palestinian Authority, with the Islamist armed faction Hamas exercising actual control.The economy of the Gaza Strip faces significant challenges due to blockades by Israel and Egypt. The region struggles with high unemployment, poverty, and limited infrastructure and resources.Despite having a population exceeding 2 million, the absence of an airport and extremely restricted access to borders and territorial waters have led to the Gaza Strip being referred to as 'the world's largest prison.'In October 2023, renewed clashes between Israel and Hamas in the area posed a threat to world peace. This ongoing conflict perpetuates continuous tension and insecurity for the residents of the region.The yellow area on the left represents the Gaza Strip, a Palestinian self-governing region.Source: Getty Images Korea― The Gaza Strip Conflict: History and Current Situation ―The conflict in the Gaza Strip has a long history that has developed over centuries, originating from ethnic and political discord between Israel and Palestine, continuing from the mid-20th century to the present.History of the Gaza Strip Conflict ● 13th Century BC: Migration of Jews and Philistines Jews, having escaped from Egypt, migrated to Canaan (now the Palestinian region), considered the promised land. Simultaneously, the sea people, the Philistines (ancestors of Palestinians), also migrated to the southern coast, sparking territorial disputes between the two peoples. ● AD 135: Jewish Diaspora The Jews were expelled from Canaan by the Roman Empire and were forcibly dispersed to places like the Iberian Peninsula. ● 1947-1949: Establishment of Israel and the Start of Conflict The conflict intensified with the establishment of Israel in 1947, following a UN resolution. During this period, Gaza was under the Arab government of Palestine. ● 1950-1960s: Israeli Occupation and Escalation of Conflict Following the Third Middle East War, Israel began to rule the Gaza Strip from 1967, deepening the conflict between Palestine and Israel. ● 1960-1980s: Six-Day War and Continued Occupation In the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel not only occupied the Gaza Strip but also the West Bank and the Golan Heights, complicating the conflict in Gaza. In the early 1980s, Israel began building Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip. ● 1990s: Oslo Peace Process and Hope In 1993, the Oslo Peace Accords between Israel and Palestine led to the lifting of some military controls in the Gaza Strip, raising hopes and expectations for peace. ● 2000s-Present: Ongoing Conflict and War However, from the 2000s to 2024, the Gaza Strip has continued to experience ongoing conflict and war. The conflict between Israel and Hamas has escalated, with residents suffering from infrastructure destruction and loss of life.― Q: What are the Causes of the Gaza Strip Conflict? ―(Photo credits : BBC) A: The Gaza Strip conflict stems from a complex web of causes, primarily driven by nationalism, land ownership disputes, and economic interests. Various stakeholders vying for control of the region continue to clash with opposing groups, perpetuating the ongoing conflict. ● Ethnic Conflict: The ethnic discord between Israel and Palestine is central to the Gaza Strip conflict. Israel is based on Jewish nationalism, while Palestine shares Arab ethnicity and Islamic faith. ● Land Ownership: The issue of land ownership is at the heart of the Gaza Strip conflict. This area has been a battleground for land disputes between Israel and Palestine for a long time. 1. Border Area Disputes: The boundary issues between Israel and Palestine are a major element of the conflict, especially in the Gaza Strip's border areas, where disputes over agricultural land and fishing rights are frequent. 2. Land Abandonment and Development Disputes: Within the Gaza Strip, individual disputes arise over ownership and rights to use housing and agricultural land. 3. Jewish Settlement Disputes: In the 1980s, Israel began building Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip, complicating the issues of land ownership and usage rights. ● Economic Interests: The Gaza Strip's economy is extremely fragile. Economic activities mostly depend on international aid and smuggling due to barriers and sea routes controlled by Israel.According to IMF data, as of 2020, the unemployment rate was 45%, the poverty rate was 53%, and 65.9% of households were in a food crisis. ― Q: What is the Two-State Solution? ―A: The 'Two-State Solution' proposes the creation of two states for Jews and Arabs and has been suggested as a resolution for almost a century.● In 1947, the UN adopted a plan to divide Palestine into two states for Arabs and Jews, with the religiously significant Jerusalem under international administration. However, this plan was rejected by Palestinian and Arab leaders, and Israel declared independence.● The Oslo Accords of the 1990s reignited discussions about the Two-State Solution but ultimately failed. The accords led to the establishment of the Palestinian Authority, which has limited self-governance in some occupied areas, but significant differences in opinions persist between the two sides.● In October 2023, the outbreak of war between Israel and Hamas brought the Two-State Solution back into international focus. However, as of 2024, Israeli occupation continues, and the expansion of Israeli settlements and the rights to an independent Palestinian state remain indefinitely postponed.In this context, the Two-State Solution still faces challenges. It requires major concessions from both sides: Israel would have to give up current land, and Palestine would have to forfeit most of the territory lost since 1948. With neither side willing to compromise, the parallel lines between them have not converged.― For Peace in the Gaza Strip ―(Photo Credits : Reuters)Resolving the Gaza Strip conflict is a lengthy journey towards peace in the Middle East. In this process, cooperation among the international community, Israel, Palestine, and other regional stakeholders is essential. Several key elements are needed for this: ● Resumption of Political Dialogue Reinitiating political dialogue between Palestine and Israel is crucial. Both sides must seek peaceful solutions through dialogue. ● Strengthening Multilateral Negotiations It's important to reinforce multilateral negotiations based on the 'Two-State Solution.' Active participation from not only Israel and Palestine but also the UN, the USA, and other international stakeholders is necessary. ● Infrastructure Reconstruction and Humanitarian Aid The infrastructure in the Gaza Strip has been severely damaged due to ongoing conflicts. The international community should contribute to improving the quality of life for residents through infrastructure reconstruction and humanitarian aid. ● Increasing Education and Cultural Exchange Enhancing education and cultural exchanges between Palestine and Israel is vital. It's important to instill a culture of understanding and respect in the younger generation. This can lay the groundwork for long-term peace as part of the 'Two-State Solution.'“Urgent efforts to improve the situation in Gaza must move forward swiftly, but let us not lose sight of the broader goal: resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, ending the occupation and realizing a two-State solution on the basis of UN resolutions, international law and bilateral agreements”, she said, speaking from Jerusalem”- Lynn Hastings, Deputy Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process -Learn more :  What is a forcibly displaced population?  One Hundred Million Refugees Around the Globe  Syrian refugees dream of a safe homeWritten by: Yeon Je Choi, Director

Peace Issue What is a forcibly displaced population?

(Photo credits : The News Arab, Daily Sabah, Aljazeera) The forcibly displaced population refers to individuals who have had to leave their home country due to natural disasters, human rights violations, wars, etc., and relocate to other regions or countries. This article aims to explore the status and causes of the global forcibly displaced population and seek solutions. “Almost 90% of the population of Gaza, 1.9 million people, have been displaced and many have been forced to move multiple times. People are standing in line for hours for a small amount of water, which may not be clean, or bread, which alone is not sufficiently nutritious.” - Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) - The majority of the population in the Gaza Strip became refugees following the outbreak of the Israel-Hamas war in October 2023. The only escape route from the Gaza Strip is through Rafah, Egypt. Currently, in Rafah, most refugees from the Gaza Strip are living in makeshift structures, tents, or are homeless. This dire site, often called a “cauldron of despair,” has seen a massive influx of the majority of the Gaza Strip's population, forming refugee camps. Rafah, Egypt, presents to us the current state of the global forcibly displaced population issue. ― Q. What is a forcibly displaced population?  ― A. The forcibly displaced population encompasses individuals who have been compelled to leave their home country due to natural disasters, human rights violations, wars, internal conflicts, and social instability, among other reasons. These are people who had to migrate due to external forces. Agencies like the International Organization for Migration (IOM), a UN body, categorize the forcibly displaced population into the following types: ▪ Refugees Refugees are individuals who have received international recognition and have migrated to another country based on international cooperation. They require international protection and assistance and migrate due to facing severe human rights abuses or violence in their home country based on race, religion, nationality, political opinions, etc. ▪ Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) IDPs have moved to safer areas within their own country and often do not receive international protection or assistance. ▪ Newly Displaced Persons These are individuals who have had to urgently migrate due to sudden wars, internal conflicts, or natural disasters, often relocating within their own country. ▪ Non-Returnable Migrants Non-returnable migrants are those who cannot return to their country of origin. Often, it's legally impossible or their safety cannot be guaranteed, necessitating long-term protection and solutions. Photo credit: UN News According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), the civil war that broke out in Sudan in April 2023 has led to over 100,000 people relocating to neighboring Ethiopia. ― Q. What is the current state of the forcibly displaced population? ― A. According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and its ‘Global Trends 2022’ report, by the end of 2022, approximately 108.4 million people worldwide were forcibly displaced from their homes. Refugees account for about 35.3 million, Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) for about 62.5 million, Asylum seekers who have applied for asylum number around 5.4 million, and People in need of international protection are about 5.2 million. From the graph below, it's evident that the population of forcibly displaced individuals has significantly increased since around 2010. While children constitute 30% of the global population (grey), they represent 40% of those forcibly displaced (color). The report highlights that Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees globally, with about 3.6 million, followed by Iran with 3.4 million, Colombia with 2.5 million, Germany with 2.1 million, and Pakistan with 1.7 million. Download the report ↓↓↓ Global Trends Report 2022 ― Q. What are the causes of forced displacement? ― (Photo Credit : Vox) A. The reasons for forced displacement can vary by country, region, and situation, often resulting from a combination of multiple factors. The main causes include: ▪ War and Internal Conflicts War and internal conflicts are among the most significant causes of forced displacement. Conflicts like the Israel-Hamas war, the Syrian civil war, the Russia-Ukraine war, the internal conflict in Yemen, and the unstable situation in Afghanistan have forced many people to flee. Most of these individuals have sought refuge in neighboring countries to escape bombings. ▪ Human Rights Violations and Political Oppression In many countries, political reasons lead to oppression or human rights violations. In such circumstances, many people migrate to seek freedom and safety elsewhere. For example, in North Korea, human rights violations and political oppression have driven many to flee to South Korea or other countries. ▪ Natural Disasters and Climate Change Natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, and storms force many to evacuate to safer areas for survival. Additionally, climate change has led to droughts, food shortages, and resource depletion worldwide, prompting people to leave their homes. ▪ Economic Difficulties and Poverty In some countries, the lack of job opportunities or economic hardship makes it difficult for many to sustain a living. Seeking better opportunities, they migrate to other places. Especially in developing countries, poverty drives many to choose migration. ▪ Cultural Conflicts and Racial Discrimination When cultural, religious, or racial conflicts and discrimination occur, some people migrate to find safer or more accepting environments. These varied causes interact in complex ways, contributing to the increasing global population of forcibly displaced individuals. ― Q. How can we solve the issue of the forcibly displaced population?  ― A. To address the issue of the forcibly displaced population, we all need to foster a global citizenship with an open heart and collaborate across borders. ▪ Cultivating an Open Global Citizenship Forced displacement is an unavoidable phenomenon. We must create a social atmosphere that warmly welcomes and includes new neighbors who are forcibly displaced individuals. As Kant emphasized in his "Perpetual Peace," all humans have the right to be hospitably received anywhere. This means forcibly displaced individuals should be protected to live safely in new environments, ensuring their dignity and equal rights are respected. ▪ Strengthening International Cooperation The issue of forced displacement cannot be resolved by a single country alone; it is a transnational issue. Therefore, countries must join hands to protect the rights of migrants and work together for their social and economic integration. International organizations like the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) are already supporting migrants and refugees. They lead in developing policies for smooth movement and resettlement of these individuals. Addressing the forcibly displaced population problem requires comprehensive efforts, including policy reforms, fostering inclusive societies, and enhancing international partnerships to ensure the protection and integration of displaced individuals into new communities. ― For a Better World  ― Looking back through history, humanity has always been on a quest for a better environment. We are all 'Homo Migrans', humans on the move in search of a better life. The refugees from the Gaza Strip, along with all forcibly displaced individuals worldwide, can be seen as participants in humanity's collective journey towards a better life as 'Homo Migrans'. Migration sometimes causes chaos and disorder and challenges the existing order, but wise humanity has always ultimately sought peace, regardless of the circumstances. We should warmly embrace these individuals with the spirit of hospitality Kant spoke of, as we strive for a better world peace. In this shared journey, each step towards understanding, support, and cooperation not only aids those in immediate need but also contributes to the fabric of a more compassionate and equitable global community. Let us continue to open our hearts and borders, in the spirit of global citizenship, to build a more inclusive and peaceful world for all. “Forced migrants are not merely statistics or numbers. They are human beings with rights and dignity equal to our own. We must listen to their stories and empathize with their suffering.” - António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations - Learn more :   One Hundred Million Refugees Around the Globe   Syrian refugees dream of a safe home   Who are Climate Refugees?  As the world gets smaller, we need to become global citizens who solve global challenges together Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is Carbon Tax?

Carbon Tax is a tax imposed on the carbon content of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, as a means to combat climate change. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the meaning of carbon tax, how it works, and how it’s being implemented around the world.  ― Q. What is Carbon Tax? ― A. Carbon Tax is a tax imposed on businesses based on the carbon emissions produced during the manufacturing goods and services. It establishes a baseline for emissions and charges for exceeding that limit. Here is the definition of a carbon tax according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD):  A carbon tax is “an instrument of environmental cost internalisation. It is an excise tax on the producers of raw fossil fuels based  on the relative carbon content of those fuels.” ● Effects of a Carbon Tax Businesses face higher taxes for increased carbon emissions, and they will be incentivized to reduce emissions and use energy more efficiently by developing alternative energy sources and other carbon-reducing technologies.   Governments benefit by collecting revenue from carbon taxes, which can then be invested in clean energy development and climate adaption.  On the way to carbon neutrality to curb climate change, more countries are looking for ways to reduce their carbon emissions, and carbon tax can play a very important role in this process. If you want to learn more about the state of our planet in crisis, Check out these articles! ↓↓↓ What are Planetary Boundaries? The Glaciers are Sending Us a Warning ― Carbon Tax vs. Emission Trading System ― If you are confused about the difference between Carbon Tax and the Emission Trading System, you are not alone. Most countries that have introduced a Carbon Tax have also adapted the Emission Trading System (ETS). Let’s find out how they are different. While a carbon tax sets a price on each unit of emissions without a limit to the amount that can be emitted, the Emission Trading System (ETS) defines a maximum level of pollution (a ‘cap’), therefore often called the cap-and-trade program. An ETS allocates a certain amount of credits to large greenhouse gas emitters and allows them to buy and sell any excess or surplus credits.  Carbon TaxEmission Trading System - Levied directly on companies emitting greenhouse gases or producing fuels with emissions.  - Higher taxes on goods and services with more emissions. - Sets a cap on total emissions, requiring permits for businesses to emit greenhouse gases.  - Price of a license fluctuates based on market dynamics.If you want to learn more about carbon policies, Check out this article! ↓↓↓ Levying a Tax even on Carbon! ― Carbon Pricing Initiatives Worldwide ― Carbon tax was first introduced in Finland in 1990, followed by Sweden and Norway in 1991, Denmark in 1992, and Germany in 1999. According to the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Germany has experienced a substantial decline in carbon emissions following the implementation of the carbon tax. In 1990, Germany’s carbon emissions totaled about 1,261 million tons, which decreased to 726 million tons in 2021, marking a reduction of about 42%.  This successful reduction can be attributed to a multifaceted approach, which includes the development of renewable energy sources, enhancements in energy efficiency, and the implementation of environmental protection and climate response policies. Other strategies, including the Emission Trading System, credit mechanisms, and internal carbon pricing, also contribute to the broader framework of carbon pricing policies.   As of June 2022, 68 carbon pricing instruments operate in 46 countries, comprising 36 carbon tax regimes and 32 Emission Trading Systems, according to the World Bank.  The increasing severity of climate change has prompted governments and businesses worldwide to intensify their endeavors in curbing carbon emissions. The global shift towards carbon neutrality and the regulation of carbon emissions reflects a collective response to the escalating challenges posed by climate change.  If you want to learn about the future of global climate,  Check out this article! ↓↓↓What is the IPCC? Source: World Bank ● European Union The EU’s Emission Trading System covers 11,000 plants across member states, including the UK, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.  ● China  China has become the world’s largest carbon market in 2021, three times the size of the European Union’s. China is on its way to soon covering more emissions that the rest of the world’s carbon market put together. Its goal is to reach carbon neutrality by 2060.  ● United States The U.S. is one of the biggest carbon emitting countries in the world. While lacking a national carbon tax, several U.S. states, including California, Oregon, Washington, Hawaii, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, have implemented carbon pricing schemes. ● India India contributes to about 7% of the world’s carbon emissions and is the third largest emitter after China and the United States. India does not levy tax on carbon emissions directly, but it taxes imported and domestically produced thermal coal since 2010.  ● Africa African countries, including South Africa, Uganda, Nigeria, and Rwanda, are adopting carbon taxes. South Africa was one of the first emerging economies to introduce carbon tax in 2019, and other countries have joined in the efforts to reduce environmental pollution.  ― The Efficiency of Carbon Tax: A Crucial Climate Change Tool ― Many economists advocate for a carbon tax as the most efficient and cost-effective method to combat climate change. By making high emitters pay more taxes, it encourages the transition to cleaner alternatives. The generated revenue supports environmental protection and sustainable energy development.   Currently, out of the nine threshold boundaries that must be preserved for sustainable human development, six of them are said to be at critical levels. It’s no secret that our reckless emissions are the main culprit behind global environmental degradation. If you want to learn more about human impact on the planet, Check out this article! ↓↓↓ What is Anthropocene? Reducing carbon emissions is crucial for preserving the planet and making our planet a safer place to live in for the future generations. Governments, businesses, and individuals can collectively make a difference by implementing policies, adopting sustainable practices, and reducing carbon footprints.  “We are the first generation to feel the impact of climate change and the last generation that can do something about it.” -Anote Tong Sunahk Peace Prize Laureate- Related Articles:   What are Planetary Boundaries?   The Glaciers are Sending Us a Warning   Levying a Tax even on Carbon!   What is the IPCC?   What is Anthropocene? Written by: Yeon Je Choi, Director

Peace Issue What is Zero Hunger?

The United Nations introduced Zero Hunger as a critical goal, aiming to ensure that everyone in the world has access to safe and nutritious food by 2030. In this article, we will explore the meaning of Zero Hunger, its current status, and strategies for its achievement.  ― Q. What is Zero Hunger? ― A. Zero Hunger is the second of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aims to securing universal access to safe and nutritious food by 2030.  Despite the fundamental role of a balanced diet in maintaining health, many around the globe still grapple with hunger for various reasons. Zero Hunger extends beyond eradicating hunger, encompassing stabilizing food supplies through sustainable agriculture and addressing nutritional imbalances.  Sub-goals of Zero Hunger 1. Provide safe and nutritious food  Everyone should have access to safe and nutritious food, especially vulnerable groups. 2. Ending malnutrition End all forms of malnutrition, including stunting and anemia. 3. Building sustainable agriculture and food production systems  Enhance agricultural productivity and capacity and build sustainable food production systems. ― Q. Why is Zero Hunger Important? ― “It’s a human right to have access to good food and proper nutrition.” -Emma Watson, Actress and UN Women’s Ambassador- A. Food and nutrition are fundamental rights crucial for survival and health. Having access to safe and nutritious food enhances our sense of security and contributes to building better lives.  Societies suffer when members are undernourished, impacting productivity and increasing healthcare costs. Hunger limits human development, making other SDGs, such as education, health, and gender equality, unattainable.  According to the World Bank, undernutrition can reduce GDP in developing countries by up to 11%, imposing a substantial economic cost on nations.  In Ethiopia, malnutrition costs the country about 16.5% of its GDP, and in Malawi, about 10.3%.  ― Global Hunger Facts ― ● Hunger Facts According to the The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022 published by the FAO, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO, an estimated 768 million people (at least 720 million people and at most 828 million people) worldwide faced hunger in 2021, comprising 9.8% of the world’s population.  This marked an increase of 150 million people from 2019, the year before the COVID-19 pandemic.  Download the report ● The State of Malnutrition Recent World Bank data reveals that around 828 million people were undernourished in 2021, constituting 1 in 10 of the world’s population. Malnutrition is particularly prevalent in regions like sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Middle East and North Africa. < Global Malnutrition Population (in percentages, 2020) > (Source: World Bank) If you want to know more about the recent state of global food security, Check out this article! ↓↓↓ Global Poverty Worsening If you want to know more about the food security situation in Africa, Check out this article! ↓↓↓ What is the Horn of Africa? The World Food Program (WFP) estimated that the prolonged Russian-Ukrainian war will add 47 million more people to the ranks of extreme hunger in 81 countries.  International organizations also predicted that 670 million people, or 8% of the world’s population, will face hunger in 2030 – the same 8% as in 2015, when the United Nations declared the SDGs – with climate change, conflicts around the world, and uncertain economic conditions making it difficult to achieve Zero Hunger.  If you want to learn more about the effects of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the global food crisis, Check out this article! ↓↓↓ Agflation_Special Delivery Russia-Ukraine bombs flew right to my kitchen table What is the Black Sea Grain Initiative? ― Causes of World Hunger ― Why hasn’t hunger disappeared in the affluent 21st century? The causes of world hunger can be broadly categorized into six main areas.  1. Conflict Armed conflict disrupts food production and distribution. In regions of conflict, agricultural areas are turned into battle grounds, food production stops, infrastructure to distribute food are destroyed, exacerbating food shortages.  2. Climate Change Climate-induced events, such as drought and flood, hinder food production particularly in regions relying on agriculture. The Sub-Saharan region is located in the center and south of the African continent, where it is most affected by climate change.  3. Disasters Natural (typhoons and hurricanes) or man-made disasters disrupt food storage and distribution systems.  4. Inequality Economic and social inequalities hinder vulnerable people’s access to food, particularly acute in low-income countries. Factors that exacerbate inequalities in access to food include economic inequality, social discrimination, and lack of education. If you want to learn more about low-income countries,  Check out this article! ↓↓↓ What are Least Developed Countries? 5. Food Loss Inefficient storage, transportation, and distribution lead to significant food loss. This is especially prevalent in developing countries due to lack of or outdated agricultural storage infrastructure.  6. COVID-19 Movement restrictions and economic impacts of the pandemic negatively affect food systems, causing major disruptions to the global food supply.   Global hunger requires an integrated approach because these causes are interconnected, and one cause can exacerbate another.  ― How to Reach Zero Hunger ― How can we end world hunger?  The United Nations, World Bank, World Food Program, Food and Agriculture Organization, and other international organizations propose several solutions:  1. Promote Sustainable Agriculture Apply environmentally friendly agricultural technologies and practices for more sustainable agriculture.  2. Increase Crop Diversity Enhance food security by growing a variety of crops rather than relying on a single crop. 3. Improve Food Storage and Preservation Technologies Reduce loss and waste in food production, storage, transportation, and consumption.  4. Strengthen Food Distribution Networks Build efficient food distribution systems to ensure quick delivery to areas in need.  5. Increase Nutrition Education and Awareness Enhance education about nutrition to enable healthier food choices.  6. Community Engagement and Revitalization Empower communities to directly participate in food production and distribution. 7. Promote Women and Minority Participation in Agriculture Facilitate active involvement of women and minorities in agriculture and food production.  8. Improve Water Resource Management Efficiently manage water resources to sustainably secure water for agriculture.  9. Build Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Develop strategies to minimize the impacts of climate change.  10. Increase International Cooperation and Investment Collaborate across countries and organizations to provide funding and technology to address food security and nutrition issues.  They offer different methods and strategies to achieve Zero Hunger, paving the way for a better future and sustainable development. ― What Can We Do to Help? ― What can individuals do to help create a world without hunger?  Making small changes in your lives – supporting local farmers or markets, making sustainable food choices, donating to hunger relief organizations, and reducing food waste – are ways to help achieve Zero Hunger. You can use your voices to advocate for Zero Hunger, raising awareness on social media using the #ZeroHunger hashtag, and demand businesses and governments make the choices and changes. These small impacts can help to make Zero Hunger a reality by 2030. “Peace is concrete action; it is not a vague dream.” -Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon Founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize - Learn more:   Global Poverty Worsening   What is the Horn of Africa?   Agflation_Special Delivery Russia-Ukraine bombs flew right to my kitchen table   What is the Black Sea Grain Initiative?   What are Least Developed Countries? Written by: Yeon Je Choi

Peace Issue What is the IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)?

The IPCC, or Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, serves as the planet’s “health inspector.” In this article, let’s delve into the crucial the IPCC plays in understanding and addressing climate change.  ― Q. What is the IPCC? ― A. The IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) serves as the health inspector checking the Earth’s health.  The IPCC, established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), functions as a global consortium of scientists. Its mission is to assess the Earth’s vital signs, much like a doctor diagnosing symptoms of climate change, such as “coughs” and “fevers.”  ― Q. What does the IPCC do? ― (Source : IPCC)A. The IPCC conducts in-depth analyses of the latest research and climate data, presenting its finding in comprehensive reports.  1. Reporting on the Planet’s Health The IPCC report gauges the planet’s health, predict future scenarios, and suggest measures to enhance its well-being. During crises, the IPCC issues special reports, for example the Global Warming of 1.5°C, to address specific concerns. All IPCC reports and data are accessible to scientists, policymakers, and the general public globally.  To learn more about the current state of our planet, Check out this article! ↓↓↓ What are Planetary Boundaries? 2. Predicting future climate scenarios IPCC scientists craft “climate projections” that explore various future scenarios for the planet. These projections consider different scenarios of what may happen to our planet.  Collaborating with international organizations like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) the IPCC ensures the sharing of information and the development of global response strategies.  3. Warning messages for everyone Functioning as a “planetary SOS message,” the IPCC issues urgent alerts it it determines that the Earth is in critical condition. These warnings prompt swift action from individuals and organizations worldwide.  ― IPCC’s AR6 Synthesis ReportThe Most Important Report on Global Health ― The IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report (AR6), published in 2021, stands as the most pivotal assessment of the planet’s health. It delivers a stark warning that the Earth’s temperature is escalating rapidly, signaling a critical state.  “Code Red for Humanity”  UN Secretary-General António Guterres declared a “Code Red for Humanity” upon the release of the IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report. Should the high-temperature scenarios outlined in the report materialize, Earth might become uninhabitable.  Here are the key takeaways from the 6th Assessment Report.  1. Human Activity as the Main Driver: The report unequivocally attributes climate change to human activity, emphasizing the urgency for an immediate response.  2. Critical Importance of the 1.5°C Target: A stern warning is sounded against exceeding a 1.5°C increase in global temperature from pre-industrial levels, as it would have serious repercussions for ecosystems and human society.  3. Tipping Point Emphasis: The report highlights the potential for irreversible climate change if temperatures surpass a certain threshold.  4. Rise in Extreme Weather Events: A more frequent and intense occurrence of extreme weather events is anticipated, including heatwaves, floods, and typhoons.  For a deeper understanding of human impact on the planet, Check out this article! ↓↓↓What is Anthropocene? <Contents of the IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report> 1. The Physical Science Basis Describes the causes, current status, and future projections of global warming. 2. Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability  Analyzes the impacts of climate change on humans and the natural environment.  3. Mitigation of Climate Change Offers suggestions on how to mitigate the effects of climate change.  Link : IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report ― IPCC’s Climate Scenarios, “Our House Is On Fire” ― Climate scenarios are vital models predicting future climate changes to enable adequate preparation. The IPCC’s scenarios, particularly the highest temperature scenario, have raised concerns among experts and public figures. Notably, environmentalist Greta Thunberg starkly warned that “our house is on fire,” emphasizing the urgency of addressing these climate scenarios.  Let’s take a look at some of the climate scenarios and projections.  <Major IPCC Climate Scenarios and Temperature Projections > 1. RCP Scenario (Representative Concentration Pathways) Presented in the IPCC 5th Assessment Report (2013), it outlines greenhouse gas concentrations’ pathway based on Earth’s radiative forcing in 2100. Temperature projections by 2100 range from 1.3°C(RCP2.6) ~ 4°C(RCP8.5). (Source : KMA) 2. SSP Scenario (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) Recently, there has been a growing reference to the SSP scenario, presented in the IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report (2021). This scenario incorporates global radiative forcing and envisions changes in future socioeconomic systems, including population, economy, and energy use by 2100.  This scenario predicts a temperature increase ranging from 1.9°C(SSP 1-2.6) ~ 5.1°C(SSP 5-8.5).  · SSP1-1.9: In this scenario, the temperature rises by 1.9°C or less by 2100, aligning with the goals of the Paris Agreement.  If realized, positive outcomes are expected, including limited sea level rise, mitigation of extreme weather events, biodiversity protection, and enhanced agriculture and food security.  · SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0: These scenarios anticipate moderate levels of greenhouse gas emissions, reflecting a more realistic outcome if existing policies and behaviors remain largely unchanged.  · SSP5-8.5: This scenario envisions a temperature increase of 4.0°C~6.0°C by 2100, often considered a worst-case scenario. Experts view this as the most pessimistic projection, posing severe threats to humanity. If a “high temperature scenario” like RCP 8.5 or SSP5-8.5 were to become a reality, humanity’s survival would be jeopardized by rising sea levels, severe environmental degradation, and food shortages. (Source : KMA) ― Urgent Action in Need to Save the Planet ― The IPCC’s report acts as a global warning siren, demanding immediate action. Much like a siren calls for swift response, the IPCC report serves as a call to cation for the planet.  Warnings such as UN Secretary-General António Guterres’ “Red Code for Humanity” and Greta Thunberg’s “Our house is on fire” emphasize the urgency for all of us to take climate action.  It’s time for each of us to contribute to climate action.  “To embrace the future, we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace. Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.” -Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize- Learn more:   What are Planetary Boundaries?   What is Anthropocene? References:   What is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)? | Greenly   10 Big Findings from the 2023 IPCC Report on Climate Change   What is the IPCC AR6 synthesis report and why does it matter? | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) | The Guardian    IPCC Climate Change Reports: Why They Matter to Everyone on the Planet  Written by: Yeon Je Choi, Director

Peace Issue What is Biomass?

‘Biomass’ is the mass of living organisms - such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and more – and it serves as a natural reservoir of energy / it is used to generate energy. In this article, we’ll explore what biomass is and how it can help address the world’s energy-related challenges. ― Q. What is Biomass? ― A. Bio means “life” and mass is the “quantity of matter in a body.” Therefore, the word biomass refers to the matter from living organisms, which includes plants, animals, and microorganisms, that can be utilized as a natural reservoir of energy to generate a new form of energy.  One great advantage of utilizing biomass as a renewable energy source is that it is much less harmful the environment than other energy sources. You may be surprised to find that there are buses that run on animal feces / waste. In the city of Linköping in Sweden, you can find these innovative buses running on biogas made from animal waste. In other words, gas from cow or pig feces is recycled to power buses. Believe it or not, Sweden is saving tons of oil as well as the environment every year by doing so. Biomass has the great advantage of being a sustainable source of energy and less harmful to the environment, and this is one example of why it’s being touted as a major contributor to climate change mitigation. Are you interested in learning about nature-based solutions?Then check out this article!↓↓↓Find the answer in naturethrough Nature-based Solutions― Why is Biomass Important? ― 1. Biomass is a renewable energy source.  Biomass is a renewable source of energy just like the sun and wind. If managed properly, it can be used infinitely: organic matter from agriculture, industry, and life can be recycled into energy, making efficient use of resources.  2. Biomass can help mitigate climate change.   Replacing fossil fuels with biomass can reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Some of the biomass materials such as trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide as they grow, so using them as fuel will result in lower net carbon dioxide emissions. Biomass is a heavily researched topic in Nordic countries like Sweden. Based on its carbon neutrality, renewability, and ability to cycle carbon dioxide, it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to 86% when used in place of fossil fuels.  3. Biomass creates jobs.  The biomass industry can create jobs in a variety of sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and research and development. In the United States, the biomass industry provides tens of thousands of jobs, reportedly 68,000 jobs in 2016 alone. Evolution of global renewable energy employment by technology, 2012-2021 (Source: IRENA)― Different Types of Biomass ―What are the different types of biomass? It comes in a variety of forms such as wood, grain, animal waste, and algae, each with different potentials and uses.  1. Wood and wood waste · Worldwide, the share of wood in the biomass energy production is about 44%. · In the United States, more than 200 million tons of wood biomass are produced annually.  2. Grains · Corn, sugarcane, and wheat are the major grains used as biomass energy. They are mainly used to produce bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, etc.  3. Animal waste · Dung from cows, pigs, and sheep is very effective in producing methane gas. On the other hand, the excrement of poultry such as chickens, ducks, and geese contain high nitrogen and is used as fertilizers as well as biogas.  4. Algae · Oil is extracted from various types of algae such as kelp, chlorella, and spirulina and utilized as biodiesel. That’s a whole variety of biomass! But actually, there’s even more biomass close to home. For example, energy can be made from coffee grounds, which can be collected and sent to a power plant to be converted into energy. By doing so, you can address two issue – solve the trash problem and generate energy at the same time. A Danish company called Kaffee Bueno is utilizing this method, using coffee grounds to produce a variety of products and biomass energy. Source: Kaffee Bueno― Global Use of Biomass  ―Biomass accounts for about 10% of the green energy generated worldwide. Let’s find out what that number signifies. · United States: In the U.S., trees, farm leftovers, animal waste, and more are collected to generate electricity. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), about 16,654 megawatts (MW) of electricity was generated in 2019, accounting for 1.4% of all electricity in the country. · Europe: In Europe, energy from biomass accounts for 60% of all green energy. Europe’s biomass and biogas power generation capacity was about 130 gigawatts (GW) in 2019, with the Nordic countries of Sweden, Finland, and Denmark being particularly good at utilizing biomass. Use of biomass for energy in the EU in 2016 / Source: JRC· China: China is the largest producer of biomass energy in Asia, generating about 17.5 gigawatts (GW) of energy from biomass in 2020. · India: India is collecting farm residues to make electricity, and in 2019, they generated about 10 gigawatts (GW) of electricity. The numbers show that biomass is indeed becoming an important energy source around the world. ― Biomass Guidelines for Sustainability and the Environment ―You may think that sustainable biomass is just a matter of making more of it, but that is not the case. Mismanaged biomass can have negative socio-environmental impacts, such as higher food prices, farmland takeover, and biodiversity loss. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has a come up with a guideline and policy recommendations regarding biomass.  1. Sustainable Resource Management The energy consumed and pollutants produced during the production, transportation, and processing of biomass should be properly managed. It means making sure that large-scale agriculture for biomass production does not lead to soil composting and water shortages.  2. Food vs. Fuel We need to find ways to minimize the impact of biomass utilization on food prices and supply. In the mid-2000s, many countries adopted policies to increase bioenergy. Plants such as corn, sugarcane, and soybeans were heavily used as fuel, driving up food prices, which ultimately led to the 2007-2008 world food price crisis.  3. Protection of Ecosystems To ensure that local biodiversity is not compromised by the development of new farmland or forestry activities to produce biomass, technologies and mechanisms to utilize resources in a sustainable manner should be developed. To learn more about biodiversity,check out this article!↓↓↓What is IUCN Red List?― Towards a Carbon-Neutral Planet with Biomass ―We hope reading this article helped you to learn about biomass and its role as a source of green energy. It goes beyond mere energy – it’s a powerful tool that can help rescue our planet. Just picture riding on a bus powered by your coffee grounds or using electricity generated from animal waste. Biomass has the incredible potential to transform everyday items into substantial sources of energy. At this very moment, extraordinary developments involving biomass are unfolding, and innovators are brainstorming ways to push the boundaries further. And you could be that innovator. Join the remarkable energy revolution for our planet,And become part of the movement!“To embrace the future,we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace.Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han MoonFounder of Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn More:  Find the answer in nature through Nature-based Solutions  What is IUCN Red List?References  Evolution of global renewable energy employment by technology, 2012-2021 (Source: IRENA)  Use of biomass for energy in the EU in 2016 / Source: JRCWritten by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is child marriage?

Child marriage refers to marriage between a child under the age of 18 and an adult or another child, which in most cases are forced marriages. This article will explore the current facts and problems associated with child marriage. ― Q. What is child marriage?  ― A. Child marriage refers to marriage between a child under the age of 18 and an adult or another child. And in most cases, these marriages are forced marriages. Although many countries have laws banning child marriage, it continues to be practiced in several regions. Reasons include deeply rooted traditions, cultural norms, religious beliefs, and economic pressures. In countries like Central Africa, Niger, Bangladesh, Chad, and Mali, three out of ten girls under the age of 18 are married in childhood. Child marriage is a violation against basic human rights, and it severely restricts the rights of women and girls in areas such as education, health, and economic opportunities. To combat this issue, the United Nations has set a goal to end child marriage by 2030 and is actively working towards this objective. (Source : face2faceafrica)― Global data on child marriage ―Although there has been progress, child marriage remains a significant concern, and approximately 12 million girls are married as children every year. Child marriage is an issue that persists worldwide, but it is especially prevalent in the regions of Africa, South Asia, and Latin America.UNICEF conducts extensive statistics and research on child marriage and publishes an annual report “The State of the World’s Children.” Here is what their latest report reveals about the global data on child marriage.  1. Global Data on Child Marriage · Approximately 115 million girls worldwide are married before the age of 18.· More than 2 in 10 girls will be married before reaching adulthood.· In the least developed countries, 4 in 10 girls marry before the age of 18, and 12% marry before the age of 15.  2. Regional Data on Child Marriage (Source: UNICEF)· Eastern and Southern Africa: 3 in 10 girls marry before the age of 18. · South Asia: 3 in 10 girls marry before the age of 18. Child marriage remains a common practice, especially in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and India. · Latin America and the Caribbean: 2 in 10 girls marry before the age of 18. Fortunately, child marriage is on the decline on a global level. South Asia has shown the greatest amount of improvement over the last decade, with the risk of child marriage dropping by more than a third from 50% to less than 30%.― Risks involved with child marriage ―(Source : UNICEF)Child marriage causes the following problems and risks.  1. Health risks: Pregnancy and childbirth during adolescent years pose a great health risk, with a higher risk of miscarriage and death.  · Pregnancy and childbirth-related risks: Adolescent women aged 15-19 are more likely to die in labor than adult women, and pregnancy and childbirth is one of the leading causes of death for women under the age of 15. According to UNICEF, girls under the age of 20 face a 50% higher risk of death in childbirth than women aged 20-24.· Risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI): Girls are often married to older men in child marriages, putting them at a higher risk of exposure to HIV and other STIs.· Psychological health: The stress and strain of child marriage can increase the risk of depression, anxiety, self-harm, and even suicide. 2. Lack of education: Most girls married in childhood drop out of school and lose their access to educational opportunities.  · School dropout rates: According to data from UNICEF, the majority of girls who marry before the age of 18 do not complete basic education, and the percentage of girls completing secondary education is even lower.· Lack of access to healthcare: Girls who marry at a young age have less access to information and resources related to healthcare, which lead to problems such as poor nutrition and iron deficiency. 3. Domestic violence: Victims of child marriages have a higher risk of being exposed to domestic violence.  · Increased exposure to violence: According to a study by WHO, women who married as children are more likely to experience physical, sexual, and emotional violence.· Power imbalance due to difference in age: In child marriages, the age difference is often large, which creates a power imbalance in the home and increases the risk of violence.― Efforts to End Child Marriage ―(Source : Human Rights Watch)Child marriage robs girls of their childhood and jeopardizes their well-being. To end this harmful practice, we need to focus on the following strategies.  1. Strengthen legal regulations Governments should enact laws that prohibit child marriage and strictly enforce them.In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the first substantive resolution recognizing child marriage and forced marriage as a human rights violation, Strengthening efforts to prevent and eliminate child, early and forced marriage. This resolution recognizes the negative effects of child marriage and calls for national, regional, and international action to prevent and end child marriage.  2. Expand education  Education is the most effective means of preventing child marriage. Girls should be provided with education that makes them aware of their rights and values. 3. Raise social awareness We need to change societal perception about child marriage. Awareness campaigns and education programs can help achieve this. Leaders and policymakers in communities where child marriage is prevalent should work together to raise awareness and change traditional practices.― NGOs fighting child marriage ―Several NGOs around the world are tackling the issue of child marriage. Girls Not Brides is one of the leading organizations, an international network for ending child marriages in all parts of the world.Girls Not Brides was established in 2011 and has partnered with more than 1,000 organizations in more than 100 countries to run a variety of campaigns, educate girls, and raise awareness about the dangers and risks of child marriage. One of its most notable achievements is working with governments to successfully change laws against child marriage in several countries. To learn more about Girls Not Brides and their activities to end child marriage, watch this video. (Source : Girts Not Brides)Child marriage has long been seen as a personal issue, but it’s a global problem that affects us all. We want to create a world where every girl can grow up in a healthy environment, free from the devastating consequences of child marriage. And we all share the responsibility to address this issue and make a positive change. “To change anything in this world, you need to be educated, you have to be informed, and you have to be aware.So education is the key.”-Waris Dirie, Sunhak Peace Prize Laureate -Learn More:  What is Gender-based Violence?  What is Period Poverty?References:  Child marriage | UNICEF  Child Marriage Data | UNICEF  Child Marriage | Plan International  Why it happens - Girls Not Brides  Child Marriage - Facts, FAQs &How to Help | Child Brides | World Vision AustraliaWritten by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is a Circular Economy?

A circular economy is a model of production and consumption that reduces waste by reusing and recycling existing materials and products from the designing stage, hence promoting a sustainable use of resources. ― Q. What is a Circular Economy? ― A circular economy is a model of production and consumption that reduces waste by reusing and recycling existing materials and products from the designing stage, hence promoting a sustainable use of resources.  The concept of a circular economy was first introduced in 1989 by British economists David Pearce and Kerry Turner in “Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment.” Since then, it has increasingly been seen as a necessary step toward achieving carbon neutrality, a global challenge for survival.  Europe is a forerunner in circular economy. Through its New Circular Action Economy, the European Union is promoting the establishment of a circular economy consisting of “production → consumption → waste management → recycling” of products. To this end, it is establishing standards for the production of sustainable products in resource-intensive industries and improving the recycling rate of raw materials.  <The EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan > (Source: European Union) Our current economic system can be described as a linear economy, where we extract raw materials from nature, manufacture into products, then throw them away as waste. In other words, a linear process of “take – make – dispose.”  The problem is that in this process, 92.8% of the resources are thrown away as waste and only 7.2% of the resources are recycled. As a result, the linear economy puts a significant burden on the environment, leading to various climate, biodiversity, and pollution issues.  The Earth is nearly crossing thresholds of the planetary boundaries. Experts estimate that we would need to reduce global resource extraction and consumption by one-third to bring human activity back within the safe limits.  A circular economy can be the key to minimizing burden on the environment because products are designed with the goal of eliminating waste in the first place. For example, in the textile and fashion industry, the use of natural colors and dyes through regenerative agriculture to produce organic cotton and other natural fibers can reduce the burden on the environment.  Therefore, the shift towards a circular economy is an important step to help solve the problem of pollution as well as other complex issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss.  ― The four key circular actions ― (Source: The four objectives are based on the work of Bocken et al. (2016)) How can we achieve this goal?  The Circularity Gap Report 2023 released by the Davos Forum proposes the following circular solutions across key global systems.  Four Key Circular Actions 1) USE LESS 2) USE LONGER 3) USE AGAIN 4) MAKE CLEAN (Video Source: The Circularity Gap Report 2023) ― European Union’s plastic regulation ― Let’s take a look at a current example of how it is put in practice.  The European Union, a leader in the circular economy, is increasingly regulating the use of plastics as a major contributor to environmental pollution under its New Circular Action Economy. The EU's plastics regulation is getting tougher, with a shift in focus from recycling to a new emphasis on USE AGAIN and USE LONGER to achieve a comprehensive reduction in plastic use.  The goal of the new regulations is to reduce plastic packaging waste in each EU country by 15% per capita by 2040 compared to 2018. Specifically, by 2030, 20% of takeaway beverage sales must be served in reusable containers or customer-brought packaging, with the goal of reaching 80% by 2040. They are pushing for a ban on single-use containers in bars and restaurants (USE LESS), a ban on single-use packaging for fruits and vegetables, and a ban on hotels providing single-use amenities. In addition, biodegradable plastic products sold in the EU (MAKE CLEAN) will be labeled with biodegradation times based on environment and conditions, and industrial compostable packaging will only be allowed for tea bags, coffee capsules, stickers on fruits and vegetables, and ultralight plastic bags. ― High-impact sectors ― A circular economy is essential for fighting climate change. Currently, material extraction and use amount to 70 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. That means that if we want to significantly reduce emissions, we have to look at “hot spots” of unsustainable consumption and production in high-impact sectors such as industry, buildings and construction, and agriculture. Recent studies by the Ellen Macarthur Foundation show us that, through efficient and more circular use of materials in just four key industrial materials (cement, steel, plastics, and aluminum), circular economy strategies can help reduce global GHG emissions by 40 percent by 2050.  The four key global systems in the circular solutions include ▲Agrifood, ▲Mobility & Transport, ▲Manufactured Goods & Consumables, ▲Built Environment. Let’s take a look at each of these missions as introduced in The Circularity Gap Report 2023.  ① Food Systems Agriculture now occupies about half of the habitable surface of the planet. This is responsible for one-third of global GHG emissions and 70% of the accessible freshwater withdrawals. As the world population grows, we need to adopt smarter ways to produce food without harming the environment.  · Consume healthier, satiating foods. Shift in diet from meat, fish, and dairy towards cereals, fruits, vegetables, and nuts.  · Lessen food waste. Waste less food products and improve transport and storage management to reduce GHG emissions.  · Use local, seasonal, and organic. It can reduce the use of toxic fertilizers, heating fuels and transportation, ultimately cutting emissions and material use.  · Regenerative agriculture. This model supports healthy soils and keeps the land arable for longer than typical farming processes.  ② Mobility and Transport The current transport systems are high consumers of fossil fuels and cause harm to the ecosystem.  · Embrace car-free lifestyles and roads. Ride bikes and share rides whenever possible and work-from-home to commute less.  · Invest in high-quality public transport. Incentivize the use of trams, buses and rails while creating safe cycling routes and car-free city centers.  · Rethink air travel. Minimize personal air travel, especially in regions with the most demand for long-haul air travel, such as North America, Europe and Asia.  ③ Manufactured Good and Consumables The industrial system encompasses a huge range of products and materials, such as steel, paper, chemicals, textiles, and plastics, which account for approximately one-third of global GHG emissions.  · Refrain from fast fashion. Prioritize natural and local textile manufacturing, as well as higher quality and more durable garments. Recycle or reuse all used clothing. · Buy what you need. Practice responsible buying with the support of circular policies such as service-based business models like sharing or pay-per-use. · Extend the lifetime of machinery, equipment, and goods. Minimum guarantee of products can lessen the costs of repairing, remanufacturing, upgrading, and reusing goods.  · Mainstream industrial symbiosis and efficiency. Stronger collaboration within and between industries can save significant amounts of material and emissions.  ④ Built Environment The build environment today contributes 40% to global emissions and misses recycling opportunities.  · Be as energy efficient as possible. Design circular building and equip them with clean energy solutions, such as heat pumps. Reduce the amount of energy used by washing at lower temperatures and lowering the thermostat.  · Make the most of what already exists. Tons of materials are locked into existing buildings. Reuse, repurpose and renovate them with secondary materials when possible and make new building ready for this in the future.  · Prioritize circular material. Use organic materials such as wood or timber over steel and concrete. Utilize mainstream modular construction and lightweight frames and structures to reduce cement and steel use.  · Reuse waste. Maximize recycling to reduce the need for virgin materials.  ― Why circular economy matters  ― Six out of the nine planetary boundaries that must be preserved for sustainable human development are currently at risk. If we continue to use up the planet’s resources at the rate that we are, we will need three planets by 2050. Within the linear economy of the last few decades, we have been extracting the planet’s resources at a staggering rate, from 28.6 gigatons in 1972 to 101.4 gigatons in 2021. If this linear economy continues, it is projected that the extraction of the earth’s resources will exceed 170 gigatons in 2050. <Increasing material extraction in a linear economy> (Source: CGR 2023년 (circularity-gap.world)) Research shows that we need to reduce global material extraction and consumption by one-third immediately in order to lower the risk to the planet, and the shift to a circular economy will play an important role in achieving this goal.  In the big picture, every sector has a role to play in the shift towards a circular economy: governments will need to lead the way, companies will need to design products that are renewable, and consumers will need to practice a lifestyle of using less, use longer, use again, and use again.  “To embrace the future, we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace. Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.” -Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize- Learn more: Planetary Boundaries Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What are Green Skills?

Green skills are skills that promote economic growth while protecting the environment. This article will explore the definition of green skills, the global facts on greens skills, and the current challenges we face.  ― Q. What are green skills? ― A. Green skills are skills that promote economic growth while protecting the environment. The United Nations define green skills as the following.  “Green skills are the knowledge, abilities, values, and attitudes needed to live in, develop and support a sustainable and resource-efficient society.” ― Why do we need green skills? ― As we combat climate change and aim for carbon neutrality, innovation in science and technology is essential. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported in April that the average global surface temperatures are 1.15 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, warning that we are just 0.35 degrees Celsius away from the 1.5 degrees Celsius target.   Here are the reasons why we need to implement green skills. · Addressing Environmental Crises: Green skills will help to effectively combat the challenges confronting modern society, such as climate change, pollution, and resource depletion. · Fostering Economic Growth: Green technology industries, such as renewable energy and sustainable product development, offer avenues for generating new jobs and driving economic growth. We can find the reasons for why we need green skills in the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. · Sustainable Development Goal 9  SDG 9 includes the target of upgrading infrastructure and retrofitting industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes by 2030. · Sustainable Development Goal 12  SDG 12 includes the target of achieving the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources by 2030. ― Types of green skills ― What are some examples of green skills? They can be divided into three main categories.  · Technical Skills: Renewable energy technologies, energy-saving research, sustainable farming, and more. · Operation Management Skills: Strategic planning and management skills such as environment management systems design and green business models development. · Communication and Education Skills: Ability to provide environmental education, communicate and disseminate environment-related information. Different countries and regions focus on different green skills, and the scope and content of green technologies are constantly changing as technology advances in environmental and sustainability.  ― Green skills in US and Europe ― Let’s take a look at some major green skills practiced in the US and Europe, the leading countries in this practice. 1. Green Skills at work in the United States · Renewable energy technologies: Technology and skills utilizing renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and geothermal energy. · Efficient energy: Diagnostic and retrofit skills to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. · Natural resources management: Skills in sustainable forest management, water resource management, and ecosystem restoration · Green construction: Sustainable building design, selection and use of green building materials. 2. Green Skills at work in Europe · Environmental policy and regulation: The ability to design and implement policies and regulations to protect the environment. · Circular economy: Strategies and technologies for the efficient use, recycling, and reuse of resources. · Green transportation: Technology and management of electric and hybrid vehicles and public transportation systems · Bioenergy and biotechnology: Technology for extracting and utilizing energy from sustainable biomass. · Sustainable agriculture: Environmentally friendly farming techniques and resource management.. (Source : AFG) Check out this article to learn more about Nature based Solutions! ↓↓↓ Find the answer in nature through Nature-based Solutions ― The economic impact of green skills ― How much money would it cost to transition to green skills? A lot of money! But at the same time, green skills enhance the economy by creating more job opportunities and enhancing competitiveness.  With the emergence of climate change as a global crisis, the international community is pushing for a transition to sustainable technologies, with many countries providing financial support or incentives for green skills and sustainable businesses.  1. Creation of job opportunities: Jobs in sustainable energy, energy efficiency, waste management, green construction, and other green skills are growing. Having relevant green skills can lead to more job opportunities.  2. Increase competitiveness: When companies adopt a sustainable business model, they become more competitive on an international level. This is because the global community is strongly demanding that companies operate with environmentally friendly practices.  However, there is a huge shortage of talent with green skills compared to the demand. According to a recent report released on LinkedIn, “Global Green Skills Report 2023,” only one in eight workers worldwide has at least on green skill.  The report predicts that by 2026, demand for workers with green skills will exceed supply by 2%.  (Source: Global Green Skills Report 2023) There are still many countries and people who do not fully recognize the importance of green skills, and many educational institutions and companies do not provide adequate education and training in green skills.  ― Toward a carbon-neutral planet! ― In conclusion, green skills are indispensable tools in the battle against climate change and building of a sustainable future.  While the past decade has largely focused on establishing the foundational capabilities in green skills, the upcoming years should prioritize knowledge-sharing and the exchange of wisdom for achieving a net zero planet.  The journey toward a net zero planet is uncharted territory, necessitating collaborative efforts between developed and developing nations. Together we must expand education, training, and social awareness about green skills to pave the way for a greener and a more sustainable world.  “To embrace the future, we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace. Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.” -Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize- Learn More:   Find the Answer in Nature through Nature-based Solutions    A Just Transition References:   What are green skills? | UNIDO    Global Green Skills Report 2023 | LinkedInVideo:Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is Climate Action?

Climate action includes all types of efforts and initiatives taken by individuals, industries, governments, and communities to address the challenges posed by climate change.  ― Q. What is Climate Action? ― A. Climate action includes all types of efforts and initiatives taken by individuals, industries, governments, and communities to address the challenges posed by climate change.  Climate change is primarily caused by human behavior, such as ▲burning fossil fuel (coal, oil, and natural gas), ▲deforestation, and ▲industrial processes that release greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere.  As of 2023, global temperatures have reached the highest levels ever recorded. Climate action is a global movement to mitigate this climate change by reducing the amount of GHGs produced. ― Why does it matter? ― A. The global temperature has already risen 1.1ºC above the pre-industrial level, with glaciers melting and the sea level rising. In 2020, global greenhouse gas concentration reached a record high, and as they rise, so does the planet’s temperature.  In 2021, the global temperature has already risen 1.1ºC above the pre-industrial level (1850-1900).. The years from 2015 to 2021 were the seven hottest years since global temperatures were recorded.  (Source: United Nations LNOB (un.org)) As of 2023, climate change is affecting the daily lives of people in every country on every continent around the world. People are experiencing the significant impacts of climate change, which include changing weather patterns, rising sea level, and more extreme weather events.  Floods and droughts caused by climate change have already forced millions of people from their homes. By 2030, an estimated 700 million people will be at risk of displacement by drought alone. (Source : Reuters) Impacts of climate change is sinking millions of people into poverty and hunger, denying them access to basic services such as health and education, further expanding inequalities. If left unchecked, current threats we are already facing, such as food and water shortages, could rapidly worsen, leading to conflict.  ― Q. What is the goal of climate action? ― A. The goal is to limit warming to 1.5° Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This goal was set out by the 195 parties in the Paris Agreement. To achieve this 1.5°C goal, the greenhouse gas emissions must reach its maximum point before 2025, which means that it should not increase after 2025. This is followed by a 30% reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2043 and carbon neutrality by 2050. (Source : ClimateCouncil.org) While many countries around the world have identified Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate impacts, experts believe that the targets set by countries are not enough to meet the 1.5° C goal.  In May, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) warned that “there is a 66% likelihood that the annual average near-surface global temperature between 2023 and 2027 will be more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels for at least one year.” More aggressive and drastic reductions are needed.  (Source: United Nations) ― Q. What are some different types of climate action? ― A. Climate action can be pursued through various channels, including government policies, corporate initiatives, and individual efforts. When these three sectors collaborate towards a shared goal, we can safeguard the planet for future generations.  ■ Mitigation Mitigation is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to limit global warming. This can be done by switching to green energy (solar, wind, and hydro), improving energy efficiency, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, reforestation and preservation of forests, and creating policies to reduce emissions from industry and transportation.  ■ Adaptation  Adaptation is about preparing for and minimizing the negative effects of climate change. It includes building climate-resilient infrastructure, protecting ecosystems, and establishing early warning systems for extreme weather events.  ■ Climate policies and agreements  International climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, are essential to unite global efforts. Governments play a critical role in setting policies, regulations, and incentives to encourage climate-friendly behavior.  ■ Climate finance  Developing as well as developed countries need funding and investment to support climate action initiatives. The Green Climate Fund is the first international financial organization to focus on climate change. When backed by climate-related funds like this, greenhouse gas reduction targets can be achieved regardless of federal budget.  ― Q. What climate actions can we take? ― A. We have the power to enact significant change. Let’s take a look at climate actions that everyday individuals can take.  Solutions for Climate Action 1. Save energy at home Most of our electricity and heating comes from burning coal, oil, and gas. You can save energy by using less heating and cooling systems at home, switching to LED light bulbs and energy-efficient electronics, washing clothes with cold water, or hanging your laundry to wind dry instead of using the dryer machine.  2. Use alternative methods of transportation Walking or riding a bicycle reduces greenhouse gas emissions and improves your health. For longer trips, take public transportation or share rides.  3. Eat a plant-based diet Replace meat and dairies with vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and nuts. They need less energy, land, and water to produce than animal-based foods, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions.  4. Travel less Did you know that flying an airplane takes a lot of fossil fuel? You may want to consider other options, such as having virtual meetings and reducing long-distance travels whenever possible to reduce your impact on the environment.  5. Lessen food waste When you throw away food, you are wasting the resources and energy used to grow, produce, package, and transport your food. And that food waste rots in landfills, producing methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. Get in the habit of buying only what you can eat and checking out the expiration dates to avoid your food ending up in trash! 6. Reuse, recycle, and repair  Everything we buy emits greenhouse gases at each point of production – from extracting raw materials to manufacturing and transportation to the store. Buy less, shop secondhand, repair, and recycle whenever possible to help save the planet.  7. Switch to an electric car Electric cars emit much less greenhouse gases than gasoline or diesel cars.  8. Choose eco-friendly products Buy local and in-season produce helps the environment. Look for companies that are committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and waste.  9. Speak to others about the issue Talking about environmental issues is another form of climate action. The collective voice of each consumer can influence corporations, governments, and world leaders to take action.  There are many climate actions that individuals can practice in their daily lives. Visit the following United Nations website for a list of small but significant climate actions. Read UN’s Lazy Person’s Guide to Saving the World(link) Human-induced climate change poses a grave threat to our way of life and the future of our planet. It’s imperative that everyone from the global community takes climate action to build a sustainable world for all. Why don’t we gradually change our daily routines to integrate climate action, to save ourselves, our planet, and our future generations to come? “To embrace the future, we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace. Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.” -Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize- Learn more about this issue:   Peace Issue - Climate Justice   Peace Issue - GPGP   Peace Issue - Climate Refugee   Youtube - What is Climate Action? Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is the Green Climate Fund?

The Green Climate Fund is the first and currently the largest international multilateral climate fund, with a target of USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to support developing countries affected by climate change.― Q. What is the Green Climate Fund? ―(Source : Green Climate Fund) A. The Green Climate Fund is the first international financial fund dedicated to climate change, with a target of USD 100 billion per year until 2020 to support developing countries affected by climate change. The decision to establish the Green Climate Fund (GCF) was made in December 2010 during the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) held in Cancun, Mexico. In December 2013, its headquarters was officially launched in Songdo, Republic of Korea. The GCF allocates funds to projects that helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or increase the ability of developing countries to adapt to climate change. Since the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015, the GCF serves in the same function for the Agreement, focusing on the goal of keeping the global temperature increase to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. However, not all countries have the money to meet their low carbon emission targets, so countries that can afford it need to help finance less developed countries. This is why the Green Climate Fund was established, and is often referred to as the "second World Bank" because it allocates funds primarily to less developed countries.― Q. What is the scale of support? ― A. The Green Climate Fund is a multilateral financing mechanism that operates in partnership with a wide range of countries and institutions. The size and target amount of the Fund is very large, at $800 billion, which is comparable to the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) $845 billion. Developed countries, including the Group of Seven (G7), provided $30 billion in emergency financing from 2010-2012, and have pledged to provide at least $100 billion in climate funding annually through 2020.However, promises have not been kept: according to the OECD Economic Outlook 2021, only about $80 billion had been provided to developing countries as of 2019.  This has led to conflicts over funding. With the goal of $100 billion per year by 2020, developing countries are claiming "$100 billion per year" while developed countries are countering with "$100 billion per year on average" starting in 2020.― Q. How does the GFC work? ― A. As of 2022, the Green Climate Fund has an operating budget of about $42.8 billion. The Board of Directors meets every three to four months and decides how the funds will be used. The organization's board is equally divided between representatives from developing and developed countries, and all board meetings are broadcast live. At each board meeting, decisions are made about five to ten projects, each worth millions or hundreds of millions of dollars, so developing countries are competing to get projects in their countries.(Source: the New York Times)Funding is focused on countries that are vulnerable to climate change or need additional support for sustainable development, with priority usually given to Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and African countries.Because these countries need holistic funding to build infrastructure, protect the environment, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, support is primarily directed to projects to develop renewable energy, restructure industries, and respond to natural disasters caused by climate change.― Projects supported by the GCF ―The main goals of the Green Climate Fund are to "mitigate climate change" and "help people adapt to climate change."· Climate change mitigation: The Green Climate Fund supports projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change. This can be done in a variety of ways, such as expanding renewable energy technologies like solar and wind power or developing green transportation systems. It also supports projects that prepare for natural disasters caused by climate change.· Climate change adaptation: The Green Climate Fund supports climate-related education and infrastructure development in underdeveloped countries and communities to promote sustainable development. It can also fund projects such as sustainable agriculture, waste disposal, and water management.(Source : UNICEF)The Green Climate Fund is now in its 13th year, so what are its impacts? Since it began disbursing funds in 2016, $3.6 billion has been committed to 228 projects, and the living conditions of 1 billion people are said to have improved.Source: The Green Climate Fund ● Projects for Mitigation  The city of Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, has some of the worst air pollution in the world. This problem is caused in part by inefficient cooking and heating devices, as migrants from the countryside travel to the city to escape the ravages of climate change.In 2018, the GCF disbursed $21.5 million to replace existing heat and cook stoves with safe and efficient alternatives. When the project is completed, it will have averted nearly 470,000 tons of carbon dioxide.  ● Projects for Adaptation  Climate change has created a global climate crisis, which include droughts, extreme storms, heat waves, flooding, and many more environmental hazards. In the decades ahead, tens of millions — even hundreds of millions — of people could be displaced by these events.In particular, thousands of the Pacific Nation Islands could become uninhabitable by 2050, displacing millions of people in the process. In the Marshall Islands, the fund disbursed $25 million, along with financing from the World Bank, to improve coastal infrastructure and develop early warning detection systems to allow people to better prepare for extreme weather events.Numerous other climate change mitigation and adaptation projects are underway around the world. More data on these projects can be found in the Green Climate Fund Open Data Library.(Source : PINA)Meanwhile, the 36th GCF Board meeting (July 10th - 13th) adopted a strategic plan for the next four years, including strengthening developing countries' climate response capacities, and approved a total of $760 million in climate project support for 38 countries.The GCF Board has adopted a strategic plan that outlines its operational direction and priorities for the next four years (2024-2027). Based on the strategy, the organization plans to focus its efforts on implementing four tasks:△strengthening developing countries' capacity to respond to climate change,△shifting to a climate-smart development approach,△enhancing climate resilience, and△promoting private sector participation.― Can the GCF be a model of multilateral cooperation for coexistence? ―Developing countries have long claimed that industrialized nations, whose wealth has been built on fossil fuels, have an obligation to help them with the climate crisis.While industrialized nations have already responded to the need to curb carbon emissions by expanding their alternative energy infrastructure, many developing nations, as well as underdeveloped countries, are still stuck in fossil fuel-dependent economies and need more support.Conflict is inevitable due to the intertwined interests of developed and developing countries, but even as we speak, global temperatures are reaching record highs.Climate change affects every country and can only be solved through collective action. The only solution to stopping climate change is to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions in all countries.Even if one country reduces its emissions, the rate of climate change won't slow down if another country increases its emissions, so it's important that all countries help each other reduce their emissions.The Green Climate Fund was created to achieve this common goal and is showing that multilateral organizations can work.At a time when multilateralism - the concept of countries working together for a common goal - is at stake, we should all support the Green Climate Fund that is becoming a strong example of nations working together to advance the common good and protect our planet.“To embrace the future,we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace.Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han MoonFounder of Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn More:  What are Planetary Boundaries?  What is Climate Justice?  Levying a Tax even on Carbon!Written by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue Global Humanitarian Overview 2023

Humanitarianism is a concept based on the belief that all individuals are equal, and the promotion of happiness and dignity should serve as the bedrock of any society. In this article, we delve into the humanitarian overview and challenges that our world faces in the year 2023. ― Global Humanitarian Overview 2023 ―(Source: Boston Review) Humanitarianism is a concept based on the recognition of human worth and dignity, emphasizing the imperative to save the lives of all individuals in need, irrespective of any discrimination. So, what are the humanitarian crises occurring worldwide in 2023? If you are eager to delve deeper into the subject of humanitarianism, we recommend the following article linked below:↓↓↓What is Humanitarianism?Once every year, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNOCHA publishes a report called the “Global Humanitarian Overview.” This report offers an insightful snapshot of the current humanitarian landscape. According to this report, the major humanitarian challenges facing the world in 2023 include: 1. Refugee Crisis: Political and economic upheavals in countries like Myanmar, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Venezuela, and others have forced many individuals to cross borders, seeking support and protection. The Global Humanitarian Overview 2023 reveals that over 130 million people, representing more than 1% of the global population, have been displaced. Of these, nearly two-thirds are refugees and asylum seekers originating from nations grappling with food crises. Furthermore, almost a quarter of all refugees are hosted in the least developed countries. For a deeper understanding of the global refugee crisis, we recommend the following article:↓↓↓One Hundred Million Refugees Around the Globe 2. Food Crisis: Conflict, climate-related disruptions, and the looming threat of a global economic downturn have contributed to what is now considered the most significant global food crisis in recent history. The Global Humanitarian Overview 2023 highlights that, by the close of 2022, at least 222 million individuals across 53 countries will be confronting severe food insecurity, necessitating emergency assistance. In particular, 45 million people in 37 countries are at risk of experiencing famine. You can explore further insights into the food crisis in the following article:↓↓↓What is the Horn of Africa?3. Climate Crisis: The repercussions of natural disasters such as droughts, floods, and typhoons continue to be observed in various regions, primarily due to climate change. These have led to issues like water scarcity and crop damage, especially in parts of Africa and Asia. According to the Global Humanitarian Overview 2023, 12 out of the 15 countries most susceptible to climate change have witnessed internationally coordinated humanitarian responses. Alarmingly, by the end of this century, the number of heat-related deaths is projected to rival the combined fatalities from all cancers and infectious diseases. (Source: FAP)Women selling vegetables and spices in a refugee camp in Oualam, Niger.In August 2023, a coup d'état in Niger led to a severe food security crisis. Even before the coup, Niger was already facing severe ongoing food insecurity, with more than three million people affected. Read and learn more about climate refugees:↓↓↓Who are Climate Refugees?― Challenges Facing Humanitarianism ―The notion of humanitarianism, rooted in the principle of prioritizing the well-being of people, faces a multitude of daunting challenges. Despite its crucial significance, humanitarianism efforts grapple with various issues, including political exploitation, resource scarcity, and the safety of activists. 1. Political Exploitation and ManipulationHumanitarian principles are at times exploited or manipulated by certain countries or groups for political gain. For instance, Iran has been accused of ongoing human rights violations, including the imprisonment of over 7,000 political dissidents as of 2018, according to Amnesty International. Iranian human rights lawyer Nasrin Sotoudeh is renowned for defending women arrested for not wearing a hijab in public and juvenile death row inmates. She had received a harsh sentence in 2018 – 38 years in prison and 148 lashes – for allegedly “threatening public order” and “insulting Iran’s supreme leader.” ·☞ Suggested Solution: It is imperative for the international community to collaborate in establishing and upholding universally recognized principles and regulations. Read to learn more about violation of women’s rights in Iran:↓↓↓Reason for her Death: Improper Hijab2. Lack of Funding and ResourcesWhile humanitarian needs are escalating worldwide, funding and resources consistently fall short.In 2023, global humanitarian funding requirements surged to $55 billion, up from $41 billion at the beginning of 2022. However, data from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) indicates that less than 30 percent of these funds were actually secured. Providing essential support to individuals facing life-threatening circumstances should be a collective responsibility of the global community. However, as of 2023, humanitarian aid continues to be predominantly provided by the top 10 donors, who contribute 82.4% of all funding. ·☞ Suggested Solution: To address this issue, mechanisms should be established to efficiently pool and distribute resources among diverse stakeholders, including international organizations, governments, private enterprises, and individuals. Learn more about humanitarian aid funding:↓↓↓Global Funding Overview 20223. Safety Concerns for Humanitarian Workers and OrganizationsThere is an escalation in physical threats and assaults targeting humanitarian workers and organizations operating in various regions. One example occurred in Afghanistan on October 3, 2015, when a U.S. military airstrike struck a Doctors Without Borders hospital in Kunduz, resulting in the tragic loss of at least 42 lives, including patients, medical personnel, and staff. In numerous other countries, the safety of humanitarian workers and organizations remains imperiled, often due to the unjust exercise of power, acts of violence by states or extremist groups, and the activities of criminal organizations. ·☞ Suggested Solution: On an international scale, we must underscore the principles of neutrality and independence underpinning humanitarian operations. Strengthening protocols and measure to ensure the safety of these entities is also paramount. (Source: Doctors without Borders)― They Need Greater Support ―In 2023, many parts of the world continue to grapple with dire living conditions. Humanitarian needs are on an upward trajectory, driven by far-reaching impacts of climate change, while Russia-Ukraine conflict threatens to exacerbate the global food crisis. Recently, on September 5, 2023, the United Nation’s relief agency, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), announced an emergency allocation of $125 million in aid to 14 countries that have exhausted global relief funds. This stark reality reveals that, as of 2023, approximately 250 million people are affected by civil conflict, climate-induced challenges, natural disasters, epidemics, displacement, and other crises.The emergency funds will be directed toward refugee relief efforts in Afghanistan and Yemen ($20 million each), Burkina Faso and Myanmar ($9 million each), Haiti and Mali ($8 million each), Bangladesh ($8 million), and Uganda ($6 million) – nations grappling with some of the most severe crises globally.Humanitarian assistance and support for individuals facing life-threatening circumstances are not just acts of charity; they represent investments in the collective global good.With humanitarian needs at an unprecedented high, it is imperative to prioritize international cooperation, education, and communication across a spectrum of stakeholders to effectively address these pressing challenges.“Peace is concrete action; it is not a vague dream.”-Dr. Sun Myun Moon, Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn More:Reason for her Death: Improper HijabOne Hundred Million Refugees Around the GlobeWho are Climate Refugees?The Horn of Africa suffers its worst drought everUNOCHA Total reported funding 2022 Global Humanitarian Overview 2023Written by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is Humanitarianism?

Humanitarianism is a concept based on the belief that all individuals are equal, and the promotion of happiness and dignity should serve as the bedrock of any society. This article aims to explore the essence of humanitarianism, its necessity, underlying principles, and the endeavors of various organizations. ― Q. What is Humanitarianism? ―A. Humanitarianism is a concept based on the belief that all individuals are equal, and the promotion of happiness and dignity should serve as the bedrock of any society.  Key characteristics of Humanitarianism:· People-centered: Humanitarianism places people at the forefront, recognizing the inherent worth and rights of every individual. · Equality: It advocates for equal respect for the inherent worth and rights of every person. · Empathy and understanding: Humanitarianism encourages understanding others’ thoughts, feelings, and situations, particularly aiding those whose basic human rights have been violated. 

In essence, humanitarianism acknowledges that every human being possesses intrinsic worth and rights and supports everyone striving to uphold these rights without discrimination.  Humanitarianism is a guiding value that encourages respect and mutual understanding in a fast-paced world where human rights and their values can sometimes be overlooked or violated. ― Principles of Humanitarianism ― To help understand the concept of humanitarianism, the United Nations has defined four core principles: humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence. These principles garnered support through two UN General Assembly resolutions (46/182 and 58/114 ).  · Humanity: This principle underscores the obligation to address human suffering wherever it occurs globally, with particular attention to the most vulnerable.· Neutrality: Humanitarian assistance should not take sides in armed conflicts or any other disputes. Humanitarian organizations and activists must abstain from involvement in political, racial, religious, or ideological debates when conducting their work. · Impartiality: Humanitarian assistance should be provided solely based on need, without discrimination. Urgent cases take precedence, regardless of factors such as of race, nationality, gender, religious beliefs, or political views. · Independence: Humanitarian organizations or individual activists should not be influenced or controlled by political, economic, military, or other non-humanitarian objectives.  ― Humanitarian Organizations Working for a Discrimination-Free World ― (Source : BBC)In recent years, humanitarian efforts have expanded into various domains, including climate change, equality in education, and healthcare.  Notable humanitarian organizations, such as Amnesty International and Doctors Without Borders, work tirelessly to provide assistance to people in crisis worldwide:  · Amnesty International: An NGO that dedicated to investigating and addressing human rights violations, especially supporting wrongfully detained individuals.  · Doctors Without Borders: An international organization of medical professionals providing healthcare in regions affected by war, disasters, and epidemics. ― International Humanitarian Law ― In times of armed conflict, basic human rights are often violated. International humanitarian law (IHL) is a set of regulations aimed at limiting these effects and safeguarding the rights of war victims.  In armed conflicts, IHL mandates protection for all civilians, injured persons, prisoners of war, religious personnel, humanitarian and medical workers, without discrimination. It demands:  1. The rapid and unimpeded passage for humanitarian aid during armed conflicts 2. The freedom of movement for humanitarian workers in conflict areas 3. The protection of civilians (including medical and humanitarian workers)4. The protection of refugees, prisoners, and the wounded and sick Unfortunately, in recent years, warring parties have increasingly violated these principles. Humanitarian organizations’ buildings have been attacked, vehicles and convoys seized, aid worders targeted, kidnapped, or killed. Source: Council of EuropeThese violations continue to be among the most pressing challenges to IHL, impacting countless civilians and preventing millions of people from receiving essential humanitarian aid.  ― Towards a Better Humanitarianism ― By practicing humanitarianism that upholds everyone’s human rights without discrimination, we can build a global community where everyone can experience happy. Many individuals, risking their own lives, enable people to maintain their dignity even in war-torn areas.  It is the collective effort, actions, and services of those who care about those around them that can truly make the world a better place to live. Consider making a small donation to a humanitarian organization.  “Peace is concrete action; it is not a vague dream.” -Dr. Sun Myung Moon, co-Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize -As a Peace-Loving Global Citizen Learn More:UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182 UN General Assembly Resolution 58/114 European Commission, International Humanitarian Law Written by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is Period Poverty?

Period poverty is defined as a lack of access to menstrual products, hygiene facilities, waste management, and education.  ― Q. What is period poverty? ― Source : the Chatty Gal A. Period poverty is defined as a lack of access to menstrual products, hygiene facilities, waste management, and education. Women who cannot afford basic hygiene products, especially young girls, are ashamed to ask for help with their menstruation. Because of the stigma against menstruation that views periods as unhygienic, women and girls without any education and support are left with a sense of shame and isolation. And they often think that this is inevitable. Period poverty is very real in underdeveloped countries. Without access to sanitary products, many women improvise with socks, old blankets, newspapers, chicken feathers, mud, or even cow dung. Period poverty not only places undue shame on women but also erodes their dignity.  A girl’s menstruation is a natural biological process and a symbol of entering womanhood. However, countless girls worldwide face significant challenges in their lives due to the pervasive social stigma and inherent shame linked to menstruation.  Source: United Nations ― 8 key facts about menstruation  ― Menstruation is a natural and essential aspect of a woman’s life, experienced by approximately half of the world’s female population within the reproductive age range of 15 to 49 years. Typically lasting from 2 to 7 days each month, menstruation accounts for an average of about 7 years of a woman’s lifetime. However, the pervasive stigma surrounding menstruation presents significant challenges for women and girls.  The absence of adequate information about menstruation can result in misunderstandings, discrimination, and hinder girls from engaging in typical childhood experiences and activities. Here are eight essential facts about menstruation. (Source: UNICEF) 1. On average a woman menstruates about 7 years during their lifetime. 2. The first period can be met with either celebration, fear or concern. For every girl, this signifies an important transition to womanhood – a time when they would benefit from the support of family and friends.  3. Many girls do not have complete and accurate understanding of menstruation as a menstruation as a normal biological process. Educating girls before their first period - and, importantly, boys - on menstruation, builds their confidence, contributes to social solidarity and encourages healthy habits. Such information should be provided at home and at school. 4. Poor menstrual hygiene can pose physical health risks and has been linked to reproductive and urinary tract infections. Providing access to private facilities with water and safer low-cost menstrual materials could reduce urogenital diseases.  5. Girls and women with disabilities and special needs face additional challenges with menstrual hygiene and are affected disproportionately with lack of access to toilets with water and materials to manage their period.  6. Many women and girls do not have access to materials to manage their menstruation, especially in times of emergency, such as natural disasters and conflicts. They need aid kits including sanitary pads, a flashlight and whistle for personal safety when using the toilet.  7. Globally, more than 2 billion people lack basic sanitation services and in Least Developed Countries only 27% of the population has a handwashing facility with water and soap at home. Managing periods at home is a major challenge for women and adolescent girls who lack these basic facilities at home.  8. About half of the girls the schools in low-income countries lack adequate drinking water, sanitation and hygiene crucial for girls and female teachers to manage their period. Inadequate facilities can affect girls’ experience at school, causing them to miss school during their period. All schools should provide running water, safe and clean toilets for adolescent girls.  Source: Menstrual hygiene | UNICEF ― Q. Why is it important to address period poverty? ― “I’m reluctant to go to school because my period might leak, and I’m scared I may be bullied.” In many low-income countries, period poverty forces many girls to discontinue their education.  These girls, particularly in underdeveloped regions, lack access to essential hygiene products. Odors and leakage become a challenge and for school girls, it can lead to being absent or even dropping out of school.  In the Gambia, Africa’s smallest country, period poverty is a widespread issue, especially prevalent in rural areas. According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), many girls miss up to five days of school each month due to the lack of sanitary products and adequate sanitation facilities.  This exacerbates gender inequality, as those who drop out of school face difficulties in securing decent jobs. When they do find work, it often involves low-paying jobs, leading to increased poverty levels.  In essence, period poverty is a pressing concern intertwined with women’s independence and human rights.  Subpar menstrual health and hygiene undermine the fundamental rights of women and girls, including their right to education and employment, further intensifying social and economic inequalities.  ― Putting an end to period poverty ― Source: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Girls at St. John’s School for the Deaf in Banjul, The Gambia, get free distribution of reusable sanitary pads.  Menstruation is a natural process experienced by more than half of the world’s population, and it’s where poverty becomes a widespread issue. Effectively addressing period poverty demands innovative solutions and collaboration across various sectors to guarantee access to clean water and sanitation.  The United Nations Population Fund(UNFPA) engages in four approaches aimed at promoting and enhancing global menstrual health. These initiatives are significant for all of us, as they address the needs of women and girls worldwide who face period poverty.  1. Supplying Dignity Kits  Free access to or low-cost hygiene products can reduce period poverty. In 2017, the UNFPA distributed 484,000 dignity kits, containing pads, soap and underwear, in 18 countries affected by humanitarian emergencies.  2. Improving education and information Youth programs and comprehensive sexuality education efforts can help boys and girls understand that menstruation is healthy and normal. 3. Supporting national health systems Providing treatment to girls and women suffering from menstrual disorders as well as reproductive health commodities that can be useful for treating menstruation-related disorders.  4. Gathering data and evidence about menstrual health and its connection to global development  Conducting surveys to provide critical insight into girls’ and women’s knowledge about their menstrual cycles, health, and access to sanitation facilities.  ― Join the fight against period poverty! ― Period poverty is a pressing issue that affects individuals and communities worldwide. It’s not confined to underdeveloped countries but is a stark reality even in developed countries. This issue has profound consequences, particularly for teenage girls.  Let’s envision a world where every girl can embrace her period with confidence, where she can go through this natural phase of life without having to experience stress, shame, or lack of access to information and sanitary products.  The responsibility to tackle menstrual poverty rests on all of us. Together, we can bring about a meaningful change.  “Meeting the hygiene needs of all adolescent girls is a fundamental issue of human rights, dignity, and public health.” Sanjay Wijesekera UNICEF Chief of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Learn more: What is Gender Gap Index?  What is Gender-based Violence?  Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Announcement 'Giant of Peace and Education' Dr. Hong Il-sik, the First Chairman of the Sunhak Peace Prize Comm...

A giant of peace and education, Dr. Hong Il-sik, the inaugural chairman of the Sunhak Peace Prize Committee, left our side at the age of 87 on September 11, 2023.The former president of Korea University, Hong Il-sik, played a leading role in selecting the laureates from the 1st to the 4th Sunhak Peace Prize since he took the role of the inaugural chairman of the Sunhak Peace Prize Committee in 2014. Under the leadership of Chairman Hong Il-sik, nine world-renowned figures including former President of Kiribati Anote Tong, Dr. Modadugu Gupta, Dr. Gino Strada, Dr. Sakena Yacoobi, Dr. Akinwumi Adesina, Ms. Waris Dirie, President Macky Sall of Senegal, former President Munib A. Younan of the Lutheran World Federation, and former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon were selected as the laureates of the Sunhak Peace Prize.We express deep respect and gratitude for Chairman Hong Il-sik's efforts and dedication in making the Sunhak Peace Prize an important platform for world peace and harmony. May he rest in peace.

Peace Issue What is the Horn of Africa?

The Horn of Africa is a region in East Africa that includes Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti, named for the region’s resemblance to a rhino’s horn. ― What is the Horn of Africa? ―Millions at risk as parched Horn of Africa faces severest drought since 1981 (thenationalnews.com) A. The Horn of Africa is a region in East Africa that includes Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti, named for the region’s resemblance to a rhino’s horn.  More broadly, it encompasses 4 more countries, which are Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, and Uganda. The region is nine times the size of South Korea and has an estimated population of 80~100 million people. It has long been a strategic point of control over the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, and a focal point for East and West powers. Today, people living in the Horn of Africa are faced with multiple crises, such as conflict, climate extremes, and economic shocks. ― The worst drought in 40 years ―Source: ReutersIn the Adadle district of Biyolow Kebele, Ethiopia, a family tries to lift up a cow that has collapsed due to drought and starvation. The cow is too fragile to stand on its own, with its twig-like legs and emaciated skin revealing a prolonged period of starvation. Countries in the Horn of Africa is experiencing the worst drought in 40 years. It has not rained during the rainy season for the last three years since 2020, leaving parched lands with no grain to harvest and millions of livestock dead. The countries hardest hit by the drought are southern Ethiopia, Somalia, and eastern Kenya, where people have become refugees in search of food, water and pasture. Source: UN World Food ProgrammeWomen fetch water in the drought-stricken town of Marsabit in northern Kenya. Why is this region experiencing a particularly severe drought?Recently, the World Weather Attribution (WWA), a multinational climate research organization, released a report showing that climate change has exacerbated drought in eastern Africa.The researchers analyzed that climate change has increased soil moisture evaporation, making drought 100 times more likely to occur. According to the report, the ongoing devastating drought would not have occurred at all without the impact of greenhouse gas emissions. Based on an analysis of observational data and climate model computer simulations, including rainfall patterns in 2021 and 2022, the researchers found that the same temperatures and rainfall would not have led to drought in the pre-industrial 1800s, when temperatures were 1.2°C cooler than today.  Download report: Human-induced Climate Change Increased Drought Severity in Horn of Africa― Starving to Death ―Source: UNICEFA mother caresses the head of her sleeping malnourished baby, at a mother and child center in the town of Diffa, Niger. More than 23 million people are currently facing extreme hunger in parts of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia, according to the UN World Food Programme (WFP).The WFP has announced in a statement in Nairobi, Kenya, in May 2023 that the worst drought in 40 years, followed by flooding, high food and energy prices, and the aftermath of the conflict in Sudan are sweeping the region. The crisis has been devastating for children.More than seven million children under the age of five are malnourished and in need of urgent nutrition aid, and over 1.9 million boys and girls are at risk of dying from severe malnutrition. Vulnerable communities have lost cattle, crops, and entire livelihoods over the past three years of failed rains. Communities have been forced to take extreme measures to survive, with millions of children and families leaving their homes out of pure desperation in search of food and water. In addition, the recent conflict in Sudan is expected to exacerbate food shortages in the region, with more than 250,000 refugees crossing into neighboring countries such as Ethiopia and South Sudan, which are already facing hunger. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) warns the world that if we are distracted by the war in Ukraine and fail to act, the number of children deaths in the Horan of Africa will explode. ― The chain effects of starvation ―Source: UN World Food ProgrammeUN WFP is distributing food in parts of Ethiopia and Somalia On top of nutrition needs, extreme weather, insecurity, and deficiencies are having devastating consequences for women and children, exacerbating the risk of gender-based violence (GBV), sexual exploitation, and abuse. Cholera, measles, malaria, and other diseases are ongoing across the region, and the health situation is further exacerbated by extreme weather conditions and weak healthcare systems. Food prices remain high in local markets, burdening children, and families. The climate crisis is compounding the severity of the situation, worsening mass displacement.― Somalia is in the midst of a civil war ―Source: United Nations There are approximately 30,000 internally displaced people in Somalia. The situation is particularly dire in Somaila.In 2022, at least 43,000 people died in Somalia alone, and about 6.5 million Somalians are expected to face severe food insecurity. On top of that, Somalia in the midst of a war. The ongoing civil war has driven hundreds of thousands of Somalis across the border into the Somali region of Ethiopia, many of whom are women, children, and other vulnerable populations. Many of them are pastoralists who were already suffering from the prolonged drought. They rely heavily on livestock as their main source of livelihood, and the drought has exacerbated their food insecurity. Source : www.ngonews.kr― Call for solidarity and responsibility ―People in the Horn of Africa are paying an unfair price for a climate crisis they did nothing to cause.  Although recent rains have brought some relief, vulnerable communities are still facing another year of immense hardship.   It’s time to take the responsibility for what we caused and form solidarity to end the suffering in the Horn of Africa. “We owe them solidarity. We owe them assistance. And we owe them a measure of hope for the future.  This means immediate action to secure their survival.  And it means sustained action to help communities across the Horn adapt and build resilience to climate change.” - António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations-Learn more:  What are Least Developed Countries (LDCs)?  The Horn of Africa suffers its worst drought everWritten by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is Fair Trade?

Fair Trade is a global movement for fair and ethical trade that pays producers a fair price for their labor and provides better products for consumers.― Q. What is Fair Trade? ― A. Fair Trade is a global movement that advocates for fair and ethical trade that pays producers a fair price for their labor and provides consumers with better quality products.  Since the industrialization era, most countries in the northern hemisphere of the globe have made great economic progress through trade, but many countries in the southern hemisphere, including Africa, are still struggling to escape from severe poverty. The idea of Fair Trade emerged to address issues such as wealth skewing, labor exploitation, and human rights violations that result from the "unfair trade structure" between these economically developed and less developed countries. The main cause of poverty in the Global South is due to 'unequal trade structures,' and the Fair Trade movement aims to correct these trade structures and give marginalized producers the opportunity to participate in the market, and to help producers make a sustainable living by offering fair terms of trade and fair prices.Fair Trade coffee is a prime example. While conventional coffee has a worker profit of 0.5% (as a percentage of sales), Fair Trade coffee has a worker profit of about 6%, which means that producers earn about 10 times more than conventional coffee. In addition to coffee, there are fair trade foods such as cocoa, olive oil, sugar, chocolate, bananas, tea, wine, pepper, and dried apricots, and a variety of products such as clothing, handicrafts, and bags are sold in fair trade. ●Fair Trade vs. Fairtrade The terms Fair Trade and fairly traded refer to the international effort to fight global poverty by supporting direct, equitable, and sustainable trade between producers in the Southern Hemisphere and consumers in the Northern Hemisphere.Meanwhile, Fairtrade is a proper noun that refers to food products and other goods that are produced in accordance with a wide range of economic, environmental, and social standards set by the Fairtrade International system.Source: Fairtrade International― Q. How does Fair Trade differ from conventional trade? ―To put it simply, Fair Trade is similar to direct trade. Let’s take a look at the table below. Source: Green AmericaConventional trade goes through a complex process: producer→ middleman buyer→ processor→ exporter→ broker→ multinational corporation→ distributor→ store→ consumers. Along the way, commodity prices are constantly inflated as middlemen profit. In the Fair Trade model, on the other hand, the process is simple: producer → cooperative → Fair Trade supplier → store → consumers. Suppliers buy what they can directly from cooperatives, cutting out unnecessary middlemen and helping farmers develop the business skills they need to be more competitive.― Q. What are the benefits of Fair Trade? ―Fair Trade supports small-scale producers in developing countries through a more transparent and fairer form of trade. It provides these disadvantaged producers with a minimum price that ensures their continued production and supports sustainable development in the region. Fair Trade Finder, a US-based fair trade advocacy organization, summarizes the social value of fair trade as follows.  ▪ Price control The Fair Trade system acts to stabilize pricing so that workers can focus on developing products and services over the long term. This is similar to subsidizing farmers in developed countries. Price controls attempt to cover the average cost of developing crops sustainably, which is especially important when market prices drop significantly. ▪ Living wages for workers In general, workers within the Fair Trade system are paid very low wages for their hard work. They are often exploited because they live in countries without strong labor laws. To remedy this, the Fair Trade system pays producers a "Fairtrade Premium" in addition to the "Base Selling Price.”This premium provides workers with essentials, services, businesses and community projects, including job training, education, housing and health care for workers and their children. ▪ Safe and fair working conditions The Fair Trade system prohibits discrimination, sexual assault, unsafe factory and farm conditions, forced labor, and child labor. ▪ Long-term planning Workers are safer and have stronger ties to buyers through the Fair Trade system, allowing them to be more prepared for the future. ▪ Organic products Although this is not a requirement, Fair Trade products are generally more environmentally friendly. Farmers are encouraged to switch to organic farming and not use genetically modified organisms (GMOs). And they learn how to keep their soil healthy and how to manage waste responsibly.― The 10 Principles of Fair Trade ―Price tag on a soccer ball is somewhere around 100 US dollars.  But only 1 dollar of that goes to the worker making the soccer ball in Pakistan. This is not fair, and it needs to change. The World Fair Trade Organization(WFTO) has developed the Ten Principles of Fair Trade to help improve unfair practices like the soccer ball example and put people and planet first. Whether you're trying to be Fair Trade compliant as a producer or evaluating companies as a consumer, these principles can help guide you. Source: World Fair Trade Organization 1. Create opportunities for economically marginalized producers Our organization works primarily with economically disadvantaged producers and workers to help them escape income insecurity and poverty. Furthermore, we help them become socially and economically empowered. 2. Transparency and accountability Our organization builds solidarity by being transparent with stakeholders and includes producers and workers in the communication process.  3. Fair Trading Practices  Our organization maintains relationships of trust by trading with marginalized producers in ways that take into account both their social and economic circumstances, rather than solely pursuing profit. 4. Fair Payment  We engage in dialog with producers to ensure that a fair price is paid, taking into account unstable market conditions and local living wages.Fair prices: Fair prices are freely negotiated through dialog between buyers and sellers and are based on transparent price setting, which includes fair wages and fair profits.Fair wage: A fair wage is a freely negotiated and mutually agreed upon wage that is equitable and, at a minimum, pays a local living wage.Local living wage: A local living wage is the remuneration a worker receives for a standard work week (48 hours or less) in a particular location, which should be sufficient to provide a decent standard of living for the worker and their family.  5. No child labor and forced labor  Our organization complies with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and national and local laws on the employment of children. We do not subject our employees, members, or teleworkers to forced labor.  6. Commitment to non-discrimination, gender equity, women's economic empowerment, and freedom of association.  Our organization does not discriminate on any grounds (race, caste, nationality, religion, disability, gender, sexual orientation, union membership, political affiliation, age, etc.) with respect to employment, wages, promotions, education and training, and retirement. 7. Ensuring good working conditions Our organization provides a safe and healthy working environment for its employees or members. At a minimum, we comply with national and local laws and International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions on health and safety. 8. Providing Capacity Building Our organization aims to have a positive development impact on marginalized small-scale producers through Fairtrade. We use the Fair Trade Premium to help build producer capacity by building schools or improving working conditions. 9. Promoting Fair Trade Our organization raises awareness of problems in the international trade market and educates people about the transparency of Fairtrade. The Fair Trade company provides customers with information about the organization, the products it sells, and the producers. And they always use honest advertising and marketing techniques. 10. Protection of the environment  Our organization supports and implements production, agricultural, service, and trade activities that conserve natural resources, have a low carbon footprint, are culturally sensitive, socially just, and economically viable.― How consumers can support Fair Trade ―Identifying a real Fair Trade product may not be as easy as it sounds, as many companies are greenwashing to pretend to be sustainable. Here are some tips on how to spot a legitimate Fair Trade product. ● Look for a Fair Trade logo It's nearly impossible to research every product you buy to make sure it was produced and sold fairly. Instead, look for the certification labels of the world's largest Fair Trade organizations!Fairtrade, Fairtrade Certified, World Fair Trade Organization, and the Fair Trade Federation all support iconic certification labels that tell consumers that a product meets international standards that protect producers and the planet.Sourc: Forum Fairer Handel ● Shop at eco-friendly stores The easiest way to find Fair Trade items, whether certified or not, is through stores that sell climate-friendly clothing and gifts. If you don't have a Fair Trade store like Ten Thousand Villages in your town, you can also try smaller shops or online stores that cater to ethically-minded consumers.  ● Buy local The purpose of Fair Trade is to connect growers with consumers. Even without official certification, buying produce from a local farmers market or CSA (consumer supported agriculture) program is effectively Fair Trade. For one thing, local produce is often cheaper, and for another, it reduces your carbon footprint by cutting out the middleman, so you're helping to keep the planet healthy.“Only sincere love and continuous sacrifice is capable of creating a world of peace. We must be willing to offer everything.”-Dr. Sun Myung MoonCo-founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn more:  Sustainable Consumption and Production to Save the Planet  As the World Gets Smaller, We Need to Become Global CitizensWritten by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is the Black Sea Grain Initiative?

The Black Sea Grain Initiative is an agreement signed in July 2022 to resume Ukraine's grain exports through the Black Sea route, which were suspended following the Russian-Ukrainian war. On July 17, 2023, Russia declared it ineffective, escalating the global food crisis. ― Q. What is the Black Sea Grain Initiative? ― A. The Black Sea Grain Initiative is an agreement that ensures the safety of Ukrainian and Russian grain export ships traveling to and from the Black Sea. The agreement ensures that grain exports can continue even during times of war. Ukraine is an agricultural country, ranking fourth in the world in agricultural exports. It provides 10% of the world's wheat, more than 15 to 20% of barley, and more than 50% of sunflower oil. That's why Ukraine is sometimes called the breadbasket of the world. Photo source: Yonhap News A view of a crop farm in Baranove, Odessa Oblast, Ukraine. However, the blockade of Black Sea ports following Russia's invasion in February of last year cut off grain exports by sea, driving up global grain prices and exacerbating the food crisis. In June of last year, just before the agreement was signed, global wheat prices surged 56.5% year-on-year and corn prices by 15.7%.  The food crisis was particularly acute in countries in the Middle East and Africa that were highly dependent on Ukrainian grain. Eventually, the UN and Türkiye stepped in to mediate. They got Ukraine and Russia to sign the "Black Sea Grain Initiative." The agreement was signed on July 22, 2022, and in August, the blockade of three Ukrainian ports (Odessa, Chornomorsk, and Pivdenny) was lifted and grain exports by ship resumed. The UN reported that the agreement has stabilized grain supplies and reduced international grain prices by more than 20%. The agreement has been a boon to developing countries that rely on imported food, such as Egypt and Lebanon. Most importantly, it has given breathing room to the world's hungriest countries, including Ethiopia, Afghanistan, and Yemen.  According to the United Nations World Food Program (WFP), 775,000 tons of Ukrainian agricultural products have been delivered as a result of the Black Sea Grain Initiative to the world's poorest countries. The agreement remains in effect for 120 days and is extended automatically for the same period unless one of the signing parties terminates the initiative. Russia and Ukraine have extended the agreement three times since it was signed. Then, on July 17th, just before the fourth extension, Russia notified its intention of termination. "The Black Sea Grain Initiative is not valid from today," Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov declared, "Unfortunately, part of the conditions for the extension of the Black Sea Grain Initiative have not been fulfilled, and therefore its effectiveness has ended." This decision of termination has put global food security in serious jeopardy. Source: United Nations ●Highlights of the Black Sea Grain Initiative The Black Sea Grain Initiative actually consists of two agreements. One is the "Ukraine- Türkiye -United Nations" agreement, and the other is the "Türkiye -United Nations-Russia" agreement, the latter of which Russia broke. Representatives from Ukraine, Türkiye, Russia, and the United Nations created a Joint Coordination Center to determine the distance at which warships, planes, and drones could approach the maritime humanitarian corridor.  All ships participating in the agreement are subject to inspections that take place at ports at the Turkish Straits designated by Turkmenistan at the entrance or exit of the Strait of Turkmenistan and are conducted by the Joint Coordination Center (JSC).  After being inspected, ships reach Ukrainian Black Sea ports via the Maritime Humanitarian Corridor. Three Ukrainian ports on the Black Sea are used: Odessa, Chornomorsk, and Pivdeni. · Top exported grains Under the Black Sea Grain Initiative to create safe shipping routes, Ukraine was able to export 32.9 million tons of agricultural products, including 16.9 million tons of corn and 8.9 million tons of wheat. Prior to the conflict, Ukraine exported about 25 to 30 million tons of corn and 16 to 21 million tons of wheat annually, mainly through the Black Sea. Photo source: UN World Food Programme A World Food Programme (WFP) wheat cargo ship en route from Ukraine to Afghanistan awaits a Joint Coordination Center (JCC) inspection in the Sea of Marmara. ― Q. Why do we need the Black Sea Grain Initiative? ― A. Ukraine is the world's fourth largest agricultural country in terms of agricultural exports and a major producer of grain and oilseed raw materials. This means that Ukrainian grain feeds 400 million people around the world.  Ukrainian grains account for 10% of global wheat exports, more than 15-20% of barley, and more than 50% of sunflower oil, and monthly exports of agricultural products through its ports used to be in the range of 5-6 million tons.  However, since the war with Russia, Ukrainian ports on the Black Sea have been blockaded. According to the Ukrainian government, since the war broke out in February 2022, Ukraine has been able to export only 4 million tons of agricultural products in 4 months. That's a quarter of what it used to export.  This has pushed global food prices to record highs and raised fears that a global famine could develop.  This was especially true for the World Food Program (WFP), which provides food to the world's poorest countries. The WFP purchases millions of tons of food products each year, about 75% of which is grain. In 2021, WFP purchased a total of 4.4 million tons from Ukraine, providing 20% of the total. Majority of the food WFP buys goes to Africa. Therefore, the organization has been sourcing most of its grain from Eastern Europe since it is closer to Africa. Termination of the agreement means WFP will have to find other sources.  ― Q. Why did Russia decide to terminate the Black Sea Grain Initiative? ― A. Russia is currently engulfed in internal and external turmoil. Internally, the country is being pushed to the brink by a mercenary insurgency and externally by Ukraine's counterattack, which is why Russia is unilaterally breaking agreements and weaponizing food.  Russia aims to replace Ukrainian grain with its own, in what it calls a "bumper crop" situation. Russian President Vladimir Putin said on April 24th that Russia is expecting a record harvest this year, claiming that Russia can replace Ukrainian grain both commercially and free of charge. The main reasons cited by the Russian government for withdrawing from the agreement were: ▲unfulfilled Western promises to lift restrictions on Russian food and fertilizer exports; and ▲unfulfilled promises to connect the Russian Agricultural Bank Rosselkhozbank to the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) system, an international interbank money transfer network.  Since leaving the agreement, Russia has focused its attacks on Odessa, Ukraine, the Black Sea Grain Initiative safe harbor. Russia launched airstrikes on Odessa and Mykolaiv for four consecutive days from the July 18th to the 21st, the day after announcing its withdrawal from the agreement.  Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said on July 19th that at least 60,000 tons of grain had been lost in the Russian attacks. According to the World Food Program (WFP), 60,000 tons of grain is enough to feed more than 270,000 people for a year. Photo source: Yonhap News ― A broken global food system ― "It is outrageous that in a world of plenty, people continue to suffer and die of hunger," UN Secretary-General Guterres said in his opening speech at the Food Systems Summit in Rome on July 24th. "The global food system is broken, and billions of people are paying the price," he added, noting that "with the termination of the Black Sea Initiative, the most vulnerable will pay the highest price.” According to UN estimates, more than 780 million people worldwide are currently experiencing hunger, about a third of all food produced is lost or wasted, and about 300 million people lack access to healthy meals.  Against this backdrop, the collapse of the agreement and the grain deal collapse is hitting the vulnerable populations even harder. Russia's participation in the initiative may be by choice, but the people suffering in the developing world and everywhere else are not by choice. The world's most vulnerable people are paying the price for the termination of the agreement. Reversing course of this initiative as soon as possible, not as a political decision, but as a humanitarian one, is crucial to global food security. “To embrace the future, we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace. Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.” -Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize- Learn more about this issue:Agflation_Special Delivery Russia-Ukraine bombs flew right to my kitchen tableZero hunger! For a world without hungry people Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What are Least Developed Countries (LDCs)?

Least developed countries (LDCs) are  countries listed by the United Nations with the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, mainly ▲ Gross National Income per capita ▲ Human Assets ▲ Economic Vulnerability.  ― Q. What are Least Developed Countries (LDCs)? ― A. Least Developed Countries(LDCs) are the countries in the world with the lowest ▲ Gross National Income per capita ▲ Human Assets ▲ Economic Vulnerability. Poverty is a serious problem that involves political, social, and human rights issues. Since the 1960s, the United Nations has established the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) system to prevent poor countries from being marginalized from the global economy and to help them grow.  ● International assistance for the LDCs ▲ Development Financing (grants and loans from donors and financial institutions)  ▲ Multilateral trading system (preferential market access and special treatments)  ▲ Technical assistance Countries included in the LDCs list are eligible for certain international assistance in the areas of development aid and trade.  Source: UNICEF  Madagascar is one of the 46 LDCs listed by the United Nations.  ― Q. Which countries are included in the list of LDCs? ― A. In 2023, there are 46 least developed countries (LDCs), 43 of which are in Africa. The only non-African countries are Afghanistan and Yemen in Asia and Haiti in the Americas. This explains why international aid and assistance are so heavily focused on Africa.  Countries listed as LDCs by the UN as of March 2023 ⦁ Africa (33): Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia ⦁ Asia (9): Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Timor-Leste and Yemen ⦁ Caribbean (1): Haiti ⦁ Pacific (3): Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Tuval Source: United Nations (October, 2022) ― Q. What are the criteria to be included as LDCs? ― A. Least Developed Countries are identified based on the following three criteria.  ● LDC Identification Criteria 1. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of 1,018 USD or less 2. Human Asset Index (HAI) score of 60 or less 3. 36 or above on the Economic and Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) The category of LDCs was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1971 to identify the most vulnerable and disadvantaged member states and provide them with special international support.  The UN Economic and Social Council reviews the list of LDCs every three years, and countries can graduate from the list if they meet the thresholds.  ● Gross National Income (GNI) per capita  GNI per capita is an indicator of income status and the overall level of resources available to a country. The World Bank measures and publishes GNI per capita to identify low-income countries.  ● Human Assets Index (HAI) The HAI is a measure of human capital levels, with lower values indicating less human capital development.  The HAI indicates the level of "health" and "education" of the people and considers six factors: under-five mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, prevalence of stunting, secondary school completion rate, adult literacy rate, and gender parity index for secondary education completion.  ● Economic and Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) The Economic and Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) is a measure of structural vulnerability to economic and environmental shocks, with higher values indicating greater economic vulnerability.  Source: UN Women Women in Tanzania, a country included in the LDCs, harvest seaweed as part of a climate smart agriculture project. ― Q. Criteria for Graduation ― A. To graduate from the Least Developed Country (LDC) category, a country must meet at least two of the following three criteria in two consecutive triennial reviews. ● Criteria for graduating from the LDC category  1. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $1,222 or more  2. Human Asset Index (HAI) score of 66 or higher  3. Economic and Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) score of 32 or less Between 1994 and 2000, a total of six countries graduated from Least Developed Country (LDC) status. Countries Graduated from the LDC Category (Year of Graduation) Botswana (1994) Cape Verde (2007) Maldives (2011) Samoa (2014) Equatorial Guinea (2017) Vanuatu (2020) While “graduating” from the Least Developed Country (LDC) list is a key milestone in the development progress of a country, it also means it’s no longer eligible for LDC-specific benefits. How effectively the country has been using the benefits before graduation will affect its self-self-sustainability. ― Q. What Challenges do LDCs face? ― A. Least developed countries (LDCs) are home to almost one billion people, or more than 10% of the world's population, and they face the following challenges.  ● Rising poverty LDCs are most vulnerable to external economic shocks, natural and man-made disasters, epidemics and climate change, perpetuating a vicious cycle of poverty.  ● Vulnerable to climate change The planet is projected to warm by about 2.7°C above pre-industrial levels, according to the Least Developed Countries Report released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 2022. The LDCs have contributed the least to carbon emissions but are suffering the most from climate change.  As of 2019, the LDCs were responsible for less than 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions, yet they accounted for 50% of global deaths from climate-related disasters over the past four years. The Least Developed Countries Report 2022 ● Lack of access to healthcare Least developed countries are most affected by COVID-19. In 2020, 38 of the LDCs recorded negative growth rates, and the impact is expected to last much longer in LDCs than in wealthier countries.  ● Debt distress  Debt is a key challenge for all least developed countries. Malawi, São Tomé and Príncipe, Zambia, Somalia, Sudan, Grenada, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are debt distressed. In addition, a number of countries, including The Gambia, Kenya, and Lao PDR, are classified to be at high risk of debt distress, meaning that they need urgent debt management.  Find out more about debt-ridden countries (World Bank) ― Soon to Graduate! A Sign of Hope ― What do the following countries have in common?  Angola (2024) Bangladesh (2026) Bhutan (2023) Lao People's Democratic Republic (2026) Nepal (2026) São Tomé e Príncipe (2024) Solomon Islands (2024) That's right, they're on the verge of graduating from the Least Developed Country (LDC) cateogry.  Source: United Nations Young girls walk home from school in São Tomé and Príncipe. São Tomé and Príncipe is on track to graduate as a Least Developed Country (LDC) in 2024, but many challenges remain. While São Tomé and Príncipe has performed well on social indicators such as GDP per capita, it has yet to meet the graduation criteria on the Economic and Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) and is working on it.  Nepal has also recently improved its economic situation and is on track to graduate from the list in 2026.  Source: United Nations  A girl studying at a classroom in Nepal.  Nepal was first included in the LDCs category in the 1970s, when the country had a gross national income of just $70 for more than 60% of the population.  But 50 years later, the situation in Nepal has changed dramatically. In 2020, poverty had fallen to 17%, and in 2022, the level of hunger (measured by the Global Hunger Index) was reduced from 'severe' to 'moderate.' Nepal also made significant progress in health and education, successfully achieving gender parity in school enrollment targets in 2019, and significantly reducing the under-five mortality rate to 28 per 1000 live births.  We cannot promote peace by avoiding inequality and poverty.  A war costs astronomical amounts of money. Poverty, which is often the root cause of war, can be resolved with a much less amount. By helping the LDC countries to ensure that all 48 countries can graduate from the category, we will be one step closer to ending the war on poverty.  “To embrace the future, we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace. Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.” -Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize- Learn more:   Global Poverty Worsening    Global Population Reaches 8 Billion Mark Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is Digital Divide?

The digital divide refers to the gap between individuals who have access to digital devices and online services and those who are digitally excluded due to economic, geographic, age or physical conditions. Technology offers numerous advantages to society. However, its availability is often determined solely by market forces, resulting in a digital divide that leads to disparities among individuals with and without access to digital technology. This growing issue has far-reaching consequences, exacerbating social inequalities in areas such as education, income levels, gender, regional disparities, etc. ― Q. What constitutes the Digital Divide? ― A. The digital divide refers to the gap between individuals who have access to digital devices and online services and those who are digitally excluded due to economic, geographic, age or physical conditions.  New technologies are often expensive and complex, rendering them more accessible to certain groups of people with knowledge and wealth, while leaving underserved communities behind. Those who already have Internet access have opportunities to enhance their knowledge and increase their income, while those without digital connectivity are unable to progress, thereby deepening the divide between the two groups. The digital divide encompasses more than a mere disparity in access to information; it represents a division in ideas, emotions, and culture, ultimately leading to a new form of social inequality. ― Prevalence of the Digital Divide ―The goal of achieving “Internet for all” is still a long way off. According to the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) 2020 report, half of the world’s population still lacks internet access. People in poorer countries are often left out due to the high cost of digital technologies. For example, A4AI (Alliance for Affordable Internet), an international nonprofit organization supporting internet access in underdeveloped countries, claims that the cost of 1GB of mobile data should not exceed 2% of monthly income for anyone in the world. However, in many African countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, and Liberia, the cost is well over 20% of average monthly income. That is more than 10 times the threshold, making digital access unaffordable.  ● Regional disparities Africa has the lowest internet penetration rate among continents. Less than half of the population in Africa (43.1%) has internet access, in contrast to 93.4% in North America, 88.4% in Europe, and 80.4% in Latin America. (Source: Statista) ● Digital Gender Gap The digital gender gap is also significant. According to a 2020 report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), global internet usage is 55% for men and 48% for women, indicating that women have less access to internet than men. The same report highlights Africa as the region with the biggest digital gender gap, with 37% of men having internet access compared to only 20% of women. Addressing this digital gender gap is crucial because it negatively impacts the human rights of women and reinforces gender inequality. (Source: Internet Telecommunication Union (ITU))― Negative Impacts of the Digital Divide on Society ―The digital divide may lead to the following social inequalities:  ● Digital Divide in Healthcare Internet access plays a vital role in public health, providing valuable health information and resources. Lack of internet access means limited access to these resources, which is particularly crucial during global health emergencies like the recent pandemic. And some health experts argue that broadband internet access “should be recognized as a social determinant of health.”  ● Digital Divide in Education Insufficient digital skills and devices limits access to knowledge, perpetuating unequal learning outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis had demonstrated the effects of the digital divide in education. Teachers and students without adequate technology and digital skills were unable to effectively continue their education during this time.  ● Digital Divide in Economic Opportunities Digital illiteracy creates an economic divide by reducing the chances of finding a job and accessing quality employment. The absence of internet access means reduced economic opportunities and competitiveness for both the employees and employers. ― Bridging the digital divide ―The National Digital Inclusion Alliance is a U.S. nonprofit organization that promotes “digital equity by supporting community programs and equipping policymakers to act.” It identifies the following five activities to bridging the digital divide.  ① Provide affordable and robust broadband internet service  ② Provide internet-enabled devices  ③ Provide digital literacy training  ④ Provide quality technical support ⑤ Provide application programs and online contents ― Strategies on bridging the digital divide ―The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG9) includes reduction of the digital divide. Several initiatives are underway in many parts of the world to facilitate access to technology. Let’s introduce some of the most relevant ones.  ● Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI): A global coalition for internet equality  This project aims to provide affordable service in specific areas in Africa, Asia, and Latin America who are unable to use the internet due to high fees. Specifically, it aims to lower the cost of broadband to meet the UN Internet Commission's target of less than 5% of average monthly income. ● Free Basics While the number of feature phone and smartphone users in low-income countries is growing, internet penetration level remains low due to high cost.Led by Facebook, Free Basics partners with 81 mobile operators in 50 countries around the world to provide free access to online information including weather, news, maternal health, travel, jobs, and official government announcements. ● StarlinkA project by Tesla founder Elon Musk, this project launches satellites into space to provide high-speed internet and global coverage at affordable prices. (Photo by Shutterstock)Technology is a powerful tool for lifting people out of poverty. To create a world where no one is left behind, we need to ensure that people who are not digitally savvy can learn digital skills and become empowered. We need the support and collaboration of the global community to transform the digital divide into digital inclusion. “Yes, some person or group in some country develops each new technology. The next step is to enable others to benefit, so that all can enjoy health, well-being and comfort. This is the way of mutual prosperity.”-Founder of the Sunahk Peace PrizeHak Ja Han Moon-Learn more about this issue:  Report on each nation’s efforts to resolve post-pandemic inequalityWritten by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is Great Pacific Garbage Patch?

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a vast collection of marine debris found in the central North Pacific Ocean.― What is Great Pacific Garbage Patch? ―  A. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is a vast collection of marine debris found in the central North Pacific Ocean between California and Hawaii, USA. It spans an area of approximately 1.6 million square kilometers and weighs around 80,000 tons. Shockingly, it contains an estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic trash, equivalent to the weight of 500 large airliners.Not only that, this patch of trash is getting bigger and bigger. Experts predict that there will be more trash in the ocean than fish by 2050 if it continues to grow at the current rate. Source: The Ocean Cleanup― GPGP becomes the nation of Trash Isles ―The Great Pacific Garbage Patch was first discovered in 1997 by Charles Moore, a racing boat captain, during his returning trip from a trans-Pacific race from Los Angeles to Hawaii. This discovery of a giant patch of plastic junk floating in the ocean prompted a warning to the world about the seriousness of ocean pollution.  Source: LAD BibleIn celebration of World Oceans Day 2017, the Plastic Oceans Foundation and the LADbible Group teamed up to take this trash patch and turn it into a nation. The idea was that if it were recognized as a nation by the United Nations, then neighboring countries are obliged to clean it up. It was officially named the Trash Isles. They established a government, drew up borders, and recruited citizens. Al Gore, former US Vice President and a well-known environmentalist, became the island’s first citizen. And Judi Dench, who played M in James Bond movies, was named the Queen of Trash Isle. Today, it has its own flag, passport, and currency, and more than 200,000 people have joined Trash Isle as “citizens” through the online platform. The currency is in “debris,” and it features images of sea lions and seagulls wrapped in plastic nets and whales swimming in a sea of plastic. Trash Isles currency Trash Isles Passport(Video : The Trash Isles from Dalatando Almeida)― Q. How was the Great Pacific Garbage Patch formed? ― A. The formation of the Great Pacific Garbage Path is attributed to wind and ocean currents that have accumulated marine debris in one area over time.  The Ocean Cleanup, a Dutch non-profit research organization, conducted extensive international research of the GPGP in 2018. After 3 years of research, they discovered that the resulting from the 2011 Great Japan Earthquake was transported by the Kuroshio Current, which flows from Asia towards the North Pacific Ocean. And a significant proportion of the trash found in the “island” consisted of Japanese (29.8%) and Chinese (30%) labels. For further scrutiny, the Ocean Cleanup team categorized the collected plastic into four size classes. ▲ Microplastics: 0.05~0.5cm ▲ Mesoplastics: 0.5~5cm ▲ Macroplastics: 5~50cm ▲ Megaplastics: anything above 50cmMegaplastics, weighing 42,000 tons, accounted for the largest portion of the debris, with 46% comprising fishing nets or aquaculture nets. Microplastics made up 5-10% of the total garbage, and their concentration is expected to increase as plastics persist in the region and break down into smaller pieces within the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.― GPGP is a result of human-activity ―It is important to note that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the result of human-activity. The production of plastic has skyrocketed since the 1950s, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported that approximately 8.3 billion tons of plastic have been produced by 2017 (Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture). This is equivalent to the weight of 1 billion elephants. Plastic production continues to increase. In 2015 alone, 322 million tons of plastic products were produced, and the number is expected to double by 2050. A significant portion of this plastic, over 80%, is discarded, and approximately 12 million tons find their way into the ocean each year. That is one truckload of plastic dumped into the ocean every minute, posing a severe threat to the marine ecosystem and humans. ― Dangers of GPGP ―How plastic finds its way into the oceanSource: The Ocean CleanupMarine plastic left floating on the ocean Poses a threat to the marine ecosystem and humans. The dangers associated with the Great Pacific Garbage Patch are manifold. Marine animals often mistake shiny microplastics for food, leading to ingestion and subsequent health issues such as stunted growth and reproductive problems. Microplastics have also been found in the seafood that we consume, including fish like swordfish and bluefin, as well as mussels and oysters. Even salt has been found to contain traces of microplastics. Recently, scientists have found microplastics in more than 18% of the fish samples from the Mediterranean Sea. And another study by the WWF (World Wide Fund) and the University of New Castle in Australia has reported that individuals may be consuming around 5 grams of microplastics per week, which is equivalent to the size of a credit card. Addressing the Great Pacific Garbage Patch requires concerted efforts. It is crucial not only to clean up the existing plastic debris to eliminate the GPGP, but also to work towards reducing the amount of plastic that ends up in the ocean. By taking action, we can safeguard marine life and protect our own health from the detrimental effects plastic pollution. “Nature and we humans are inextricably linked.”-Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon,Founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize-Learn more:  What is Anthropocene?  Plastic Island Floating in the SeaWritten by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue Who are Climate Refugees?

Climate refugees are people who are forced to leave their homes and communities due to adverse impacts of climate change and global warming.  ― Who are Climate Refugees? ―  (Picture: The Nation) A. Climate refugees are people who are forced to leave their homes and communities due to adverse impacts of climate change and global warming.  The concept of climate refugees has gained widespread recognition since 1985 following the definition provided by Essam El-Hinnawi, an expert from the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), El-Hinnawi defined “environmental refugees” as those “who have been forced to leave their traditional habitat, temporarily or permanently, because of a marked environmental disruption.”  To illustrate the impact of climate-related displacement, let’s consider the case of Hurricane Eta, a devastating Category 4 hurricane that struck several regions in Central America in 2020. The countries affected, including Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, experienced widespread destruction of homes, landslides, and heavy rainfall that even depleted drinking water sources.  and other nearby regions lost their homes to torrential rain and landslides.  In the face of these extreme weather events, people were left with no option but to abandon their homes in search of survival. Many of them sought refuge by crossing national borders into Mexico and subsequently into the United States.  This particular incident is just one example among numerous instances where natural disasters have contributed to a growing number of climate refugees worldwide.  A recent study conducted by an international team of researchers from the University of Exeter, UK and Nanjing University, China, has raised a warning. According to their findings published in Nature Sustainability in May 2023, the current trajectory indicates that approximately 140 million more people will be exposed to climate extremes for a rise in global temperature of 0.1℃, further exacerbating the issue of climate-induced displacement.  Projected population density with respect to MAT for a future world of 9.5 billion people under different levels of global warming (1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7 and 3.6 °C), contrasted with the reference distribution (0.3 °C, 1980 population). Data are presented as mean values with the shaded regions corresponding to 5th–95th percentiles. (Image: Nature Sustainability) ― How many climate refugees are out there? ― A. It is challenging to determine the exact count of climate refugees as they are spread scattered all over the world. But the issue of climate refugees is recognized as a critical global issue. International organizations estimate that by 2050, over 1 billion people are at risk of becoming climate refugees. This number was reported in the Ecological Threat Register by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) in September 2018. If this prediction proves to be true, at least 10% of the world’s population will become climate refugees in 2050. The World Bank published similar findings in its publication Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration in 2018. Without concrete climate and development action, over 143 million people could be forced to migrate within their own country by 2050 and become internally displaced.  The situation has become more dire in the recent years. According to the 2023 Global Report on Internal Displacement published by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), the number of internal displacements that took place in year 2022 alone is 32.6 million, marking a 41% increase from 10 years ago.  The same report finds that 71.1 million people were internally displaced because of natural disasters or war and conflict at the end of 2022. Among them, more people were displaced by natural disasters reaching 53% (32.6 million) of all refugees, compared to 28.3 million people displaced by conflict and violence.  The following map shows the scale of refugees internally displaced by natural disasters and war in 2022. Despite a 60% spike in the number of war refugees due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo, you can clearly see that there are more climate refugees (blue circles) than war refugees (orange circles). This data suggests that climate change could have a greater impact on human life than war in the future.  Internal displacements by conflict and disaster in 2022. Climate refugees in blue and war refugees in orange.  (source: GRID 2023) ― What causes climate refugees? ― The major reason behind why people become climate refugees is global warming, which is caused by human activities that harm the Earth. Climate change causes droughts, floods, strong winds, and rising sea levels, resulting in poor harvests, food shortages, and ecosystem changes in certain areas.  In 2022, 98% of climate refugees were displaced by disasters caused by climate change, including floods, droughts, and wildfires. FLOOD In the past year alone, an estimated 19.22 million people were displaced by floods, which accounts for six out of every 10 climate refugees. Over the past three years, the ongoing La Niña phenomenon, in which water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean are more than half a degree Celsius cooler than normal, has caused massive flooding in places like Pakistan, Nigeria, and Brazil. DROUGHT Meanwhile, on the other side of the world, drought is causing waves of refugees. In northeastern Africa, which includes Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya, an estimated 2.2 million people have fled their homes due to a severe drought where there was very little rainfall during the rainy season for six consecutive years. RISING SEA LEVELS Global warming is causing sea levels to rise due to the melting of glaciers and icebergs. Rising sea levels increase the risk to coastal areas and can cause coastal erosion, and some islands or low-lying areas may disappear permanently. This will force residents of these areas to migrate in search of new places to live. (Picture: CLIMATE.GOV.KI) Residents of South Pacific Island nations such as Fiji, Tuvalu, and Kiribati are at risk of becoming climate refugees, as rising sea levels threaten to submerge the countries themselves.  FOOD SHORTAGES Climate change affects crop yields. Changes in climatic conditions can reduce productivity and cause food shortages. Food shortages particularly affect people in poorer regions and lead to mass migration for survival.  ― Climate change causes war ― Climate risks are interconnected and can cause a domino effect. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) report Global Trends in Forced Migration 2020, 95% of all conflict displacements in 2020 occurred in countries that are vulnerable or highly vulnerable to climate change.  For example, as temperatures rise in certain regions, the amount of water available decreases and water quality decreases. Less available water leads to crop failure, reducing income and food supply, and contaminated water spreads disease. When hunger and disease overlap, and stable livelihoods are destroyed, conflict increases.  Syria is a prime example. Between 2006 and 2010, Syria's previously fertile farmlands became deserted, causing crop yields to plummet and 85% of livestock to die. As food prices soared, 10,000 rural workers migrated to cities to find work, and those facing poverty in the cities became easy targets for Islamic State (IS) recruiters.  Screenshot of promotional video to recruit Syrian mercenaries (Image : Syrians for Truth and Justice) Of course, these are not the only factors that led to the Syrian civil war, but the social problems caused by climate change have contributed to exacerbating existing tensions. The result is a conflict that has sparked the world's worst refugee crisis in decades, forcing an estimated 60,000 Syrians - roughly one-sixth of the population - to flee their country. And it's not just Syria: conflict zones like Afghanistan, Somalia, Mali, and Yemen are experiencing compounded crises due to increased climate risks. With such a strong correlation between "countries most vulnerable to climate change" and "countries experiencing conflict or violence," we need to be proactive in addressing climate change as a potential seed for international conflict. ― How to help climate refugees ― What can you do to help our global community suffering from climate change? Become interested in climate refugees You can start by raising awareness and sharing information about the issue of climate refugees. You can start by educating those around you about the impacts of climate change and the situation of climate refugees, as well as educating and promoting action and solutions.  Join a campaign to help climate refugees Climate refugees need a variety of humanitarian assistance, including housing, food, healthcare, and education. You can join the campaigns of various international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and voluntary organizations working on behalf of climate refugees to help provide them with the support they need. Put pressure on governments, international organizations, and companies  Climate refugees are a global issue that requires cooperation between countries and international collaboration. The power of a single citizen is small, but collectively, we can put pressure on governments, international organizations, and corporations to address climate change and strengthen policies and funding for climate refugees. Addressing climate refugees, especially in less developed countries, requires financial and technical assistance at the international level, and we can put pressure on governments, international organizations, and companies to fund and build infrastructure to assist in the migration and resettlement of climate refugees, and to support the development and deployment of climate change adaptation technologies.  In conclusion, the issue of climate refugees presents a pressing and complex challenge that demands our attention and action. The impacts of climate change, including extreme weather events, rising sea levels, droughts, and food shortages, are displacing millions of people worldwide. As the number of climate refugees continues to rise, we must recognize their plight and work together to address the underlying causes of climate change, support vulnerable communities, and implement sustainable solutions. By fostering global cooperation, raising awareness, and advocating for meaningful change, we can strive towards a future where no one is forced to leave their homes due to the adverse effects of a changing climate. Together, we can build a more resilient and compassionate world for present and future generations. “In a sense, climate change is perhaps a war between the rich and the poor.  It's the rich that are deriving the benefits, it's the poor that are paying the price.” Anote Tong, former President of Kiribati Sunhak Peace Prize Laureate Find out more about climate issues:  What is Climate Justice One Hundred Million Refugees Around the Globe The Horn of Africa suffers its worst drought ever (Video) Who are Climate Refugees? Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is Climate Justice?

The concept of climate justice acknowledges that those who are primarily responsible for climate breakdown are not those who are impacted by it; therefore, those who benefited from unrestricted greenhouse gas emissions have more responsibility to stop global warming and help other countries.  ― What is Climate Justice? ― (Picture: the Guardians) A. The concept of climate justice acknowledges that those who are primarily responsible for climate breakdown are not those who are impacted by it; therefore, those who benefited from unrestricted greenhouse gas emissions have more responsibility to stop global warming and help other countries.  Everybody on Earth is affected by climate breakdown, but the level of impact is disproportionate. The richest countries have contributed most to the problem through industrialization for the past 200 years. Ironically, those most affected by the emitted greenhouse gas in the process are the low-income countries. Countries in Africa, Central and South Americas, and Asia are most vulnerable because of their geographical locations, natural environments, and economic situations. And climate justice is a new concept that recognizes this inequality.  Climate justice calls for countries that became wealthy through unrestricted gas emissions to have greatest responsibility to mitigate climate change and help other countries adapt to climate change. In addition, the responsibility should also be distributed accordingly within a country based on the gap between the rich and the poor.  ― Who is responsible for climate change? ― A. The level of cumulative gas emissions in each country makes it clear who bears the greatest responsibility.  Global Carbon Poject (GCP) is an organization that tracks the level of greenhouse gas emissions from different countries. Scientists and other experts have reported that the world’s cumulative CO2 emissions from 1750 to 2020 were 1,665 billion tons: (1) USA (416.7 billion tons - 24.6%), (2) China (235.5 billion tons - 13.9%), (3) Russia (115.3 billion tons - 6.8%), followed by Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan. In contrast, the cumulative CO2 emissions from developing countries are very low, mostly in the global south: Africa (2.88%) and South America (2.62%).  Unfortunately, countries that emitted less greenhouse gases actually bear the brunt of climate change damage. For example, Pakistan was hit by massive flooding that submerged a third of its land in June 2022. And Kenya recently suffered its worst drought in 40 years, which killed 2.5 million of their livestock. As the effects of climate crisis accelerate, the damage to climate-vulnerable countries will exacerbate. Who is responsible for climate change?  Meanwhile, climate inequality within countries is also prevalent. Multiple studies report the rise of the emissions gap between the polluting elite (the top richest of the world’s population) and the rest of the world.  Let’s take a look at the Climate Inequality Report 2023 released by the World Inequality Lab in January.  The report shows annual per capita CO2 emissions in 2019 by income level: top 10% in purple, middle 40% in red, and bottom 50% in green. The wide disparity between the top 10% (in purple) and the bottom 50% (in green) is evident in each region. Inequality within countries is also clearly depicted across developed as well as developing countries.  ― Call for Climate Justice ― In March 2019, in a small lecture hall at the University of the South Pacific, a discussion took place about the climate crisis as a human rights issue and how the climate change violates people’s rights. Soon after, the 27 Law students from 8 Pacific Island countries in that lecture hall joined together to form an organization called the Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change (PISFCC).  Their goal was to begin a campaign to persuade Pacific Island leaders to take the issue of climate change, affecting the lives of Pacific Islanders, and human rights to the International Court of Justice (ICJ).  (Source: PISFCC, PISFCC members at the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27)) Four years later, on March 29th, 2023, the UN General Assembly adopted a Resolution seeking an ICJ advisory opinion on climate justice. While advisory opinions issued by the ICJ in non-contentious cases are not legally binding, they hold significant legal weight and moral authority due to the ICJ’s position as the highest court globally. Therefore, advisory opinions may contribute to the clarification and development of international law.  ― When will losses of climate change be compensated for? ― Providing economic support is one of the most important and urgent ways to address climate inequality. According to the World Bank, in order for fair distribution of the damage caused by climate change, the USA and the European Union (including the UK) should pay at least 50%, China 10%, and India 0.5%.  However, our reality is that we still have a long way to solve the issue of climate crisis.  In fact, an international agreement on climate finance was reached more than a decade ago. At the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark (COP15), developed countries had agreed to create a climate fund worth 100 billion USD every year until 2020 to help developing countries reduce their emissions. However, they have not yet decided which country will contribute how much.  (Source: Reuters) Delegation in a standing ovation as COP27 President Sameh Shoukry (third left) delivers a closing statement (COP27 in Egypt). Likewise, participating nations at the 2022 UN Climate Conference in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt (COP27) agreed to create a loss and damage fund for developing countries experiencing increasingly severe climate change events; but the details remain unclear.  No concrete decisions have been made regarding the fund - methods of funding, eligibility, amount of funding, etc. The extent to which “disaster-prone countries” will be included as eligible is also subject to future deliberation and assessment.  If the acceleration of the climate crisis continues, it could pose a threat to basic human rights and security not only of vulnerable countries but of the entire global population. As responsible global citizens, it is crucial that we recognize the importance of implementing climate justice measures to provide compensation to the countries most heavily impacted by climate change.  “To embrace the future, we must expand the scope of vocations that can herald the coming of peace. Even though we may never meet our descendants, we must make sure that all their activities will harmonize in peaceful societies and nations.” -Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize- Learn more about this issue:   Peace Issue - A Just Transition   Peace Issue - Levying a Tax even on Carbon!  Youtube - What is Climate Justice? Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is IUCN Red List?

The IUCN Red List is a compilation of around 150,388 species of plants and animals that have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It categorizes each species into one of nine levels of threatened status. ― What is IUCN Red List? ― A. The IUCN Red list is a report on biodiversity published every two to five years by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which organizes 150,388 plant and animal species into nine groups according to their level of threatened extinction. While 150,388 may seem like a large number, it represents only 7% of the number of plant and animal species on Earth. The World Wide Fund for Nature has reported that 69% of vertebrates on Earth have declined in the last 50 years, so the actual number of endangered species is probably much higher. The first comprehensive list of the conservation status of Earth’s animal and plant species was created in 1963, and it has since been continually updated and refined. The global "Criteria for Assessing the Conservation Status of Animal and Plant Species" published in 1994 introduced a nine-category system that is still in use today.  Visit the IUCN website for a list of threatened species IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ― The Red List Categories ― The 150,388 animal and plant species are categorized into nine categories based on their extinction risk, which is assessed by the following: geographic range, population size and speed of population decline or increase.  The Red List Categories ㆍExtinct (EX) : There is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. The IUCN distinguishes between current extinctions and past extinctions based on the year 1500 ㆍExtinct in the wild (EW) : Known only to survive in captivity, cultivation or well outside its natural range ㆍCritically endangered (CE) : Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the wild ㆍEndangered (EN) : Facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild ㆍVulnerable (VU) : Facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. ㆍNear Threatened (NT) : Close to qualifying, or likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future (8,816 species) ㆍLeast concern (LC) : Population is stable enough that it is unlikely to face extinction in the near future (77,491 species) ㆍData deficient (DD) : Not enough information on abundance or distribution to estimate its risk of extinction (approx. 20,000 species) ㆍNot evaluated (NE) : No assessment has been made The higher in the category, higher the likelihood of extinction from Earth. In particular, three categories are categorized as threatened: ▲critically endangered (CR), ▲endangered (EN) and ▲vulnerable (VU).  Currently 42,108 species (28% of the Red List) are categorized as "threatened," meaning they need more attention and management to avoid extinction. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™: July 2022 Update – YouTube Another group of species that we should pay particular attention to are those under the Data Deficient category. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species categorizes species as Data Deficient when there is insufficient data to decide, such as the killer whale and the armored armadillo.  ― Q. How do species get on the IUCN Red List? And can species change categories? ― A. Anyone with sufficient knowledge of the species can submit information about an endangered species to the IUCN after completing a free training program. The IUCN then evaluates the submission and, if certain criteria are met, adds the species to the Red list. The species' status is reassessed periodically and may be uplisted or downlisted. Story of the Guarajuba tree in Brazil    Source: Global Trees Campaign Terminalia_acuminata - Global Trees The Brazilian Guarajuba tree (Terminalia acuminata) has been listed as extinct in the wild since 1998 but was re-listed as endangered in 2021 after several specimens were discovered unexpectedly at the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden in 2015. Changes in category are decided very carefully. The downlist takes place after an observation period of at least five years to ensure that the recovery progress is genuine.  Story of Dugong, the vanishing manatee Source: Getty Image Bank Dugongs are large sea mammals that move slowly in shallow waters and graze on seaweed. These friendly-looking sea creatures were once mistakenly known as "mermaids" by sailors. They are currently classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, but researchers are recommending that the species be uplisted to endangered. In August 2022, researchers from the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences published in Proceedings of the Royal Society Open Science that dugongs in China are functionally extinct. It means that even if this species is not completely extinct, its population is too small to survive as a sustainable population. ― A sign of hope: Indian tigers population on the rise ― Source: ICUN Tigers are a critically endangered species, currently listed as Endangered (EN) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.  There are currently around 4,000 tigers living in the wild around the world, compared to over 100,000 of them roaming on earth a century ago. This is a 97% decline in numbers. The plummeting numbers are due to a combination of human population growth, deforestation, habitat destruction, and illegal poaching. In response, Indian authorities have struggled to conserve tiger population since 1973, designating 53 tiger reserves covering nearly 70,000 square kilometers. The results have been encouraging. In April 2023, the Indian government announced that the country's wild tiger population had reached 3,167. This is an increase of about 200 in the last four years and more than 900 compared to 2014. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the new figure of 3,167 represents an astounding 70% of the world's wild tiger population, and marks a successful end to the decades of tiger conservation efforts by the Indian government. Protecting endangered species means protecting our own lives in the global community where all living things are connected in a chain of coexistence.  The story of the Indian tiger is a sign of hope that species diversity can be preserved through human efforts. Since we humans are the ones who destroyed their habitats, it's our duty to give them back. As India's example shows, protecting endangered species requires strong policy protections at the government level. At the same time, we need to increase our awareness about how to protect the environment. By visiting the IUCN website, you can find out about the endangered species in your area. Taking an interest in endangered species is an important start that will lead to conserving lives of more species.  IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (iucnredlist.org) “The shortcut to protecting nature is to develop a heart that loves nature.” -Co-founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize Dr. Sun Myung Moon- Find out more about related issues:   Living Planet Report 2022 Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is World Happiness Report?

The World Happiness Report (WHR) is a yearly publication by the United Nations that assesses the levels of happiness in countries around the world. Released every year on World Happiness Day on March 30th, the report provides a comprehensive evaluation of happiness levels in each country. Let’s explore this year’s report, titled “World Happiness, Trust and Social Connections in Times of Crisis.” ― What is World Happiness Report? ―   A. The World Happiness Report is an annual report published by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) that evaluates and ranks the self-reported happiness of individuals in over 150 countries around the world.  The report utilizes data from the previous three years, and this year’s report includes a survey of individuals from 137 countries covering the years from 2020 to 2022.  ― How is happiness measured? ― (source : What is World Happiness Report?) You might wonder, how can we measure happiness?  Happiness is often considered a subjective experience, but there are ways to measure it quantitatively. Let’s find out how it is done. The natural way to measure a nation’s happiness is to ask a representative sample of individuals how satisfied they are with their lives based on six factors.  Six variables to measure happiness ① Social Support: “If you were in trouble, do you have relatives or friends you can count on to help you whenever you need them, or not?” ② GDP per capita: how much each country produces divided by the number of people ③ Healthy Life Expectancy: based on data from the World Health Organization  ④ Freedom to make life choices: “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what you do with your life?” ⑤ Generosity: “Have you donated money to a charity in the last month?” ⑥ Perceptions of Corruption: “Is corruption widespread throughout the government and within businesses or not?  Data from the Gallup World Poll conducted in over 150 countries is used, and included in the survey are the Cantril Ladder question. It asks people to imagine a ladder: the top of the ladder is the best possible life for you at a score of 10, and the bottom of the ladder represents the worst possible life for you at a score of 0. The average score is the happiness level.  In particular, the World Happiness Report 2023 takes a look at two additional variables of positive emotions and negative emotions. Positive emotions include enjoyment, laughter, and interest; negative emotions include misery, worry, and anger. Questions about these emotions require a “yes” or a “no” response.  One of the striking findings of this year’s report was that the COVID-19 pandemic had more positive effects than negative on the overall global happiness. The globe-spanning surge of benevolence was apparent in 2020 and especially in 2021. Data for 2022 show that prosocial acts in 2022 were about one-quarter higher than before the pandemic.  While COVID-19 brought challenges such as social distancing and lockdowns, it had also fostered a culture of benevolence, which can be analyzed as a booster for happiness.  ― Bhutan’s Standard of Happiness ― The concept of measuring national development through the level of happiness owes its origins to the small, Himalayan country of Bhutan.  Bhutan has one of the world’s lowest GDP (gross domestic product) per capita of around $3,000 and low education levels. However, Bhutan’s happiness index was ranked number one in the world by the UK’s New Economics Foundation in 2010, which attracted global attention.  The country’s 4th and current king, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wagnchuck, embraced the philosophy of “happiness politics” since the beginning of his reign in 1974. He emphasized that increasing per capita income does not necessarily lead to greater happiness, and that Gross National Happiness was a more important metric than GDP. In 1987, the UK Financial Times featured King Wangchuck’s theory on Gross National Happiness. This article drew the attention of countries such as Canada and Brazil, as well as the United Nations, which promoted Bhutan’s philosophy.  As a result, on July 19th, 2011, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution (65/309), “Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development,” urging member nations to follow the example of Bhutan and include happiness and well-being to measure their socio-economic development.  Then on April 2nd, 2012, UN released its first World Happiness Report, “Defining a New Economic Paradigm: The Report of the High-Level Meeting on Wellbeing and Happiness.”  ― The happiest country in the world ― Finland (7.804)ranked number one as the happiest country in the world for the sixth year.  Nordic countries dominated the top 10 happiest countries, following after Finland: Denmark(7.586), Iceland(7.530), Israel(7.473), Netherlands(7.403), Sweden(7.395), Norway (7.315), Switzerland(7.240), Luxembourg(7.228), and New Zealand(7.123). Here are the countries in ranks 11 to 20, in order: Austria(7.097), Australia(7.095), Canada(6.961), Ireland(6.911), USA(6.894), Germany(6.892), Belgium(6.859), Czech Republic(6.845), UK(6.796), and Lithuania(6.763), followed by France(6.661) in 21st place.  The highest ranking Asian countries were Singapore(6.587), the United Arab Emirates(6.571), and Taiwan(6.535), ranking 25 to 27 in consecutive order.  ― The unhappiest countries in the world ― War-torn Afghanistan(1.859) and Lebanon(2.392) remain the two unhappiest countries in the survey, with average life evaluations more than five points lower (on a scale running from 0 to 10) than in the ten happiest countries. Russia, which has been at war since 2022, ranks 70 with a score of 5.661, and Ukraine ranks 92 with a score of 5.071. Despite being the aggressor, the happiness level of people in Russia has increased during this period, according to survey data from 2021 and 2022. Conversely, the happiness of people in Ukraine, who are the ones being aggressed, has decreased.  ― Steps toward building a happier world ― The United Nations adopted happiness as a measure of national development in response to the economic crisis of the 1990s, which had a domino effect on many countries worldwide. During this crisis, Bhutan’s development philosophy emerged as an alternative, advocating for the pursuit of a happy life regardless of one’s level of material wealth.  A decade after the first Happiness Report, the world is experiencing unprecedented levels of inequality and economic crisis. When we assess a society, a situation, or a policy, we should not look only at the happiness rankings of countries. We should look comprehensively at the scale of misery, or low life satisfaction, that results.  The world will be a happier place if we work to reduce the scale of unhappiness in the world’s least happiest countries, as well as those individuals who fall below the average within their own countries.  It is encouraging to see the spread of a culture and spirit of helping and caring for one another during the challenges posed by COVID-19, as this has led to a boost in happiness. When we take care of each other, we can elevate the world’s happiness and our own simultaneously.  “For humanity to be happy in the future, material affluence alone will not be sufficient. It is urgent that the struggles of modern ideologies, cultures, and races be overcome through interreligious understanding and spiritual harmony.” -Dr. Sun Myung Moon Co-founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize- Learn more about related issues:   Report on each nation’s efforts to resolve post-pandemic inequality    Profits from Pain, Pandemic and Billionaires Written by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What are Planetary Boundaries?

Planetary Boundaries are a framework to describe the 9 thresholds in the Earth system that must be respected for sustainable human development. As of 2022, six of the nine boundaries have been crossed.  © Netflix ― What are Planetary Boundaries? ― A. Planetary boundaries are a framework to describe the 9 thresholds in the Earth system that must be respected for sustainable human development.  Johan Rockström, director of the Stockholm Resilience Center (SRC), and his team introduced the term planetary boundaries in Nature in 2009, identifying 9 limits and 3 criteria that are essential for human survival serving as a benchmark to ensure a habitable Earth.  (Source : Rockström et al. published in Nature in 2009) * Here is a list of the nine planetary boundaries ① Climate change  ② Ozone depletion in the stratosphere ③ Increase of aerosols in the atmosphere ④ Ocean Acidification ⑤ Biochemical flows of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) ⑥ Freshwater use ⑦ Land use change ⑧ Biodiversity loss ⑨ Introduction of new entities by humans * Three levels of safety for humanity ∙ Safe operating space: The Earth is able to maintain its stable state. ∙ Increasing danger zone: The level of impact on Earth exceeds the safe operating space but within the range where Earth can recover on its own through resilience mechanisms.  ∙ High risk zone: The level of impact exceeds the Earth’s resilience mechanisms and cannot recover from the smallest impact.  As depicted in the above diagram, two of the nine boundaries have been crossed in 2009 when the concept was introduced: biodiversity loss and disruption of the nitrogen. ― What is the current state of the planetary boundaries? ― A. According to Nature April 2022, the following 6 boundaries have reached the danger zone. ▲climate change ▲Biodiversity ▲Land use ▲Ocean acidification ▲Biochemical flows of nitrogen and phosphorus ▲Introduction of new entities Source: Rockström et al. published in Nature in 2022 Status of Planetary Boundaries 2022 ― Planetary Boundaries 1Climate Change ― Recent evidence show that the levels of CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere has passed the safety level (under 350ppm) and is not over 400ppm. It means that we have crossed the planetary boundary and entered the increasing danger zone (350~450ppm) and may transgress to the high risk zone when the level becomes higher than 450ppm.  ― Planetary Boundaries 2Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere ― The ozone layer in the stratosphere is critical in protecting life on earth by filtering out harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. However, the first ozone hole was first observed over Antarctica in 1980, which was a result of dramatic increase of chemicals in the atmosphere.  The thinning of the ozone layer has allowed higher levels of ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth’s surface, which had harmful effects on both human and ecological systems. Increased exposure to UV radiation has led to a rise in skin cancer incidence and damaged terrestrial and marine biological systems. Fortunately, the international community’s actions following the 1987 Montreal Protocol have helped to maintain the ozone layer within the boundary.  ― Planetary Boundaries 3Increase of Aerosols in the Atmosphere ― Aerosols are small solid or liquid particles that are suspended in the atmosphere, typically ranging from 0.001~100 μm. They are often associated with meteorological phenomena such as haze, dust, and fog. When aerosols combine with reactive gases in the atmosphere, it can cause acid rain, smog, and reduced visibility.  Breathing in air contaminated with harmful aerosols can have significant health impacts. It is estimated that 800,000 people die every year as a result of exposure to these pollutants. Additionally, aerosols can have environmental impacts such as contributing to climate change and affecting ecosystems.  ― Planetary Boundaries 4Ocean Acidification ― Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, surface ocean acidity has been increased by 30%. This change in ocean chemistry can have significant impacts on marine ecosystems, including a decline in fish stocks and causing a dramatic decline in fish stocks.  In fact, approximately a quarter of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by the ocean. As CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts to form carbonic acid, leading to a decrease in the ocean’s pH and increase in acidity.  The reduced availability of carbonate ions caused by increased acidity can impede the growth and survival of organisms such as corals, shellfish, and plankton, ultimately affecting the entire food chain in the marine ecosystem.  ― Planetary Boundaries 5Biochemical Flow of Nitrogen and Phosphorus ― The current biochemical flow of nitrogen has crossed the threshold and is at high risk.  Modern agricultural methods have evolved over time meet the growing demand for food from an increasing global population. The use of chemical fertilizers, which are made with nitrogen and phosphorus, have greatly increased crop yields and ensuring food security.  However, the excessive use of these fertilizers has led to negative environmental impacts, including soil and water pollution. When nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are applied to fields, they can leach into groundwater and surface water, eventually making their way into lakes and oceans. This can lead to an overgrowth of algae and other plants, leading to phenomena such as red tide or blue-green algae that turn the water red or green.  ©The Poetry of Science ― Planetary Boundaries 6Freshwater Use ― The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has warned that 5 billion people will lack access to freshwater by 2050.  Freshwater resources are under increasing pressure from a variety of human activities, including industrial use and modification of water bodies. These impacts can have devastating consequences for the environment, including changes in river flows and disruptions to the natural movement of streams and rivers around the world.  ― Planetary Boundaries 7Land Use Changee ― Human activities, such as deforestation for agriculture, have led to the destruction of nearly 40% of the world’s forests, with the remaining 62% now in a zone of increased risk.  According the the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), approximately 110,000 to 150,000 square kilometers of forest are destroyed every year, which is equivalent to 36 soccer fields being destroyed every minute.  Change in land systems affect CO2 concentrations, water flow, solar heat absorption, biodiversity, and ecosystems, leading to climate change. In addition to their role in regulating the global climate, forests also provide critical habitats for a range of plants and animal species, many of which are already under threat due to habitat loss and fragmentation.  ― Planetary Boundaries 8Biodiversity Loss ― The Earth’s biodiversity is under threat. We have already crossed the safe boundaries for biodiversity loss and have entered the high-risk zone. Recent evidence shows that 100~1,000 species out of 1 million are becoming extinct in each year.  According to the planetary boundary framework, the safe operating space for biodiversity loss is when the number of species becoming extinct in one year is less than 10 species.  ― Planetary Boundaries 9Introduction of New Entities by Humans ― New entities created by humans are having a significant impact on the health of our planet.  Emissions of toxic and long-lived materials such as heavy metal compounds and radioactive substances are adversely affecting the global environment, with severe and irreversible consequences for living organisms and the physical environment.  These compounds, which we have introduced to the planet ourselves, have long-term and devastating effects on both current and future generations. They can reduce fertility and increase the likelihood of permanent genetic damage, threatening the sustainability of many species and ecosystems.  ― How Can We Protect the Planetary Boundaries? ― (Earth scientist Johan Rockström coined the concept of planetary boundaries. Source: TED) "If we don’t stop global warming between 2020 and 2030, the planet that has kept humanity warm will turn into an enemy and fiercely attack us." - Johan Rockström, Breaking Boundaries: The Science of Our Planet Droughts and desertification, Wildfires and floods, Rising sea levels and ocean acidification. It seems like the attack has already begun.  But there is still hope for us. The concept of planetary boundaries suggests that if humans can stay within these boundaries, we may be able to avoid catastrophic consequences. According to Professor Rockström, we need to undergo transition in the following 6 systems in order to maintain the health of the planet’s ecosystems and achieve stability and prosperity: △Energy △Food and land △Inequality △Urbanization △Population and health △Technology While it may seem daunting, the possibility of achieving these transitions lie in our hands. The actions we take between 2020 and 2030 will determine the future of our planet.  “Endless greed for material possessions has brought about serious air and water pollution that is destroying nature, including the ozone layer that protects us. If present trends continue, humanity will find itself destroyed by the traps of material civilization.” -Dr. Sun Myung Moon, As a Peace-Loving Global Citizen- Learn more about related issues   What is Anthropocene?   Living Planet Report 2022  Written by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is World Water Day?

World Water Day is an annual UN global observance on March 22nd. The theme for World Water Day 2023 is “Accelerating Change,” highlighting the urgent need to step up efforts in addressing the worsening water and sanitation crisis exacerbated by climate change. ― The Tale of a Hummingbird ―Once upon a time, a huge forest was consumed by a fire. All the animals in the forest ran for their lives,Except for one little hummingbird.It flew back into the burning forest with small droplets of water.The bigger animals laughed and said,“You are too little to put out this fire!”But the little hummingbird turned to them and replied,“I’m doing what I can.”-Ancient story from the Quechua people in Peru-(Video) World Water Day 2023 - YouTube, (Source) UN-Water― Q. What is World Water Day? ― A. World Water Day is observed on March 22nd created by the UN to celebrate water and raise awareness of those living without proper access to safe water.  March 22nd was declared as World Water Day during the 47th session of the United Nations General Assembly in December 1992, to raise awareness about the importance of safe water and urge nations to prevent water shortage and pollution.  The theme for World Water Day 2023 is “Accelerating Change,” focusing on the intensifying water shortage and sanitation crisis caused by climate change.  The theme emphasizes the urgency to accelerate change to survive the water crisis induced by extreme weather, droughts, and heat waves caused by global warming. Water is a vital resource that we use on a daily basis, yet many people lack awareness about its significance. This post will introduce the theme of World Water Day 2023 and explore different ways to conserve water in daily life.  ― Q. What is Water Stress Index? ―A. Water stress index is an indicator used by the Population Action International to assess the scarcity of a country’s renewable water supply, such as river or groundwater. It is divided into the following categories based on the amount of water that one person may use in one year. ▲ Relative sufficiency: above 1700㎥  ▲ Water-stressed: 1000∼1700㎥  ▲ Water-scarcity: below 1000㎥  In the map below, the red-colored regions are the most water-stressed, and most of the them are clustered in Africa and Middle East. The top five most water-stressed countries are: Lebanon, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Syria, and Turkey. On the other hand, the blue color shows regions with no water stress.  (Source: UN SDGs)According to the OECD Environment Outlook to 2050 released by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2012, water shortage will become more serious in the future. It is projected that 2.3 billion more people than today (in total 40% of world’s population) will live in areas of severe water stress, particularly in North and South Africa and South and Central Asia. In the same report, global water demand is expected to increase steeply in 2050, with a total increase of 55% compared to 2012, driven by increased demand from manufacturing (+400%), thermal power generation (+140%), and domestic use (+130%).  By 2050, South Korea will experience the most severe water stress among all countries in the OECD.  ― State of the World’s Sanitation ―Sanitation is closely related to the safety of water.  According to the Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) report released by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UN Water in December 2022, only a quarter of the world’s countries have drinking water management systems that meet international sanitation standards. Out of the 120 countries reported, more than 75% had insufficient budgets for managing drinking water, and only 25% managed it in compliance with WHO standards. The consequences of contaminated water are dire, with more than 829,000 people dying each year from drinking it and suffering from diarrhea. In 2019, more than 2 billion people were at risk of cholera, dysentery, and typhoid from using contaminated water for drinking. Poor access to good sanitation and hygiene claim the lives of millions of people every year. Moreover, the management of drinking water sanitation is deteriorating due to the increasing impact of climate change. ― World Water Day Actions ―Every drop makes a difference. Water is an essential resource that is vital for our survival, and we must take collective action to overcome the water crisis. The United Nations recognizes the importance of water conservation and has developed various initiatives to address the water crisis. Let’s explore one such guide that even the laziest among us can follow to save water.  ● The Lazy Person’s Guide to Saving the World Simple #WaterActions to help protect water*Please note: the following information is from the UN’s The Lazy Person’s Guide to Saving the World Level 1. Things You Can Do From Your Couch ◾ Take the Kahoot Quiz and test your water knowledge!◾ Turn off sleeping tech! Currently, 90% of power generation is water intensive. Turning off our devices when we’re not using them means less energy needs to be produced. ◾ Build pressure! Write to elected representatives about budgets for improving water at home and abroad. ◾ Create your action list! Choose and share what you are doing to do to help solve the water and sanitation crisis at unwater.org/bethechange.◾ Get informed! Explore the water and sanitation crisis at  www.worldwaterday.org.◾ Use your social media voice! Spread messages on SDG 6 and participate in #WorldWaterDay to raise awareness -  www.worldwaterday.org/share◾ Shop sustainably! A typical pair of jeans takes 10,000 liters of water to produce, equal to what a person drinks in 10 years.  Level 2. Things You Can Do From Home ◾ Take 5-minute showers! With 44% of household wastewater not being safely treated, taking shorter showers is a great way to save this precious resource. ◾ Fix leaking water and waste pipes!◾ Stop polluting! Don’t put food waste, oils, medicines and chemicals down the toilet or drains. ◾ Don’t throw away edible food! An estimated 1/3 of all food produced globally is lost or goes to waste. Reducing your food wastage reduces demand on agriculture, which is one of the biggest water consumers. So, reduce food waste and save water.  Level 3. Things You Can Do in Your Neighborhood ◾ Take part in clean-ups! It can be of your local rivers, lakes, wetlands or beaches. ◾ Protect nature! Plant a tree or create a raingarden – use natural solutions to reduce the risk of flooding and store water. ◾ Be curious! Find out where your water comes from and how it is shared and visit a treatment plant ot see how local waste is managed. ◾ Host an event! It can be a concert or a sports event to draw attention to local water and sanitation issues.   Level 4. Things You Could Do at Work ◾ Break taboos! Talk about the critical connection between toilets, water and menstruation.  ◾ Choose a plant-based meal! It typically takes between 3,000 and 5,000 liters of water to produce 1kg of rice, 2,000 liters for 1kg of soy, 900 liters for 1kg of wheat, and 500 liters for 1kg of potatoes. ◾ If you are a teacher or student, organize or propose a lesson on water! ◾ Get the office involved! Organize a Water Event, share facts and stories on SDG 6 in your internal newsletter, or participate in our suggested #WaterActions as a group.― One Drop at a Time ―A burning forest can be savedNot by the cynical bigger animalsBut by the little hummingbird who does its bestThe global water crisis is a complex issue that requires collective efforts to address. And every little action to save a drop of water can make a difference. With an attitude of service and cooperation, we can all take simple and effective actions to conserve water in our daily lives. One drop of water carried by one little hummingbird will never stop a forest fire. However, 8 billion hummingbirds each making a significant contribution can make a difference. By working together, we can create a more sustainable future and ensure access to clean water for generations to come. “It is human selfishness that is destroying nature. Human competition for the shortest route to economic success is the reason that the earth’s environment has been damaged. We cannot allow the earth to be damaged any further. We must work quickly to awaken people to the preciousness of nature. ”-from As a Peace-Loving Global CitizenDr. Sun Myung MoonCo-founder of Sunhak Peace Prize-Related articles  Symbol of Health and Human Rights  World Water Day - UNWritten by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is a Water Footprint?

A water footprint measures the amount of water used during the entire life cycle of a product, from production and manufacturing to consumption and disposal. More than 40% of the world’s population is expected to live in severe water-scarcity regions by 2050. Therefore, the concept of water footprint was introduced to understand the amount of water consumption in each country and induce sustainable use of water. A single cup of coffee contains 132L of water Water is essential for our daily routine, and we rely on it to stay clean, hydrated, and healthy. But have you ever stopped to consider just how much water you use throughout your day? From the moment you wake up and turn on the faucet to brush your teeth, to the final flush before going to bed, water is a constant presence in our lives.  However, you may be surprised to learn that the amount of water you use directly is just the tip of the iceberg. In fact, a significant portion of the water we consume is embedded in the products we use every day, such as the food we eat, the clothes we wear, and even our mobile phones. From production to disposal, the water footprint of these items can be enormous, and it’s important to understand this hidden impact on our water resources.  Coffee is a perfect example of how our water footprint extends far beyond what we see on the surface. How much water is used to make one cup of coffee? The answer is staggering: a single cup of coffee requires 132 liters of water to produce, in the process from growing and processing coffee beans to packaging and transportation. The above figure shows the water footprint of main agricultural products as reported by the UNESCO-IHE Delft Institute for Water Education. By understanding the hidden water cost of these products, you can probably imagine the total amount of water you may use up throughout your whole life.― Q. What is a Water Footprint? ―A. A water footprint is a measure of the amount of water people use in the entire process of production, consumption, and disposal of goods and services. And it takes into consideration both direct and indirect water use. Direct water footprint measures the amount of water used directly by the individuals, such as for washing and drinking. Indirect water footprint is the amount of water used to produce or manufacture the items we use.  For instance, let’s look at the life cycle of the shirt you are wearing. First, the producer acquires the fabric and manufactures it into a shirt, which is then sent to the store. After that, you purchase the shirt, wear it, and eventually it will be disposed of. Of course, water is used in every step, and a water footprint would show the amount of water used in the whole process. And in this case, it would be considered an indirect water footprint. A higher water footprint means more water was used in the process, and a smaller water footprint means less water was used.  So why do we calculate water footprint?  Because it can help us understand how much water we use and use water more effectively. For starters, a water footprint allows you to measure the amount of water used to provide the goods and services consumed by an individual, community, country, or the entire human race. It can be used to assess the efficiency of water use in the production and consumption stages of a product, as well as to identify imbalances in water use between developed and underdeveloped countries.(55) Arjen Hoekstra on The Water Footprint of Modern Consumer Society - YouTube   ● Types of Water Footprint  An environmental organization called the Water Footprint network (WFN) categorizes water footprints into three types.Green water footprint is water from precipitation that is stored in the root zone of the soil and evaporated, transpired or incorporated by plants. It is particularly relevant for agricultural, horticultural and forestry products.Blue water footprint is water that has been sourced from surface or groundwater resources and is either evaporated, incorporated into a product or taken from one body of water and returned to another, or returned at a different time. Irrigated agriculture, industry and domestic water use can each have a blue water footprint. Grey water footprint is the amount of fresh water required to assimilate pollutants to meet specific water quality standards. The grey water footprint considers point-source pollution discharged to a freshwater resource directly through a pipe or indirectly through runoff or leaching from the soil, impervious surfaces, or other diffuse sources. Blue and Grey Water Footprint for the Industry SectorThe chart below shows the blue and grey water footprint in Asian countries. The top five countries are China, Russia, India, Vietnam, and Ukraine.― Q. Why is Water Footprint Important? ―A.   Water is a vital resource for all living beings on Earth. Human beings consist of 70% water, and even a single day without water can lead to severe discomfort and endanger their lives. As water scarcity has become an environmental issue around the world, the international community has begun to look for ways to address it. One of the efforts involve trying to understand how much water is actually consumed in each country and coming up with ways to prepare for future water shortages. This is where the concept of water footprint was introduced. The OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 released in 2012 predicts that the economy will develop four-fold and the population will grow to about 9 billion. If this trend continues, humanity is more than likely to need more water resources. The report also predicts that more than 40% of the global population will live in severe water-stress regions. Among the 34 OECD countries, South Korea, Belgium, and Spain rank as the top three countries under severe water-stress.  ― Water Footprint of Daily Products ― Agriculture and industry use the majority of the world’s freshwater, 70% and 19% respectively. While this is true, there is also a sharp increase in domestic water demand from households. According to a new data from World Resources Institute (WRI), domestic water demand grew 600% from 1960 to 2014, which is much faster compared to any other sector. The chart provided below shows the water footprint of various food products to help you understand their impact on water consumption. It is evident that meat has a significantly larger water footprint compared to most other food items. If you choose to consume more vegetables, you can effectively reduce your water footprint.Source : Water Footprint network, WFN You can also use the link below to learn the water footprint of other food products you enjoy.  PDFHowtoCalculatetheWaterFootprintofanyFood.pdf ― Water Footprint Calculator ―The Water Footprint network (WFN) website has an interesting calculator that assesses your own water footprint if you enter your country of residence, gender, dietary habit, and income. It is an estimation based on the average consumption patterns of individuals in each country. Therefore, it may not be exact, but it is a useful tool that enables you to compare your water footprint to the global average. ― How to Reduce Water Footprint ―What are some ways to reduce our water footprint?The indirect water footprint is said to be much larger than direct water footprint. Let us look at two ways to reduce the amount of indirect footprint.  The first method is to replace consumer products that have a large water footprint with other types of products that leave a smaller water footprint. For example, you can save a lot of water by eating less meat and more vegetables, drinking tea or water instead of coffee, and wearing processed fibers instead of natural fibers.  It may be hard for some people to choose vegetables over meat, or to give up coffee and pure cotton. If you are one of them, there is a second option. You can stick to the same consumption patterns but choose meat, coffee, and cotton that comes from regions with a relatively small water footprint or where water scarcity is not as high.  This seems doable, but there is one little problem. In order for you to make these choices, you need the right information. However, there is not much information out there that tells you which brand of coffee has a lesser water footprint.  It is crucial for consumers to demand transparency from companies regarding their manufacturing processes and to urge governments to establish appropriate systems or institutions.  In 2020, the European Union (EU) initiated the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) scheme, which assigns a quantifiable value to products based on the amount and quality of water consumed throughout their lifecycle, from production to disposal. This scheme can help companies better understand their water consumption and reduce their product costs, while enabling consumers to identify environmentally-friendly products if adopted worldwide.  It is important to be mindful of our water footprint as the production, disposal, and use of products consume more water than we realize. By understanding the hidden water costs of products like coffee, we can take steps to reduce our water footprint and make more sustainable choices.  Protecting the environment means protecting our own future. And small steps like conserving water while washing dishes or taking shorter showers can make a significant impact. Let’s all take part in protecting the Earth for a better future.   “Human beings and nature have an inseparable relationship.” -Dr. Hak Ja Han, Founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize- Learn more about this issue:   - The Horn of Africa suffers its worst drought ever By Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is Gender-based Violence?

Gender-based violence refers to any act of violence that causes physical, sexual, psychological, or socio-economic harm to women. One in three women experience gender-based violence during their lifetime, and 5 women are killed every hour by someone in their own family. However, only 40% of them seek help, which means that 60% of women affected by violence live in despair, enduring pain that can be fatal.  Violence against women and girls take place every day, many times over, and in every corner of the world. Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive violation of human rights that affects a significant number of women and girls worldwide. It is estimated that 1 in every 3 women will experience physical or sexual violence in their lifetime. The impact of GBV on the physical and mental well-being of victims is significant and long-lasting. Victims and survivors may experience physical health problems, as well as emotional trauma that can lead to self-harm, isolation, depression, and even suicidal attempts. Despite its widespread occurrence, GBV often goes unreported due to fear of criticism or economic repercussions. Moreover, many victims and perpetrators do not recognize it as a form of violence or abuse that requires intervention. As a result, the problem of GBV persists and progress towards addressing it remains slow. ― Q. What is Gender-Based Violence (GBV)? ―   “Gender-based violence,” “violence against women,” and “gender-based violence against women” are all terms used to describe forms of violence that specifically target individuals based on their gender. Let’s take a look at each term and how they are different. Gender-based violence Gender-based violence refers to any act of violence against a person because of their gender or gender identity. It can take many forms, including physical, sexual, psychological, or socio-economic.   The Council of Europe defines gender-based violence based on the Istanbul Convention (2011) as the following: “Gender-based violence refers to any type of harm that is perpetrated against a person or group of people because of their factual or perceived sex, gender, sexual orientation and/or gender identity.” In other words, men can also be a target of gender-based violence. Statistically, the number of such cases is much smaller in comparison with women, but it should not be neglected. In addition, the Council of Europe mentions “perceived gender,” which refers to LGBT+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and others who do not fit into the traditional gender category). Violence against them falls within the scope of GBV. Gender-based violence against women The term gender-based violence against women is used to pinpoint women as the victims.  Article 3 of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention 2011) as the following: “violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately” Violence against women This term includes all types of violence that targets women. The Council of Europe define it as the following:  “all acts of gender-based violence that result in, or are likely to result in, physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm or suffering to women (including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life)” In short, “gender-based violence” is a broad concept that includes men, women, and LGBT+. But because it affects women disproportionately more than men, the term is generally used in the same sense as “violence against women.” ― Q. What causes gender-based violence? ― Answer: Same as any other type of violence – imbalance of power. GBV is a manifestation of power and control, with the intention to insert that superiority on individuals or groups based on their gender. It is deeply rooted in the social and cultural structures, norms and values that govern society, and is often perpetuated by a culture of denial and silence. This can happen in both the private and public settings, including the home, workplace, school, and community. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for a partner or spouse to be the primary perpetrator. But it can be committed by anyone, including family members, colleagues, acquaintances, or strangers. ― Types of gender-based violence ― GBV is carried out in various forms, including sexual, physical, verbal, psychological (emotional), or socio-economic violence. The spectrum of GBV ranges from subtle forms such as verbal abuse and hate speech on the Internet, to more severe forms like rape and murder. The UN Women categorizes gender-based violence into 7 different types: 1. Domestic Violence Domestics violence (or intimate partner violence) refers to any act of behavior that is used to exert power and control over an intimate partner. It is one of the most common forms of violence that women experience, which includes physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and economic actions or threats of actions. ◾ Economic violence: This type of violence involves controlling a person’s access to financial resources, making them financially dependent, or limiting their ability to attend school or work. ◾ Psychological violence: This form of violence involves causing fear through intimidation, making threats to harm the victim, their loved ones, or their property, playing mind games, or forcing isolation from friends, family, and community. ◾ Emotional violence: This type of violence undermines a person’s self-worth by subjecting them to constant criticism, belittling their abilities, name-calling, and verbal abuse, damaging their relationship with their children, or preventing them from seeing friends and family.  ◾ Physical violence: This form of violence involves inflicting harm or attempting to do so through actions such as hitting, kicking, burning, grabbing, pinching, shoving, slapping, hair-pulling, biting, denying medical care, forcing drug or alcohol use, or any form of physical force, including property damage.  ◾ Sexual violence: This type of violence involves forcing someone to engage in sexual acts without their consent.    2. Femicide Femicide refers to the intentional killing of women because of their gender. Most femicides are committed by partners or ex-partners. In 2021, 45,000 women and girls were murdered by someone in their family (partner, parent, uncle, or sibling). ◾ Honor killing: In honor killing, a woman or girl is killed for the reason that she has brought dishonor or shame upon the family. These killings often are related to sexual purity and perceived violations by female family members.    3. Sexual Violence Sexual violence refers to any sexual act committed without the consent of another person. This includes acts performed against individuals who are unable to give consent, such as children, those with mental disabilities, and those who are heavily intoxicated or unconscious due to drugs or alcohol.  ◾ Sexual harassment: This act encompasses unwanted physical contact of a sexual nature, such as grabbing, pinching, slapping, or rubbing, as well as non-physical actions such as catcalling, making sexual comments about a person’s appearance, demanding sexual favors, engaging in sexually suggestive staring, stalking, and exposing one’s genitalia.  ◾ Rape: This is defined as any non-consensual penetration using any body part of object. It can be by any person known or unknown to the victim, within marriage and relationships, and during armed conflict.    4. Human trafficking Human trafficking involves the illegal acquisition and exploitation of individuals through the use of force, deception, coercion, or fraud. Millions of women and girls are affected by this inhumane practice, with many of them subject to sexual exploitation.  5. FGM Female genital mutilation (FGM) is causing injury or altering the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is considered a social norm in the Middle East and some regions of Africa for girls to go through this procedure before entering adulthood or marriage. In 1997, it was classified as a violence through a joint statement by WHO, UNICEF, and UNFPA.  (Learn more: Video: What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?) 6. Child Marriage A marriage is considered child marriage when one or both of the spouses are below the age of 18. It is a violation of the statement that “marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses” in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Girls are more prone to forced marriages than boys and are likely to discontinue school and experience other forms of violence.  7. Online or Digital Violence Online or digital violence refers to using information and communication technology (mobile phone, Internet, social media, computer game, text messages, emails, etc.) to commit violence against a person because of their gender. ― Facts about gender-based violence ― Gender-based violence is not limited to women and girls, but according to a WHO report in 2021, at least 1 in 3 women (about 736 million women) experienced intimate partner violence, non-partner sexual violence, or both, more than once in their lifetime. Read report: Statistical_framework_femicide_2022.pdf (unodc.org) The facts in the report on gender-related killing of women and girls published by the UNODC in 2022 is even more shocking.  1. Every hour, 5 women are murdered by someone in their own family.  Globally, 45,000 women and girls were killed by their intimate partner or other members of their family (parent, uncle, or siblings) in 2021. It means that on average, 5 women and girls were killed by someone in their own family every hour. Murder by intimate partner or ex-partner accounted for 65% of all intimate partner and family-related murders. Source: Statistical_framework_femicide_2022.pdf (unodc.org)   2. Femicide is a universal issue Like all other forms of female-related gender-based violence, femicide is an issue that affects all countries and regions around the world. According to the report mentioned above, Asia ranked highest in the number of women killed by intimate partner and family-related murders, with an estimated 17,800 victims. It was followed by 17,200 in Africa; 7,500 in the Americas; 2,500 in Europe; and 300 in Oceania. According to figures adjusted to population size, intimate partner and family-related murder per 100,000 were as follows: Africa (2.5 people), Americas (1.4 people), Oceania (1.2 people), Asia (0.8 people), and Europe (0.6 people). 3. The true scale of femicide is much higher  The reported numbers are alarming, but it is actually only a tip of the iceberg when compared to the numbers in reality. About 4 out of 10 intentional femicide cases in 2021 do not have enough information to identify them as gender-related murders, due to national variation in criminal justice recording and investigational practices. Therefore, it is very likely that the true number of femicide victims is much higher. Women and girls experience violence from a very young age. According to a 2020 survey by the UN Populations Fund, 24% of girls aged 1 to 15 experience physical and/or sexual violence. Countries with the highest level of intimate partner violence are (in order): Papua New Guinea, Afghanistan, Vanuatu, Equatorial Guinea, Kiribati, Solomon Island, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lebanon, Liberia, and Timor Leste. Source: UN Population Fund   In the map below, the darker the color of the country, the higher the level of intimate partner violence.  COVID-19 has intensified violence against women Lockdowns, deepening isolation, stress, and economic uncertainties brought on by the pandemic led to a dramatic increase in violence against women. They were exposed to various forms of GBV, including domestic violence, child marriage, and online sexual harassment. According to the Rapid Gender Assessments conducted in 13 countries 2021 by UN Women, women who experienced or know other women who experienced violence since COVID-19 was 45%. The recent Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022 explains the intensified gender-based violence after the pandemic. According to the report, 26% (641 million) of women between 15 and 49 years of age have experienced physical or sexual violence from their intimate partner more than once in their lives. But in 49 countries, there are no laws to protect women from such violence. In 2021, one out of every five women in the world married before the age of 18. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had the highest rate of child marriage, with 35% and 28% of young females. Another report shows that at least 200 million women and girls in 31 countries were victims of FGM. Currently, women even need their husbands’ permission to work in 18 countries around the world.  ― Women in silence Why gender-based violence is under-reported ― One in three women experience gender-based violence But they often remain in silence Why? The biggest reason is fear. And the victims often do not realize the need for others to intervene. They may believe that what happens at home should stay at home. Unfortunately, this make it difficult to prevent GBV and exacerbates abuse. Because the perpetrator is not properly punished for their crime, the victim is exposed to greater harm, sometimes leading to fatal consequences. In some countries, most types of GBV are illegal and punishable by law. But there are countries without such protection law, and implementation of GBV-related laws are in urgent need. ― Ways to help prevent gender-related violence ― Gender-based violence against women and girls is not inevitable. It can be prevented by leading policy changes, holding governments accountable, and providing services to care for the victims. The International Rescue Committee has come up with 6 ways to help prevent GBV. 1. Increase funding to end violence against women and girls. We need funds to run programs. Less than 1% of the world’s humanitarian funds are used for GBV prevention and response programs (as of 20108). And this accounts for less than 1/3 of the funding needs. Strengthening financial support and partnerships for women’s rights groups will be crucial to reducing and preventing gender-based violence. 2. Keep girls in school Keeping girls in school gives them greater safety and security and more control over their life choices. However, many girls in conflict areas are unlikely to finish school due to child marriage, teenage pregnancy, and housework duties. 43% of girls in Nigeria, 37% of girls in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and 40% of girls in Ethiopia are subject to child marriage, which is a barrier to their education. 3. Champion women’s economic empowerment Women with economic opportunities can enhance their status in their home and community. Unfortunately, women affected by crisis and displacement suffer trauma and have unequal access to labor markets and financial services. 4. Give women cash Having cash increases one’s freedom to make a choice in emergency. Banks, governments, and other financial institutions should work together to provide a safe and easy-to-use options for women. For example, providing prepaid debit cards and mobile remittance will help women to buy the goods and services they need. 5. Include women and girls in decision making Participation of women in decision-making of policies that involve women and girls are essential. A policy and social norm should be in place to allow women to actively participate in leadership positions to address the humanitarian crisis. 6. Engage men in the fight to end violence against women and girls The main perpetrator of gender-based violence is men. Therefore, male participation is essential to end this violence. We need more men to understand the need for and actively promote gender equality in their daily lives to resolve this issue.  Half the world is women. But power and wealth are disproportionately leaned toward men, often acting as a harsh violence against women. Women’s rights are improving, but many issues still remain as obstacles until all women have universal human rights: from regressive laws that aggravate punishment for domestic violence perpetrators to the use of force against those speaking out against femicide and gender-based violence. We still have a long way to go, but as with anything else, change starts with one small step.   “A Society that fails to uplift the voices of women cannot achieve true peace and happiness.” from Mother of Peace Dr. Hak Ja Han, Founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize  Learn more about this issue:    Reason for her Death: Improper Hijab    Waris Dirie laureates page    GBV-related International organizations:    UN Women    UNICEF    UN Population Fund: Gender Equalit    UN Population Fund: Female Genital Mutilation    UN Population Fund: Child Marriage    UN Population Fund: Engaging Men and Boys    UN Population Fund: Gender-based Violence    UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Gender Statistics Written by: Yeon Je Choi Translated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue What is Gender Gap Index?

You may have witnessed gender inequality or experienced it yourself at some point in your life. Gender inequality is prevalent at school, work, and in other parts of your daily life. Interestingly, there is a number that measures the level of gender inequality of each country and the world as a whole. And it is called the Gender Gap Index. ― Q. What is Gender Gap Index? ―  A. The Gender Gap Index is published by the World Economic Forum since 2006, and it measures the gender gap in about 100 countries each year. It assesses the rights and opportunities of men versus women in each country four key areas. ▲Economic Participation and Opportunity ▲Educational Attainment ▲Health and Survival and ▲Political Empowerment.   The Global Gender Gap Report shows comparison between countries to identify countries with small and large gender gaps. It also determines how far away we are from gender equality. Watch video : What is Gender Gap Index? ― Q. How is Gender Gap Index Calculated? ― Gender gap index is calculated in the framework of 4 categories between 0 (0% equality) and 1 (100% equality). The final score closer to 0 means a bigger gender gap. The final score closer to 1 means we are closer to gender equality. ◈ Economic Participation and Opportunity This category measures the ratio of male to female in labor participation, in managerial positions, in professional jobs, and their wages. ◈ Educational Achievement This category measures the ratio of male to female illiteracy rate, school entrance rate, elementary education, and secondary education. ◈ Health and Survival The category measures the ratio of male to female in birth rate and expected healthy life expectancy. ◈ Political Empowerment This category measures the ratio of male to female lawmakers, parliamentarians, and government leaders. The gender gap index diagnoses the current degree of gender gap and identify effective policies to narrow the gender gap by comparing scores across countries. However, it is important to note that the index only focuses on how big the “gap” is between men and women. It means that even if women have high representation and status in a country, the gender gap score may be low because it’s lower in comparison to men. This is because the gender gap index is designed to be calculated by evaluating only the gender gap within the country without reflecting the different economic and social level of each country. In other words, even if the quality of life is low for both men and women, the score can be high even if the gender difference is relatively small. For example, in places like Rwanda with continuous war, the gender gap is small because the score is low for both men and women. We should remember that the gender gap index is useful for comparison among countries with similar economic levels. ― Global Gender Gap Report in 2022 ― Now let’s take a look at the most recent global gender gap scores. Global Gender Gap Report 2022 Assuming that 100% means perfect gender equality, the global score for equality in 2022 was 68.1%. At this rate, it will take 132 years for the world to reach full gender equality. This is actually an improvement from the 2021 estimate of 136 years. The below graph shows the Global Gender Gap score for each sub index. ▲ Economic Participation and Opportunity (60.3%) ▲ Educational Achievement (94.4%) ▲ Health and Survival (95.8%) ▲ Political Empowerment (22%). Two dimension that need urgent improvement are education and politics.   The 2022 Global Gender Gap Index surveyed 146 countries. 102 of those countries have been included in the reports since 2006, enabling time series analysis.   ― Which regions experience bigger gender inequalities? ― ● Gender Gap by region in 2022 According to the 2022 Gender Gap Index, North America (76.9%), Europe (76.65), Latin America and the Caribbean (72.6%) are more gender-equal. Sub-Saharan Africa (67.8%), Middle East and North Africa (63.4%) and South Asia (62.4%) are less so. It seems urgent to improve the human rights of women in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and South Asia. ● 10 countries with the biggest gender gap in 2022   In 2022, Afghanistan (0.435) topped the list with the largest gender gap. Countries in the Middle East and Africa also ranked high. Pakistan (0.564), Democratic Republic of the Congo (0.575), Iran (0.576), Chad (0.579), Mali (0.601), and Algeria (0.602). Click to read about gender gap in Afghanistan ● 10 Countries with the smallest gender gap in 2022 According to the 2022 Gender Gap Index, Iceland (0.908) topped the list for the 13th consecutive year, followed by northern European countries such as Finland (0.860) and Norway (0.845), followed by New Zealand (0.841) Watch related video: Study gives new insight into gender pay gap, questioning previous research | DW News ― Various indicators to measure gender inequality ― In addition to the Gender Gap Index, there are various other indicators that measure gender equality. Two of them, the "gender inequality index" released by the United Nations and the “mobile gender gap” are emerging as important indicators. ● Gender Inequality Index (GII) It is an index created by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 2010 to measure the degree of gender inequality in each country. Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published its annual Human Development Report, which includes the Human Development Index as well as the Gender Inequality Index. The index measures five indicators in three categories. ▲ Health (maternal mortality ratio & adolescent fertility rate) ▲ Empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held & secondary or higher education attainment levels) ▲ Labour market (women’s participation in the workforce)    The index score is within a range of 0 to 1, with a score of 0 indicating a state of no inequality and a score of 1 indicating a state of complete inequality. In 1990, when the survey began, the global gender inequality index was 0.581. In 2021, we can see that it is gradually moving closer toward equality at 0.465. Read Report on Gender Inequality Index Report : Gender Inequality Index | Human Development Reports (undp.org)   ● Mobile Gender Gap The Groupe Spécial Mobile Association (GSMA), a global association of mobile network operators, has been tracking and publishing mobile Internet gender gaps as a report since 2017. In 2017, women were 25% less likely to use the mobile Internet than men, but by 2020, the gender gap had narrowed to 15%. However, in 2021, the gender gap in mobile Internet use increased again to 16%, indicating that progress has stagnated. Women are 7% less likely to own a mobile phone than men, and 16% less likely to use mobile Internet. That means 264 million fewer women have access to the mobile Internet than men. The gender gap in mobile Internet use worldwide is the largest in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, from 2020 to 2021, South Asian men's use of mobile Internet continued to increase, while there was no change for women, increasing the gender gap from 36% to 41%. Link to the Mobile Gender Gap Report2022 GSMA | Gender Gap - Mobile for Development ― Is Gender Equality possible? ― To achieve gender equality, social changes must be accompanied, ranging from increasing women's representation in leadership and decision-making to redistributing care labor and production resources. According to the 2022 Global Gender Gap Index, the gender gaps in education (94.4%) and health (95.8%) are narrowed. In contrast, the gender gap in politics (22%) and economics (60.3%) is very large, which will be the areas of focus for man countries.   Let's bridge the gender gap in Politics! Politics has the largest gender gap. There are three indicators of political empowerment. First is the ratio of women in the ministerial position. Second is the ratio of women in the parliament. Third is the length of their tenure as the head of the state. Ratio of women in the ministerial position may be increased by the will of the President or the political party. However, more long-term and systematic efforts are needed to improve the gender gap between the proportion of women in parliament and the tenure of men and women at the head of the state. First of all, females need equal access to education to raise women of talent, and public awareness of female leaders also needs improvement. Let's bridge the gender gap in the Economics! Detailed indicators of economic participation include the proportion of women in legislators and senior and managerial positions as well as gender gap in wages and income. The gender gap between female and male legislators and senior and managerial positions is a task that is also in line with the proportion of women in the parliament. This gap should be improved in the public sector first then the government may encourage the private sector to follow in closing the gap. But the most urgent issue is the gender gap in wages and income. There are many factors that affect this gap, including structural barriers, socioeconomic and technological changes, and economic shocks. While more and more women are promoted to better paid jobs and leadership positions, much of the social expectations, employment policies, legal environments, and childcare put women at a disadvantage in most parts of the world. Undoubtedly, we still need new social policies in various sectors to bridge the gender gap in the labor market. ― 5 ways to build gender equality and sustainability ― In 2022, the UN Women proposed five ways to drive change and close the gender gap widened during the pandemic. 1. Empower women smallholders Increasing the number of female smallholders would greatly help promote women's economy. *smallholders: small-scale farmers who manage up to 10 hectares or about 25 acres of agricultural areas Fifty-five percent of food security improvements in developing countries over the past few decades have been made. And it is thanks to programs that promote women's empowerment. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that if female farmers have equal access to production resources, farm yields will increase by 20 to 30 percent. This number is enough food to keep 100 to 150 million people from starving and reduce global hunger by 12 to 17 percent. 2. Invest in Care The global economy relies primarily on unpaid and low-paid care work primarily performed by women. Unfortunately, women's care work is not valued for what it’s worth and is treated as a free commodity. To improve this, governments should approach care work as a social value, expand availability and provide adequate support. This includes investment in expanding care services and increased support for unpaid caregivers. The private sector can also support unpaid care through paid family leave and flexible work hours. 3. Support Women's Leadership In general, women are more likely to consider their families and communities in the decision-making process. Countries with a high proportion of women in parliament tend to adopt stricter climate change policies, reducing carbon emissions. 4. Support women's organizations Cooperation between women's groups and governments can help ensure that policies are implemented effectively. In vulnerable communities, women's groups often act as an informal safety net, helping to bridge the gap in government services and provide emergency assistance. If the government funds women's organizations, it can build resilience in every corner of the community. 5. Protect Women's Health Women are generally more likely to die from climate disasters because they have limited access to resources and services. Global warming is increasing the spread of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus, which are deeply related to negative pregnancy and childbirth outcomes.  "A society that fails to uplift the voices of women cannot achieve true peace and justice." - from Mother of PeaceHak Ja Moon, Founder of Sunhak Peace Prize - Written by: Yeon Je ChoiTranslated by: Hyang Oh

Peace Issue Find the answer in nature through Nature-based Solutions

― City of Tomorrow, Malmö, Sweden ― Malmö, Sweden, and is considered one of the best places to live on earth and is drawing in different populations from around the world. As millennials who value quality of life flow into Malmö, more than 60,000 new jobs have been created in startup, and corporates in EU and other countries are moving their headquarters from Northern Europe. Not only that, the number of tourists is also on a steady rise.   What makes this city so attractive?    The biggest reason lies in its new sustainability. The Bo01 neighborhood in Malmö was transformed into the “City of Tomorrow” where 100% of its energy comes from renewable energy sources in 2015. And the use of renewable energy is increasing throughout the city of Malmö since then.   Moreover, 470 kilometers of bicycle lanes were installed throughout the city. This has allowed 30% of all trips to be made by bicycle, and 40% of all daily commutes are done by bicycle travel.     Industrial city transformed into a sustainable city       The lush green forests and high self-sufficiency in clean energy such as wind, solar, and geothermal power provide the highest air quality in Malmö. However, it was a ghost town that was unimaginably dark until some years ago.   In fact, Malmö used to be known for Tears of Malmö. Malmö was a city that flourished in the shipbuilding industry until the 1970s, and the rise of shipbuilding in Korea and China caused the local economy to stagnate. Since then, Malmö had become a ghost city with 30,000 workers escaping at low tide, and it was more widely known as Tears of Malmö after the Kockums Crane, a symbol of the "world's largest shipyard" and Malmö's pride, was sold to South Korea for $1.   'City of Tomorrow'   Tears of Malmö was transformed into an ecofriendly city through the City of Tomorrow project.   The city of Malmö purchased a coastal factory area and redeveloped the eco-friendly ecological zone "Bo01" with a capacity of 1,000 households. Bo01 district has been redeveloped as a clean and livable city by applying the concept of urban regeneration using 100% new and renewable energy.   How is it possible to run a city on 100% renewable energy? A 2MW wind power plant, a 120m2 solar panel site, and 48 high wind turbines on the west coast of Malmö were built to generate electricity.   In addition, solar panels are attached to the rooftops and walls of all buildings, all household waste from homes is recycled, and bio-gas made from food waste is used to replace automobile fuel. 83 percent of the heat sources come from underground aquifer, 15 percent from solar heat, and 2 percent from bio-gas.   As a result, Malmö's carbon dioxide emissions, which stayed firmly at 2,000 tons a year in 1985, are now down to a quarter of that amount.   Through this transformation process, the population has increased by 400,000 in comparison to when the shipbuilding industry was booming, the average age of the population is 36, and about 40% of the total population is under the age of 29. In particular, highly educated talents such as R&D, finance, and social service personnel moved into this area.   The answer to Malmö's grand metamorphosis was Nature-based Solutions (NbS), which involves solving environmental issues by using nature's own resources such as warm sunlight, cool wind, clean air, water, and soil in a smart way.     ― What is Nature-based Solutions? ― The international community is seeking a transition to a low-carbon society with the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. Nature-based solutions involve utilizing nature’s functions to reach the goal of carbon neutrality and make Earth sustainable, as well as working with nature to achieve green economy.   Malmö City provides a great example of utilizing nature-based solutions by using eco-friendly methods to provide energy through wind power, solar power, and geothermal power.     ― Definition of nature-based solutions ― International organizations have their own definitions of nature-based solutions. Let’s find them out!   ◈ International Union for Convention of Nature (IUCN)  “Actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits” (Cohen-Shacham, 2016, IUCN)   ◈ United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) “Actions to protect, conserve, restore, sustainably use and manage natural or modified terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems, which address social, economic and environmental challenges effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing human well-being, ecosystem services and resilience and biodiversity benefits.”   ◈ European Union (EU) “Solutions that are inspired and supported by nature, which are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social and economic benefits and help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, and more diverse, nature and natural features and processes into cities, landscapes and seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient and systemic interventions.”   If this concept sounds new to you, do not worry. You can think of it as an umbrella word that includes other related concepts such as ecological engineering, ecological restorations, ecological adaptation, etc.     ― How this concept emerged and was developed ―   The World Bank was the first to introduce the concept of nature-based solutions in 2008. Since the 2000s, international discussions became more active as biodiversity loss became worse and global warming accelerated.   In 2008, the World Bank published its first official report on Nature-Based Solutions, ‘Biodiversity, Climate Change and Adaptation: Nature-Based Solutions from the World Bank Portfolio.’        Afterwards, discussions on nature-based solutions (NbS) began to take shape when the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) presented ways to mitigate climate change, adapt, secure water, food and energy supplies, combat poverty and economic growth at the 15th meeting of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2009.   Later, during the 8th World Water Forum held in 2018, UN-Water announced the Nature-Based Solution (NbS) as the theme of the “2018 World Water Development Report.”   The 2018 World Water Development Report pointed out, "The disconnection of water circulation in the ecosystem as well as in the human body means disconnection of material circulation and energy flow. Urban development projects cause heat pollution and air pollution by artificially changing wetlands, rivers, forests, and grasslands."   Nature-based solutions were emphasized as the solution that uses natural actions and processes to facilitate circulation and flow in the ecosystem when building infrastructure.     Link to the 20108 World Water Development Report   In 2019, the UN confirmed NbS as one of the nine measures to cope with climate change during the Climate Action Summit, and since then, countries around the world have evaluated NbS as a method to both responding to climate change and enhancing biodiversity.   Recently, NbS has emerged as a sustainable way to achieve 2050 carbon neutrality in the international community, including the EU, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).     ― Why Nature-based Solutions? ― Achieving carbon neutrality requires reducing carbon at an unprecedented rate. However, no matter how hard we try, it's hard to make zero carbon emissions, so we have to get rid of the carbon that is already released into the atmosphere.   However, the method of directly trapping and removing carbon from the air is not practical because it is expensive. On the other hand, natural-based solutions (NbS) utilizes practical ways to reduce atmospheric carbon in the ecosystem, so they can be put into practice immediately.   Cecil Girardin and others at Oxford University analyzed in a commentary in Nature magazine in 2021 that nature-based solutions could reduce 10 GtCO2e (1 billion tons of carbon dioxide) every year. Half of this is to reduce emissions, and the other half is to increase absorption. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced ▲20% through forestation ▲40% through protection of the ecosystem, and ▲40% through management of soil.   For this reason, Sweden and many other countries are currently using NbS as a means to respond to the climate crisis. Of the 168 countries that submitted the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Climate Agreement, 131 countries are using the nature-based solutions as a means to cope with the climate crisis.     ― Nature-based solutions and carbon neutrality ― We have looked at how NbS is helpful in solving the climate crisis.   According to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC's Third Working Group on Climate Change published in 2022, nature-based solutions in agriculture, forestry and other land uses (AFOLU) sectors could economically reduce greenhouse gases 8 to 16 GtCO2e annually from 2020 to 2050.   That's 20 to 30 percent of the world's greenhouse gases that need to be cut to prevent temperature rise of 1.5 or 2 degrees by 2050.   In its 2022 State of Finance for Nature report, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) predicts that to achieve its goal of curbing 1.5 degrees of global temperature rise, it will have to spend $484 billion annually on nature-based solutions by 2030. More investment seems to be needed in the future.   ― Types of Nature-based Solutions ―   The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) largely divides nature-based solutions (NbS) into ▲ restoration ▲ issue-specific ▲ infrastructure ▲ management and ▲ protection. And the goal is to solve the social problem of human welfare and biodiversity recovery.          | Restoration   - Ecological Restoration (ER)   - Ecological Engineering (EE)   - Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)    | Issue-specific   - Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA)   - Ecosystem-based Mitigation (EbM)   - Climate Adaptation Services (CAS)   - Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)    | Infrastructure   - Natural Infrastructure (NI)   - Green Infrastructure (GI)    | Management   - Ecosystem-based Management (EbMgt)    | Protection   - Area-based Conservation (AbC)     ―

Peace Issue What is Anthropocene?

― What is Anthropocene? ―   [Anthropocene] This is a proposed unit of geological time coined to describe the present geological age in which the earth’s surface has changed greatly due to human influence The increasing human activities since the Industrial Revolution is changing the geological system of the Holocene Epoch, which started after the last ice age.  Source: Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) under the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) The term Anthropocene started with the concept that humans have brought changes to the planet’s climate and ecosystem significant enough to change the geological time, as a meteorite has done.  Let’s think back to Middle School Science class. We learned that geologic time scale is determined by geologic events or extinction of certain species. Do you also remember learning about the three eras that began after each mass extinction - Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, and Cenozoic Era?     ▲ The Paleozoic Era began 540 million years ago when traces of invertebrates such as trilobites first appeared  ▲ The Mesozoic Era began 252 million years ago when reptiles flourished ▲ The Cenozoic Era began 66 million years ago when mammals came about   Each era is divided into periods, which is subdivided into epochs. Which time scale are we living in right now? The answer is – take a deep breath – the Meghalayan Age of the Holocene Epoch of the Quarternary Period of the Cenozoic Era. The Holocene epoch began 11,700 years ago with the ending of the last ice age and continues until the present day. However, that may change and we may be heading into a new epoch as human beings have made some fatal changes to the Earth.    (the New York TImes) ― Anthropocene and Climate Change  ―   Eugene F. Stoermer first coined the term Anthropocene in the early 1980s to explain the increasing effect of human activities on the planet earth. He wanted to point out that the earth’s environment was destroyed in just 200 years due to climate change after 200,000 years of no-change since homo sapiens appeared on this earth.  And what caused this change is not plate movements or meteorite collisions, but human actions. The new Anthropocene Epoch sends a warning that is not to be taken lightly.  ― Anthropocene may soon become official ―   The proposal to give a new name to the has not been officially accepted. However, discussions on Anthropocene has been on the rise, and there is a recent movement to officially ratify the term as an Epoch within the geologic time scale.    According to a New York Times article published on December 17, 2022, the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) has entered the internal voting stage to determine the details of ratification such as the starting point of the new time scale. *AWG is an interdisciplinary research group dedicated to the study of the Anthropocene. It was established as a constituent body of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) under the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS).    In fact, researchers across scientific disciplines have agreed that the concept of Anthropocene should be defined, but there has been dispute about setting the standard of the time scale.   The AWG, composed of 34 experts from across the world, is in the process of examining the candidate locations to confirm that the Earth has entered a new geological time and deciding the specific time scale.    Nine locations have been selected to study the sedimentary layers, which include Japan’s Beppuman in Kyushu, Lake Crawford in Ontario, Canada, and the Antarctic Peninsula Glacier among others.  It is expected that the official ratification of the term Anthropocene will be decided by the spring time this year when all internal voting is completed.    The NYT article added that Anthropocene will be officially recognized as a geologic time only with more than 60% of the vote from each of the three committees, and ratification may be difficult for years if there is a lot of opposition.      ― Who coined the term Anthropocene? ― Nobel Prize-winner Paul Crutzen (1933-2021) makes proposal to name the present time as Anthropocene, Max Planck Society   The word Anthropocene was popularized by atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen who won the Nobel Prize in 2000 for his work in studying the atmospheric ozone.    In February 2000, Crutzen discovered that carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere and nitrogen content in the soil were outside the Holocene range while studying the global system changes as a member of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP).    Then with Eugene Stoermer he introduced the idea of Anthropocene in the newsletter for the IGBP. With firm belief that the cause for change was human activities, he proposed calling the current geological time with the new term, determined to make known that human behavior has brought drastic changes to the Earth’s system.  International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)     “Considering these and many other major and still growing impacts of human activities on earth and atmosphere, and at all, including global scales, it seems to us more than appropriate to emphasize the central role of mankind in geology and ecology by proposing to use the term “Anthropocene” for the current geological epoch.    [...] Without major catastrophes like an enormous volcanic eruption, an unexpected epidemic, a large-scale nuclear war, an asteroid impact, a new ice age, or continued plundering of Earth’s resources by partially still primitive technology mankind will remain a major geological force for many millennia, maybe millions of years, to come.    To develop a world-wide accepted strategy leading to sustainability of ecosystems against human induced stresses will be one of the great future tasks of mankind, requiring intensive research efforts and wise application of the knowledge thus acquired in the noosphere, better known as knowledge or information society.”   Source: Paul J. Crutzen and Eugene F. Stoermer, “The ‘Anthropocene,’” Global Change Newsletter 41 (May 2000), pp. 17-18 Since Crutzen’s proposal, the term Anthropocene has been widely used as a metaphor to capture the effects of accelerating climate change and in seeking out the cause of the crisis in human activities.     ― When did Anthropocene start? ―   We are living in a time of disasters caused by abnormal climate changes, from floods and droughts to wildfires and heat waves that have devastated different parts of the world.    These strange phenomena we experience provides evidence that the geological time has changed. And climate change is accepted as the major evidence of the arrival of a new geologic time that we call the Anthropocene.    There are several events suggested for determining the beginning of the Anthropocene; the Industrial Revolution, development of nuclear weapons, change in eating habits, etc. Let us introduce the 4 main proposals.    Development of Agriculture One group of experts suggest that Anthropocene began with the development of agriculture. They argue that agriculture led to changes in vegetation, which then led to increased number of extinct organisms and ultimately changes in the Earth’s circulation process.    Industrial Revolution Some suggest that the Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of the Anthropocene, mainly because the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere saw a steep rise during this period.    Nuclear Testing One point of view is that the Anthropocene started with the first nuclear testing. Some even argue that it began on July 16, 1945, on the day of the first nuclear test in Alamogodo, New Mexico.    Population Growth Another opinion is that Anthropocene began as the world’s population began to explode in the 1950s.    In 2019, the AWG has voted to agree the starting point of the Anthropocene as “mid-20th century.” Nature magazine had reported at the time that mid-20th century was the time when the first nuclear explosion spread radioactive residues on geology and glaciers around the world while rapid population growth accelerated other human activities such as industrial production and pesticide use.    On the other hand, some point out that it is too early to redefine the current time as a new epoch because only less than a century has passed since mid-20th century.  Holocene was ratified to have begun 11,650±699 years ago by the IUGS, and the duration of Anthropocene would be about one tenth of the error range, or less than a moment’s time in geological time scale.    ― Lessons learned from the new Epoch ―   Whether the AWG makes it official or not, we will continue to talk about Anthropocene. This bizarre term will raise alarm to the various crises facing humans, including climate crisis, loss of biodiversity, new types of diseases, etc. It may be a sign telling us to rethink about the relationship we have built with the planet Earth.    An American environmental scientist Erle C. Ellis said, “Anthropocene is a new narrative and a bold new scientific paradigm that connects humans and nature.” He further emphasized that this new term equals a “crisis” for humanity that calls for practical actions.  This new epoch is the time to think back on how much we have been taking from our planet. Letting go of our selfish needs and working to coexist with what Mother Earth is providing us is one step toward healing the wounds we have caused on our planet. 

Peace Issue A Just Transition

― When the power plant suddenly shuts down ―   “As of today, all oil and gas production will be suspended, and coal-fired power plants will also be shut down.  This is an unavoidable measure to prevent global warming, so please cooperate.”   What if one day the government made an announcement like the one above?                                           ‘Wow! Many people will welcome this saying, “We can finally stop climate change.” But what if you are a worker or a family member, employed in a fossil fuel-related industry?   Making a livelihood will immediately become very challenging.   In addition, cities where fossil fuel-based energy industries are concentrated will not be able to function properly. Cities centered on coal mines or power plants will gradually decline.    Let's scale up by country. Developing countries that have developed their economies relying on fossil fuels will suffer greater damage than developed countries that are already well under way in their transition to alternative energy sources. This will lead to intensifying the polarization between countries.   As a solution to the climate crisis, the international community has proposed “Net Zero by 2050,” which aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to “zero” by absorbing as much carbon dioxide as it emits.   The key to net zero is to shift energy sources from fossil fuel-based sectors to low-carbon, clean energy sources. To do this, it is necessary to mitigate the impact on workers and communities working in high-carbon sectors.   This is why we need an energy transition that mitigates shock, in other words, a ‘Just Transition’.   ― What is a just transition? ―   ‘Just Transition’ is a concept where society shares the shocks of high-carbon industries, regions, workers, and small and medium-sized businesses in the process of industrial structure transformation to achieve greenhouse gas reduction targets. In fact, 'just transition' is a concept advocated by Tony Mazzocchi, an American petrochemical and nuclear power union activist in the 1970s. When this concept was first used, it meant a policy to support the unemployed due to occupational safety and health and eco-friendly policies, but gradually the concept was expanded to include the creation of new quality jobs that protect workers in the process of transitioning to an eco-friendly and sustainable economy.   After that, the ILO, the UN, and other organizations made an international agreement on the climate crisis and received international attention as they conceptualized a ‘just transition.’   In recent years, when the world is transitioning to a low-carbon society,  it is important to identify the current status of regions and industries where social and economic inequality is deepening, which have come to mean job losses for high-carbon workers and the impact on the local economy, and to prepare supportive measures.     Why International Organizations and Governments of Major Advanced Countries ArePaying Attention to Just Transition The reason why international organizations and governments of major advanced countries pay attention to a just transition is that, first of all, if jobs that are lost or replaced due to industrial transition are neglected, the lives of regions and workers will be severely impacted. Therefore, to prevent such collateral effects, active measures such as education and training, job creation measures, and local economy revitalization measures are needed.   The next reason is because the energy transition can create new jobs, not just destroy them. If the government and labor and management cooperate to create quality jobs related to new energy, it will help national competitiveness, right?   For this reason, major European countries such as Germany and the UK and developed countries in North America such as Canada are actively promoting a just transition.   At the 2021th General Assembly (COP26), the 'Declaration on Just Transition' was announced.   ― The promise of the international community for a ‘just transition' ― In creating a world that abandons fossil fuels and returns to energy obtained from the sun, wind and water, the most important things to consider are ‘energy’ and ‘people’. In other words, the energy transition must be done simultaneously with the transition to ‘quality jobs’.   If we look at the cases of major advanced countries that are pursuing a just transition, we can see some important implications. ▲ Huge financial resources were prepared to compensate for the conversion of industries and to create new jobs; ▲ Active cooperation is pursued through dialogue with labor and management and stakeholders; ▲ Active intervention of labor unions and policy proposals are reflected. The International Labor Organization (ILO) prepared guidelines for a just transition in 2015, and produced guidelines for a just transition in 2018. The principles that the ILO is presenting for a just transition are as follows.     (Just Transition Guidebook, International Labor Organization)       Principles for a Just Transition (ILO)   ◎ A strong social consensus is needed on the goals of sustainability and the path to achieve them. There should be sufficient discussion based on shared information among all stakeholders. ◎ In the workplace, the basic principles and rights of workers must be realized, and significant challenges and opportunities in gender inequality in must be taken into account. ◎ Businesses, workers, investors, and consumers should be provided with consistent policies across the economic, environmental, social, educational and labor sectors to support the transition toward a sustainable and inclusive economy and society. ◎ These coherent policies should also provide a framework for a just transition for all that creates more decent jobs. This includes (1) appropriate social protection for the unemployed or former job, (2) skill development, and (3) social dialogue, based on employment projections. ◎ Various policies and programs must be tailored to national circumstances; it is important to strengthen international cooperation in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy.   ― The Efforts of European Countries, toward the ‘Just Transition’ ―   Currently, the European Union (EU) is promoting the ‘Just Transition’ policy most rapidly. For the smooth implementation of the European Green Deal, which was finalized in January 2020, the European Commission has formulated a ‘Just Transition Mechanism’ to support regions dependent on the fossil fuel industry, such as the coal industry.   The EU's 'Just Transition Mechanism' is to protect areas within the EU that are highly dependent on fossil fuels and carbon-intensive industries, and by 2030, 100 billion euros ($105,666,289,600 USD) will be provided to coal districts. Shall we take a look at the specifics of the Just Transition mechanism being promoted by the EU Commission?  Principles of the Just Transition Mechanism Principles of the Just Transition Mechanism (EU)   △ Support the transition to a low-carbon economy and climate-resilient region △ Creation of new decent jobs for the green economy △ Improvement of technical support △ Active investment in renewable energy sources △ Improvement of digital technology △ Providing financial support at low interest rates △ Improving infrastructure for energy, district heating, and transportation We can see the intention to provide economic support, job creation, and technical support so that no one is left out in the process of transitioning to a new energy system.   The EU Commission is also limiting programs that can be supported by the Just Transition Fund. As it is a program with a big goal of transitioning to clean energy, it supports businesses other than nuclear power plant construction or dismantling, tobacco-related industries, fossil fuel-related investments, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). They say they can't use the funds.   In line with the EU mechanism, major European countries such as Germany, Spain, Greece, and Poland are currently forming a Just Transition Committee to establish funds and establish plans.   ◇ Greece: Greece was the first country in Europe to declare a 'coal phase' and established a 'Just Transition Fund.' In 2015, the local governments of five coal-fired regions in Greece proposed establishing a Just Transition Fund with the proceeds from the greenhouse gas emissions trading system. Accordingly, in 2018, the Greek government accepted the local administration's proposal to establish a just transition fund and began preparations for the establishment of the fund. The Just Transition Fund was established to phase out existing coal power plants from 2019 until 2023, and coal mines by 2028.   ◇ Poland: Poland, which has the largest coal industry in Europe, is preparing a just transition plan at the national level and at the level of six coal regions. Poland is said to be establishing a roadmap to close its mines by 2030 in order to receive support from the EU's Just Transition Fund, and plans to significantly reduce coal production.   ◇ Germany: Germany is supporting various projects to build infrastructure and foster new industries in areas where coal mines and power plants are closed, on the scale of 40 billion euros ($41,812,615,840 USD) by 2038.   ◇ Spain: Spain has entered into various types of just transition agreements with areas where coal mines, coal power plants, and nuclear power plants are closed, and has invested in clean energy projects with European and national funds, early retirement of mine workers, retraining for green jobs, and support for environmental restoration.   ― It is time to think about energy conversion that minimizes human sacrifice. ― One of the things that distinguishes humans from animals is that we have a heart able to worry not only about ourselves, but also about our colleagues, neighbors, and the next generation. Truly, history can be said to be the footsteps of revision after revision as altruism made a breakthrough in the struggle against selfishness.   The solution to the climate crisis now seems self-evident. Ultimately, it is to convert the carbon-based industry that has been warming the earth for the past 200 years into a “zero-carbon industry” so that the global temperature is no longer raised.   At the beginning of the great transition to zero-carbon, eco-friendly energy, we now have to think more specifically about the job transformation that will result from industrial transformation.   Closure of all thermal power plants by 2050, what to prepare for the countless workers around the world who will lose their livelihoods in the process, how to revitalize the economies of regions that were previously carbon-based, and how to narrow the inequality gap between countries….   It seems that it is time to gather our wisdom and show our altruism to a great extent on the tasks related to the great energy shift.

Peace Issue Report on the Death Penalty

― Iran's 'First' Executions Confront International Condemnation ― (Protest at the Iranian Embassy in Germany over execution of demonstrators. Yonhap News)   International condemnation is boiling over Iran’s execution of a man on December 8th. The EU registered strong reproach: “The European Union demands that Iranian authorities refrain from carrying out capital punishment and further executions in the future. We call for a coherent policy toward the total abolition of the death penalty.” The United States also warned: “The regime's attempts to suppress dissent and squash protests are grimly escalating.” Germany criticized: “The Iranian regime's disregard for human rights knows no bounds.” Even an Iranian Shia cleric pointed out, “This death sentence violates our Islamic Sharia law.” What is all the hullabaloo about? In Iran, the "hijab protest" that started with the death of a woman in her twenties last September is still going on. In response to this, many protesters have been killed or arrested as a result of the government's hardline response. (Sunhak Peace Prize Issue about Hijab Protests in Iran: Go to previous article)   Twenty-five arrested demonstrators have been sentenced to death, the first in the series of such executions to be carried out. The remaining 24 are slated to be executed.   Meanwhile, in the sense of participating in the protests at the World Cup in Qatar, there are also reports that Iranian national football team players who refused to sing the national anthem could be arrested or sentenced to death. ― The death penalty has disappeared in 70% of countries worldwide ―   (Nations upholding death penalty—yellow, abolished death penalty—green, suspended death penalty—blue)   How many countries in the world have the death penalty? According to Amnesty International data, as of the end of 2021, 108 nations have completely abolished the death penalty in law. If countries that have abolished the death penalty, which had been carried out in practice, are added, the number of abolitionist nations rises to 144. In addition, 28 nations have de facto abolished the death penalty by not carrying out any executions for 10 years, though they do have the death penalty. Fifty-five countries still keep the death penalty.   ― Report on the Death Penalty ― Let’s find out more about the international death penalty situation through ‘Death Sentences And Executions’ published by Amnesty International in 2021 and other materials.   ◎ In 2021, 579 executions were carried out in 18 countries, a 20% increase from 483 in 2020. However, since 2010, it is the second lowest record. Since 2020 saw a decrease in executions due to COVID-19, in fact, 2021 was the lowest since 2010.   (Trends in executions by year)   ◎ Which country does the most executions? China, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Syria executed the most executions in that order. However, since China classifies the number of executions as a state secret, the actual data is unknown. Amnesty International estimates executions in China at thousands. In addition, it is difficult to access related data in North Korea, Vietnam, Syria, and Afghanistan, where executions are presumed to be widespread. ◎ Of the 579 people executed in 2021, 24 were women, 4%. 14 in Iran, 8 in Egypt, 1 in the United States and 1 in Saudi Arabia. ◎ Some countries have increased or resumed executions. Iran increased from 246 in 2020 to 314 in 2021, and Saudi Arabia also increased by 140% from 27 to 65. Japan, UAE and Belarus have resumed executions. ◎ Let's look at the death penalty situation. In 2021, there were 2,052 death sentences from 56 countries. This is a 39% increase from 1,477 cases in 54 countries in 2020. ◎ At least 28,670 people have been sentenced to death by the end of 2021. These include Iraq (over 8,000), Pakistan (over 3,800), the United States (2,382), Bangladesh (over 1,800) and Vietnam (over 1,200).   (Death penalty sentences and executions by year: black bar executions; yellow bar sentences) ◎ In some cases, international laws and standards have been violated. Some nations, such as Iran and Yemen, have executed those under age 18 if they committed a crime. Countries such as Japan and Singapore also impose death sentences on people with mental and intellectual disabilities. Countries such as Algeria, Bangladesh, Egypt and Jordan impose death sentences after unfair trials, including the absence of the accused.   ◎ Methods such as hanging, drug injection, or firing squad are used in different countries. ◎ 18 of the UN's 193 member states (9% of UN member states) carried out executions.   ◎ The United States is also a country that maintains the death penalty at the federal level. Apart from the federal government, each state operates differently, such as retaining (24), suspending (3), or abolishing (23) the death penalty. Since 1976, 1,557 executions have been carried out, with 17 being carried out this year alone. (2021 death penalty operational status by state in the U.S., red maintained, yellow abolished, orange suspended)   https://documents.deathpenaltyinfo.org/pdf/FactSheet.pdf ― The future of the death penalty ― The death penalty is a controversial and hot topic with pros and cons. Supporters of the death penalty see it as a necessary institution to keep society safe from violent crimes. On the other side, opponents equate the death penalty with murder and point out that the death penalty does not lower the murder rate. Also, when an innocent person is executed for political reasons, there is no way to recover the travesty of justice.   It is noteworthy that the death penalty is gradually disappearing. Two-thirds of the world have already abolished the death penalty, and an increasing number of countries are joining the abolition or moratorium. (Amnesty International anti-death penalty video)   Opponents of the death penalty designate October 10 every year as the International Day Against the Death Penalty, raising their voices for the abolition of the death penalty. It includes the EU, the African Commission on Human Rights and over 180 countries and organizations.   This year, Kazakhstan, Papua New Guinea and Malaysia also abolished the death penalty.  Abolition of the death penalty: How will it go? What is clear is that there should not be a single unfair death.

Peace Issue Syrian refugees dream of a safe home

― White helmets ― https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37171385 In 2014, a 10-day-old baby was dramatically rescued from a pile of rubble in the Syrian city of Aleppo. The crying baby, covered in blood and dust, was called the ‘miracle baby’ and has become a symbol of hope and life around the world. The rescuers of this baby are the Syrian Civil Defense (SDC), tasked with rescuing people in embattled Syrian with shells flying all around. They are commonly called the ‘White Helmets.’ ‘White Helmets’ is an organization formed by former bakers, tailors, painters, carpenters, and other volunteers. Known for their efforts to save lives, they claim neutrality from political forces and religions, regardless of whether they are friends or enemies. The rescue video taken by them made a great contribution to publicizing the misery of the Syrian civil war to the world at large, and was nominated for the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize.Their performance was made into a documentary, and the crew won the Best Short Documentary Award at the 2017 Academy Awards. In the documentary, you'll also see the rescue scene of the 'miracle baby' and how it has grown up healthy. ― The Syrian civil war has been dragging on for more than ten years ― (Syrian crisis. Source: Google Maps)The motive of Syria's civilian rescue service (White Helmets) was the brutal civil war that began over a decade ago. Let's review the background of the Syrian conflict for a moment: Since 2010, anti-government protests, dubbed the 'Arab Spring,' have spread like wildfire in the Middle East and North Africa. As a result, regime changes have occurred in Libya, Egypt and Yemen.  (Protests in 2021 mark the 10th anniversary of Syria’s democratization. Source: Newsis)In the wake of this, in early 2011, teenage adolescents who painted democratization graffiti on the wall of a school in Dara, southern Syria, were arrested and severely tortured. Demonstrators demanding the release of students were mobilized by the Syrian government to suppress them, and protests spread across the country. Many of the Syrian government's key figures and military personnel joined these protesters, turning the protest into a form of civil war.  (Embattled regions of Syria, government-controlled areas in yellow)Syria's civil war is not just a confrontation between the government and anti-government forces.Assad's regime in Syria is Shiite Islam, but the majority of the population is Sunni. As a result, Saudi Arabia, home of the Sunnis, supports the rebels, while Iran, headquarters of the Shiites and hostile to Saudi Arabia, supports the Syrian regime. Russia, siding with Syria's Assad regime, is intensely involved. As the Syrian government forces backed by Russia and Iran retreated to the northern Idlib region bordering on Turkey, Turkey, already engaged in a campaign against Kurdish militias in the region, also intervened. Skirmishes have also broken out between Turkish forces and Russian troops stationed in Syria. Tensions ratcheted up when Israel, nurturing long-term hostility to Syria, launched airstrikes against Syrian government strongholds and Iranian militias.  (Syria in ruins. Source: HISTORY.COM)As time passed, the rebel forces that began from the anti-dictatorship democratization cause were replaced by Islamist fundamentalist forces, thus the infamous 'Islamic State' (IS) gained power.In review, the Syrian civil war has evolved into an 'internationalized civil war' as external countries became entangled in a proxy war.(Hell on Earth: The Fall of Syria and the Rise of ISIS Documentary about the rise of IS in Syria (2017))― People who fled their hometown for their lives ―A decade-long war has turned Syrian life into utter misery. On October 25, Geir O. Pedersen, the United Nations special envoy for Syria, reported on the deplorable situation in Syria at a Security Council briefing. (Displaced persons camp in Rakash, Syria. Credit: CRISIS GROUP)According to him, Syrians have suffered nearly 12 years of poverty, malnutrition, detention, disappearances, kidnappings, sexual assaults, forced early marriages, various forms of violence in childbirth, denial of education and livelihood. Without letup, Syrians are still sustaining frequent violence nationwide, including threats from the terrorist group ISIL, attacks between Syrian Democratic Forces, Turkiye and armed rebels, beatings, assassinations, and Israeli airstrikes.Many Syrians have fled home and country to avoid bombing, escape the threat of IS, or survive in the face of other menaces. Syria is the world's No. 1 source of refugees, with 6.85 million having fled. Syria's original population was 22.12 million, so one-third of its people are now refugees. (Syrian refugee camp in Jordan. Source: Wikipedia)Let's take a closer look at the statistics of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on the Syrian crisis.◎ The report cites that 70% of Syrians live below the poverty line. The 2022 World Bank poverty line means extreme poverty, with one person subsisting on $2.15 a day. It is hard to imagine such dire economic circumstances.◎ More than 66% of Syrian refugees are women and children, and more than 1 million Syrian refugee children have been born in asylum abroad, not in their native homeland.◎ Seven out of 10 Syrian refugees seeking refuge in Egypt are adults starving or cutting their rations in order to feed their children.◎ Most of the Syrian refugees fled to five neighboring countries: Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt. There are approximately 5.6 million (officially registered) Syrian refugees living in these countries. Turkey is the nation that has received the most refugees from Syria, 3.65 million. (See report on Syrian Refugee Status)◎ Of the Syrians who have fled to these five countries, 2.64 million or 47% are youngsters under the age of 18.◎ 95% of Syrians in these nations are resettled in urban areas and 5% hunker down in refugee camps.◎ 9% of Syrian refugees in Lebanon were found to be physically handicapped, in Jordan 30% of Syrians need physical or intellectual assistance, and in Egypt 8% were identified as handicapped. However, due to Corona 19 and the Russian-Ukrainian war, even the countries that accommodated them have raised obstacles to supplying their basic needs. As a result, negative perceptions of Syrian refugees are increasing among the people of neighboring countries, and public sentiment to send them back is growing, especially in Lebanon. Public opinion looks to deteriorate further in Turkey, which hosts the largest number of Syrians, the UN said. ― Lingering homesickness for a shattered homeland ― (Pastoral scene with Syrian children: Independent source)In August of this year, the Lebanese government is reported to have discussed with the Syrian government plans to return 15,000 of Syrians harbored in Lebanon to Syria within a month. The Syrian government has announced that it will provide transportation, lodging, medical care, and education to the returning refugees, but many refugees still refuse, claiming it is dangerous to return to Syria. The UN expects low numbers of refugees will return to Syria. According to the United Nations, about 38,400 people chose to return in the first nine months of 2022. According to the Return Intent Survey conducted at the beginning of the year in 2022, 90% of Syrian refugees could not meet their basic needs in the host country and 58% said they intend to someday return to Syria. However, only 1.7% said they planned to do so within the next 12 months.The United Nations ranks Syrian refugees as the population group most in need of resettlement worldwide. (Wedding in a Syrian refugee camp in southern Lebanon. Credit: UN)Many Syrian refugees do not want to go to Europe or resettle in adjacent countries. All they want is a safe return to Syria when the war is over.What has been the outcome of the complex Syrian civil war as we discussed at the beginning of the article? In conclusion, nothing has changed. The government remains the same. Many Syrian refugees are merely wandering far from their homes. ‘Peace’ is a simple word, yet only peace can be the key to resolving the complex Syrian refugee problem. 

Peace Issue Conference of the Parties - UN Convention on Climate Change (COP27)

― COP27 has finally come to an end ― “An important step towards justice has been taken. We welcome the decision to establish and operate a future Loss-and-Damage fund.”- UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres -https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/11/1130832 (Source: WEF)The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (COP27) was held in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt for 15 days from November 6 to 20 last year.As we probably all know, the conference was originally scheduled to finish on the 18th, but it ended later than planned due to a contest of nerves between interested parties over the contents of the agreement.What sort of content was it that caused the representatives of certain countries to suffer right to the end?― What is COP27? ―https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/cop27 But what does COP27 mean? Let's look at terminology first.  ◎UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change It is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 1992, it was formally signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio, Brazil, so it is also called the Rio Environmental Convention. It was announced in March 1994 and currently 198 countries are parties to the Convention. States Parties must make efforts to reduce greenhouse gases and report their plans and results to the Commission.  ◎ COP, Conference of the Parties The Conference of the Parties is a meeting of countries that have signed the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is held annually and is followed by a number according to the number of times it has been held. This year's Conference of the Contracting Parties, held in Egypt, is the twenty-seventh meeting and is called COP27. The first COP was held in Berlin, Germany in 1995. Famous Conferences of the Parties *COP3 : In 1997, the ‘Kyoto Protocol’, in which major countries agreed on greenhouse gas reduction targets, was signed. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/cop3/l07a01.pdf#page=24 *COP15 : In 2009, the ‘Copenhagen Agreement’ was signed to limit the increase in global average temperature to within 2℃ of the level before industrialization. *COP21 : The Paris Agreement was signed in 2015, replacing the Transport Protocol, which expired in 2020. It was decided to pursue efforts to limit the increase in global average temperature to within 1.5°C.  https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf ― Issues addressed at COP27 ― What topics did we cover at COP27? Ahead of the General Assembly, many organizations and media introduced the main issues of COP27.The World Economic Forum (WEF) introduced the following four goals set by the COP27 Presidency. 1. Mitigation : Calls on all parties, especially those in a position to “lead by example,” to take “bold and immediate action” and reduce emissions to limit global warming to less than 2°C 2. Adaptation : COP27 must make "Critically Necessary Progress" to strengthen climate change resilience and support the world's most vulnerable communities 3. Finance : Calls for significant progress on climate finance, including commitment of $100 billion annually to support developing countries 4. Collaboration : Since UN negotiations are consensus-based, reaching an agreement requires "inclusive and active participation of all stakeholders". https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/cop27-why-it-matters-and-5-key-areas-for-action/  ― Loss and Damage ―(COP27 Closing. Source: UN)https://unfccc.int/news/cop27-reaches-breakthrough-agreement-on-new-loss-and-damage-fund-for-vulnerable-countries  However, there is one issue that received the most attention at this general assembly. This is none other than ‘Loss and Damage’.Demands for compensation for the damage inflicted by developed countries, which caused climate change in the course of development, have been around since the early 1990s, led by the small island nation (AOSIS) negotiating group, such as Tuvalu and Fiji. Even though “loss and damage” was also specified in the Paris Agreement in 2015, it did not become an agenda at the Conference of the Parties due to the passive attitude of advanced countries concerned about the enormous financial burden. However, as the region where this general meeting was held is Africa, which is the most vulnerable to climate change, and it was adopted as an official agenda for the first time, it attracted great attention.The issue of financing the ‘loss and damage’ subsidy has become the biggest issue between developed and developing countries to the extent that it was postponed until the end.(Source: UN) In particular, a group of 134 developing countries, including Pakistan, where a third of the country was submerged by floods this year, strongly demanded the establishment of a financial facility dedicated to responding to “loss and damage.”Advanced countries preferred to utilize existing organizations such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF) rather than creating new organizations that would require enormous amounts of money and time. After many twists and turns, it was agreed to establish a new financing system and fund to respond to losses and damages in countries most vulnerable to climate change. The response settled on here does not mean “compensation” that bears legal responsibility, but humanitarian “support.” (People fleeing Pakistan flooding in August 2022. Source: AP) It is said that there was a temperature difference between the great powers here as well. The European Union took the position that China and India, the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, were not entitled to be beneficiaries of the fund, but rather ought to contribute to the fund. China fiercely resisted being treated as an advanced country at the climate talks.https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/climate/un-climate-damage-cop27.html(Go to The New York Times related article) ― Achievements and Limitations ― https://unfccc.int/documents/624444 (COP27 Agreement) The United Nations evaluated this General Assembly as a historic agreement, but there are many voices of reluctance. The BBC summarized the results of this General Assembly in five points.1. The commitment to jointly fund countries vulnerable to climate change is the most important development since the Paris Agreement of 2015 (COP21). 2. There is a retreat in the position on the use of fossil fuels. Gas emissions were supposed to peak before 2025, but that is missing from the agreement. The lack of clear follow-up on the phase-out of coal and the permitting of gas development under the phrase 'low-emission and renewable energy' is also an important loophole. 3. The will on the part of participating nations to keep the average temperature rise within 1.5°C was strong. In particular, developed nations and island nations showed deep solidarity with the 1.5°C curb, but China wanted a more relaxed target above 1.5°C. This became a major point of difference between developed nations and China. For reference, some nations, notably China and India, took the stance of easing the target to 2°C.  4. The presence and power of the fossil fuel industry was displayed. All the conference forums were attended by delegates involved in the oil and gas industry, and it felt like a fossil fuel trade fair; their influence was reflected in the final agreement. 5. It stressed the importance of democracy to the climate. This is the case of the recently elected Brazilian President Lula, and the BBC predicted that the United States will also hold to its 2030 carbon reduction target with the Democratic Party's victory in the Senate election. The general consensus likened the Bolsonaro regime in Brazil, faulted for devastating the Amazon, to the former US Trump administration, known as the “climate villain.”https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63693738(Go to BBC article) ― The ball is now handed over to COP28 ―Joint efforts to respond to the climate crisis are likely to pick up momentum at COP28 next year.This is because, at this General Assembly, we managed to reach an agreement on raising a ‘damage and compensation’ fund, but the homework on how to raise the funds has been postponed till the next climate conference.At COP28 next year, the States Parties decided to establish a transitional committee to make recommendations on new funding methods and fund management. Deciding the criteria for recipient countries and the scale of damages also remains an important agenda item. Next year will also be the first year to review the performance of each nation in responding to the climate crisis since the 2015 Paris Agreement. At this COP27, there was also discussion and progress in many areas not covered in this article, such as technology, food, carbon market, and water. Even under the great goal of joint efforts to stave off global disaster, it seems that each nation shows both cooperation and confrontation based on interests, illustrating the harsh international reality.It stands to reason we must seriously ponder how little time we have left for dragging our feet in taking action to stave off the impending climate catastrophe. 

Peace Issue Global Population Reaches 8 Billion Mark

― The Eight Billionth Birth ―(Arpi, newborn in Gegharkunik, Armenia: Facebook image)On November 15, 2022, a girl was born in Armenia in the Caucasian region with a height of 49 cm and a weight of 2.9 kg. The child's name is Arpi. The United Nations celebrated the baby's birth, and the governor of Gegharkunik province, where the baby was born, also announced the baby's birth on social media. World media also reported the birth of Arpi. Who in the world is this baby to get so much attention? In fact, this baby is the 8 billionth person on earth, and recognized as such by the United Nations. How did that happen? Doesn't this deserve global attention?https://english.pravda.ru/news/society/154800-eight_billion/ The UN announced that the world population has passed 8 billion as of the 15th.(United Nation Population Fund website, https://www.unfpa.org/) Let's take a quick look at how quickly the population has grown. ◎ In 8,000 BC, when humans started farming, the world's population was about 5 million, and by 1 AD, it reached about 200 million. That's an increase of 195 million people over a period of 8,000 years. ◎ With the industrial revolution in the 1700s, the infant mortality rate plummeted, and the population exploded, reaching 1 billion in 1800. After the Industrial Revolution, it increased by 800 million in 100 years. ◎ Since the number of human beings, which reached 4 billion in 1974, now exceeds 8 billion, it took only 48 years to double—an increase of 4 billion. ◎ Currently, about 140 people are born per minute, which is about 200,000 people a day, and about 80 million new lives are born annually. https://www.history.com/news/how-fast-is-the-worlds-population-growing― Expected to increase to 10.4 billion by 2080 ―On July 11, the UN issued a report on World Population Day. “World Population Day” is a day to commemorate July 11, 1987, when the world’s population reached 5 billion to raise awareness of the seriousness of the population problem.https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdfGlobal population will naturally increase over time. The population trend estimated in this report is expected to peak at 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion by 2050, and 10.4 billion around 2080, and should remain at that level till 2100.  (Image credit: BBC) However, even if the population increases, it seems the rate will not be as fast as in the past. In many nations, fertility rates have declined dramatically in recent decades, so the rate of growth is expected to moderate, slowing down considerably. Today, two-thirds of the world's population lives in nations or regions with fertility rates under 2.1 births per mother; this is expected to decline even further.  (12 nations with population over 100 million, Source: UN) Then, in which regions will the population increase? The UN projects that by 2050, over half the world's growing population will be concentrated in eight countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and Tanzania. Most of the growing population is concentrated in the underdeveloped sub-Saharan African countries. The World Population Review (WPR), an American population information agency, projects that Africa's population will reach 2.4 billion by 2050 and increase to 4.1 billion by 2100, constituting over a third of global population.  (Population growth forecast by continent and region, source: UN) (Population trends in Tanzania. Source: worldpopulationreview) (Population trends in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Source: worldpopulationreview)  (Population Trends in Pakistan. Source: worldpopulationreview) ― What we can learn from population reports ―Let's look at some facts we can glean from the United Nation’s population report and the United States' World Population Review (WPR) data. ◎ As of this year, 2.3 billion people (29% of the world's population) live in East Asia and Southeast Asia, followed by 2.1 billion people (26%) in Central and South Asia. (Population trends by region. Source: worldpopulationreview) ◎ Next year (2023) India is set to overtake China, becoming the world's most populous nation. The populations of the two nations are neck-a-neck at 1.4 billion now, but by 2050, India will boast 1.66 billion while China will lag at 1.31 billion. (Above population trends from source: worldpopulationreview) (Population rankings by nation. Source: UN) ◎ As of 2019, global life expectancy is 72.8 years, and is expected to rise to 77.2 years in 2050. But life expectancy in low-income countries is currently 63 years, nearly a decade below the global average. This gap is expected to close to 8.4 years in 2050. Mortality rates for children under age 5 are also 13 times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries.(Life expectancy by region. Source: United Nations) ◎ Life expectancy was lower for men than for women across countries in all regions, from 2.9 years in Australia and New Zealand to 7 years in South America and the Caribbean.(Source: UNFPA)◎ The number of people aged 65 and older is growing rapidly worldwide, and the proportion of people aged 65 is expected to increase from 10% in 2022 to 16% in 2050. Thus nations with aging populations must make efforts to improve the sustainability of long-term care systems, social security, and pension programs.(Source: UNFPA) ◎ Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America have recently declined but still have high teenage fertility rates. In 2021, the number of births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 was highest in sub-Saharan Africa at 101, followed by 53 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Birth statistics for women aged 10 to 14 also ranked the same.Teenage birth can have adverse health and social consequences for both mother and child. Fortunately, most governments in the region are taking policy action to improve adolescent sexual behavior and health, with adolescent childbirth as a major concern, the UN said. (Teen birth rate by region. Source: United Nations) ◎ In contrast to most developed countries grappling with rapidly declining populations, the populations of the USA and Canada are expected to continue growing. The reason is the high immigration rate and natural increase (difference between births and deaths). According to the US Census Bureau, the US population growth rate is between 0.7% and 0.9% per year. Canada's population growth over the past decade has ranged between 0.8% and 1.2%. Immigration will be the only population growth factor in high-income countries in the future.(USA population trend. Source: worldpopulationreview)(Canada population trend. Source: worldpopulationreview) ◎ The population graphs of most countries show no change in trend, either rising or falling, but there are two countries with large points of change in the middle of the graph: Venezuela in South America and Ukraine in Eastern Europe. Venezuela experienced a population decline over the last five years but is expected to increase again. (Venezuela population trend. Source: worldpopulationreview) The Ukraine's population has also been declining since the 1990s due to people fleeing poverty and corruption. The United Nations estimates that Ukraine could lose nearly one-fifth of its population by the 2050s.(Ukraine population trend: worldpopulationreview) https://population.un.org/dataportal/homehttps://www.unfpa.org/8billion/8trendshttps://worldpopulationreview.com/(See the above links) ― For population growth to be a blessing to mankind ―UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres sent a congratulatory message: “The achievement of 8 billion people is an occasion for us to celebrate human diversity, recognize our common humanity, and marvel at the advances in health that have extended lifespans and dramatically reduced maternal and child mortality. At the same time, it reminds us of our collective responsibility to care for the planet.”https://www.un.org/en/desa/world-population-reach-8-billion-15-november-2022 Is the increasing number of people on Earth positive or negative? What is clear is that explosive population growth can pose a threat to humanity. In fact, Egypt, the host country of the recently held 27th UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP27), put "How rapid population growth can exacerbate the country's vulnerability to respond to climate change" as an important agenda item. According to the Washington Post (WP), the Egyptian government considers population growth a serious security threat and is pushing for birth control at a cost of millions of dollars. Population growth is a real problem on a global scale. It is time for all of us to think about ensuring that population growth is conducive to the sustainable development of the planet and does not become a cause of global inequality.

Peace Issue The Glaciers are Sending Us a Warning

One-third of World Heritage Glaciers will vanish― An Ice-Free Globe ― Disappearing glaciers are sending us warning about the climate crisis. Even if we achieve the global warming target, we cannot save them all. The scene below is not from a disaster movie. This is a computer simulation made by American scientists in 2020, supposing all the glaciers on Earth were to melt. If this were to happen, it is estimated that sea levels in most areas of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans will rise by 66 meters (216 feet).   https://www.rutgers.edu/news/modern-sea-level-rise-linked-human-activities-rutgers-research-reaffirms With the sea level up to the statue's shoulders, that means most of New York City would be submerged except for the very highlands. We are not likely to face such an extreme situation as that pictured, but the future definitely seems to be heading in that direction.   ― One-third of World Heritage Glaciers will vanish ―   ◎ Glaciers are massive bodies of slowly moving ice. Glaciers form on land, and they are made up of fallen snow that gets compressed into ice over many centuries. They move slowly downward from the pull of gravity. Most of the world’s glaciers exist in the polar regions [and] about 2 percent of all the water on earth is frozen in glaciers.  ‒National Geographic   (Types of glaciers. Source: UNESCO)   The international community is working to limit average temperature rise to within 1.5°C (2.7°F) above pre-industrial levels by 2030. However, recently UNESCO announced that even if humanity achieves the global warming target, one-third of the glaciers in World Heritage-designated areas will disappear by 2050.   https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-finds-some-iconic-world-heritage-glaciers-will-disappear-2050   Wait, but are there glaciers in Africa? — Yes. Even in Africa, ice covers the top of high mountains. Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mount Kenya in Kenya, and Mount Rwezori in Uganda are all glacier-capped.   (Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa)   On November 3rd, UNESCO published a report titled "World Heritage Glaciers: Sentinels of climate change." This report assesses the trend of glacier decline and details measures to protect glaciers in fifty World Heritage sites during the 20-year period from 2000.   The World Heritage glaciers designated by UNESCO account for about 10% of all glaciers. 58 billion tons of meltwater diminishes these glaciers per year—the equivalent of the total combined annual water consumption of Spain and France.   ― Some glaciers will totally vanish by 2050 ― World Heritage glaciers are disappearing the fastest in Asia. As of 2021, the glacier in Yunnan Province, China has dwindled 57.2% since 2000, as the most rapidly diminishing among all the World Heritage glaciers. Glaciers in the Tien-Shan Mountains in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia have shrunk by 27%.   (Tien-Shan Massif)   45.6% of the glacial mass in Argentina's Los Alerces National Park has also disappeared.   There are areas where the ice fields will be completely gone by 2050, no matter what mankind does. First, all glaciers in Africa are expected to disappear. The same fate has already befallen two glaciers in North America—Yellowstone and Yosemite Park. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) published a report last year that glaciers all across Africa, such as Kilimanjaro, would disappear by 2040, ten years earlier than 2050 predicted by UNESCO. Europe is no less a predicament. It is predicted that Mont Perdu glacier, spanning the Italian Dolomites, France and Spain, will disappear by 2050.     (World Heritage Glacial Distribution Map)   According to the report, the speed at which glaciers are disappearing is accelerating year by year, and the smaller glaciers are dwindling even faster.   Glaciers ranging in size from 1 to 10 km2 experienced a loss of about 4% from 2000 to 2005, compared to nearly 10% from 2015 to 2020. On the other hand, glaciers with a size of 100 to 1000 km2 decreased by about 2.5% from 2000 to 2005, and the rate almost doubled from 2015 to 2020 to about 4.8%.   ― The 8 hottest years in history ― On November 6, the United Nations released another report on changes in glaciers and sea levels due to climate change.     https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/eight-warmest-years-record-witness-upsurge-climate-change-impacts   The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has issued a climate provisional report for 2022, and it is said that these last 8 years in a row have been the hottest period in recorded history. Earth's average temperature in 2022 is estimated to be about 1.15 (1.02~1.28)°C [2.07°F] higher than the pre-industrial (1850 to 1900) average, and the highest temperature record has been broken each year consecutively since 2016.   The rate of sea level rise has doubled since 1993; this year it reached an all-time high. Moreover, ocean temperatures are registering warmer than ever.   (Icebergs off Greenland)   Antarctica's ice sheet area is also at its lowest level, down by nearly 1 million square kilometers from the average. Greenland's northern polar ice sheet has also declined for 26 years in a row. This year rain instead of snow has fallen in the region for the first time ever.   Also, 2022 will see a reduction in the average thickness of glaciers across Europe's Alps by 3 to 4 meters or more. Compared to 2001, Switzerland's glacial volume has decreased by a third.   (Temperatures in 2022 compared to average temperatures for 1981-2010)   WMO Director-General Petteri Taalas said: “With the critical conditions we face now, it is practically impossible to achieve our targeted limit of 1.5°C atmospheric warming.” “It is already too late to cope with the disappearance of many glaciers,” he warned. “The rate of sea level rise has doubled over the past 30 years, posing a major long-term, existential threat to millions of coastal residents and low-lying countries.”   ― What will happen when the glaciers melt ― What will happen to us, to humankind, if the glaciers disappear?   ◎ Snow and ice serve as a reflector radiating solar energy back into space. As the glaciers melt, the Earth absorbs more solar energy, causing global temperatures to rise. In turn, enhanced global warming causes glaciers to melt faster.   ◎ Earth maintains a constant temperature through global circulation of seawater. When glaciers melt and enter the sea in large quantities, changes in the salinity and temperature of the surrounding seawater cause problems with ocean current circulation. Climate polarization then occurs, with polar regions becoming colder and equatorial regions becoming hotter. This increases the likelihood of frequent extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, severe cold and extreme heat.    ◎ It causes sea level rise. The findings of the British research team indicate that the meltwater from glaciers between 1994 and 2017 amounted to 28 trillion tons. During this period sea levels rose 3.5 cm. It is estimated that for each centimeter rise in sea level, 6 million people lose their livelihoods.  ◎ Glaciers on the high mountain slopes are a source of drinking water. In fact, in Italy, glacial drinking water sources are depleted, most areas are dry, and agricultural yield is also decreasing.  ◎ Arctic creatures such as polar bears and penguins disappear, leading to ecosystem disruption and biodiversity crisis.   ◎ Viruses and bacteria trapped in glaciers and permafrost can wake up. In fact, as the Siberian permafrost melted, a 30,000-year-old virus was discovered in 2014, and in 2016 cases of harm were reported. It included children dying of anthrax that spread when reindeer carcasses were exposed.     ― Two-thirds of glaciers are still available ―   (Exit Glacier, Alaska)   One glacier in particular has become an icon of climate change. In 2015, former U.S. President Obama, viewing a glacier named "Exit" in Alaska's Kinai Fjords National Park, said, "Our grandchildren won't be able to see this glacier." Ever since then, Exit Glacier has become an icon of climate change. The sad fact is, the area of the glacier is diminishing day by day. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220904044100072?site=mapping_related   UNESCO stressed that the only solution to protecting the glacier is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If humanity works hard and keeps to the 1.5℃ goal, this will allow future generations to see the remaining two-thirds of the glaciers intact. Although one-third will be with us no more.

Peace Issue Living Planet Report 2022

― Emperor Penguins are disappearing from our planet ― The Emperor Penguin is the largest penguin in the world.   Average height 114 cm (45 inches) and weight up to 40 kg (88 lbs). Currently, there are 61 Emperor Penguin colonies in Antarctica, with an estimated 625,000 to 650,000 inhabitants.   Emperor penguins lay eggs and go out to sea in search of food. The males incubate the eggs between their legs for two months, enduring bitter cold. And the female and male take turns rearing the young. The documentary film March of the Penguins has become famous.   The Emperor Penguin, which has survived and overcame such a harsh environment, is now in danger of disappearing from the earth forever.   On the 25th, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) listed the Emperor Penguin as an endangered species. https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2022-10/emperor-penguin-gets-endangered-species-act-protections   The USFWS estimates that the emperor penguin population will decline by as little as 26% and as much as 47% by 2050 as sea ice disappears due to climate change. Sea ice is an important habitat for emperor penguins to find food and shelter from dangerous enemies.   The decline of krill, a main food source, caused by ocean acidification, also threatens the survival of Emperor penguins. The Emperor population has declined to barely half from the 1970s.   In 2016, when the sea ice melted early, 10,000 young pups not yet prepared to swim drowned. ― 69% of wild animals have disappeared in half a century ―   The changes affect not only Emperor penguins. Looking further afield, more and more species are vanishing. On the 13th the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) released "Living Planet Report 2022."   https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/living-planet-report-2022   The WWF publishes a biennial biodiversity and ecosystem health survey, including analyses of the world's population of approximately 32,000 species of mammals, fish, reptiles, birds and amphibians.   The findings are more than shocking. From 1970 to 2018, the populations of all wildlife monitored declined by an average of 69%.     Tropical regions such as the Amazon, the coasts of Latin America, and the Caribbean showed ominous decline, where the number of wild animals decreased by an average of 94% during the same period. In Africa and Asia and the Pacific region, more than half of the wild animals disappeared, accounting for 66% and 55%, respectively.   The species that saw the biggest decline were freshwater species populations. The total population of freshwater species has declined by an average of 83%.   (Cycad fern tree)   In addition, the cycad, a primitive fern plant species, is at gravest risk of extinction, while corals and amphibians are showing the fastest decline.   * Species: A group of similar organisms that can interbreed * Population: A group of a single species that inhabits the same geographic area. -WWF KOREA material - (Status of biodiversity loss by region)   The report identified habitat degradation and loss, overuse of resources, invasive species, environmental pollution, climate change and disease as the main causes of global wildlife loss.   Especially in the case of migratory fish, where 75% of the population has declined, habitat loss and new obstacles blocking migration routes account for half the decline.   The report maps the regions with high extinction threat, with Southeast Asia being the region with the highest geographic risk of extinction. In addition, the polar regions, the eastern coast of Australia and South Africa have been shown to be very likely to be affected by climate change.   ― Humans are overusing permitted natural resources ― The report says that demand for energy and raw materials has increased significantly over the past 50 years, as the world's population has doubled and global economy and international trade have quadrupled and tenfold, respectively. As economic activity intensified, environmental damage correspondingly increased.  This can be explained by the biocapacity of the Earth and the ecological footprint of phosphoric acid.   ▲ ‘Biocapacity’ refers to the amount of resources, such as water, air, and soil, that the earth can regenerate and purify in one year. In the 1960s, only three-quarters of the earth's recoverable ecological resources were used, but with rapid industrialization in the 1970s, human consumption of ecological resources exceeded nature's regenerative capacity, and as of August 2, 2017, humans have exceeded the limits of annual resource consumption that the Earth can accommodate each year.   ▲ ‘Ecological footprint’ The ecological footprint is the human demand upon the biocapacity. The current standard of area that the earth can handle is 1.6ha per person, but if we demand an area footprint higher than this, it can have a big negative impact on environmental issues.   According to the report, humans are currently using at least 75% more of Earth's nature, which is equivalent to living on 1.75 Earths. The map below shows consumption in Ecological Footprints per capita by country.   Within the natural range that the Earth can support, an acceptable ecological footprint per capita is 1.6 global hectares, meaning that many nations are using Earth's resources beyond this range.   (Ecological footprint per nation per capita: the darker the red the more earth's resource capacity is exceeded.)   ― Towards a Nature-Positive Society ― How can we save endangered species? The international community has set the answer as ‘Nature-Positive.’   ‘Nature-Positive’ means to stop and reverse natural loss and to strengthen the resilience of the earth and society. For global goals in the natural field, such as the carbon-neutral goal in the climate field, each sector such as government, business, and civil society must subscribe to the pledge and joint in an international effort to carry out it together.   Just as we set quantified carbon reduction targets for Net Zero, biodiversity should also have measurable and timely targets.   Nature-positive is necessary because, firstly, nature has been severely damaged and will disappear at an ever-faster rate in the future, requiring bold goals; and secondly, it gives us hope that nature can recover quickly when given the opportunity.   WWF emphasizes that a fundamental and holistic realignment of paradigms, goals and values across technological, economic and social factors can transform biodiversity decline from halting to recovery.   Fortunately, leaders from over 90 nations pledged to reverse the trend of biodiversity decline by 2030 through the 'Leaders Pledge for Nature (LPN)', and the G7 leaders are also realizing a world in a nature-positive state. They pledge together their firm intention to carry it out.     (Photo source: WWF)  * Nature Positive: A global restoration goal to reverse the trend of biodiversity decline by 2030, to reverse the flow of natural loss and to protect nature.   If the international community responds in unison, the natural net decline will turn positive from 2030, reaching Nature Positive, and a full recovery can be expected by 2050. ― All in all, 1.5oC for nature and mankind ― (Estimation of biodiversity loss due to temperature rise as compared to pre-industrial levels)    The threatened extinction of the Antarctic Emperor penguins and tropical wildlife stands as a warning to humans about climate change from animals living on both extremes.   “Climate change is having a tremendous impact on species around the world, and this also serves as a call to action,” said Martha Williams, Director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).   It seems that the path we must take has been decided for us. Efforts to peg climate change at 1.5℃ and efforts towards Nature Positive are not different – they will help to preserve biodiversity as well as the survival of mankind

Peace Issue Symbol of Health and Human Rights

― World Toilet Day ― https://www.worldtoiletday.info/   What is World Toilet Day?   It is an international day designated by the U.N. In 2013, the United Nations officially designated November 19 as World Toilet Day.   Why did the peace-oriented UN set a day to commemorate the toilet? That is because the disease and safety risks caused by unsanitary toilet facilities are life-threatening. Let's take a look at toilets that threaten the lives of many people around the world.     ― 6th target for world peace, Clean water and sanitation ― At the UN General Assembly in 2015, the United Nations set Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), or the 17 goals that must be achieved by 2030 for world peace.   https://unstats.un.org/sdgs (Go to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals website)   The sixth goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is Clean Water and Sanitation, which aims to ensure access to safe water and basic sanitation facilities (toilet) for all.   The second target of SDG 6 is related to toilet hygiene.  SDGs 6. Clean water and sanitation targets  6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.  6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations  6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally  6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity.  6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate   6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes.http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=584 (Read Sunhak Peace article about Clean Water and Sanitation)     What kind of problem does the bathroom pose in the sight of the UN? The biggest problem is the impact on health. Various bacteria mixed with excrement dumped on roads, streams, and rivers cause water-borne infectious diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and polio.   If you contract severe diarrhea from a young age due to a water-borne infectious disease, you will suffer from malnutrition and be vulnerable to various diseases even as an adult.   According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 1.5 million people die each year from water-borne diseases.   Toilets are also a matter of human dignity. Women and children where open defecation is the only option are at risk of sexual assault. It points out that, for this reason, in countries where school toilet facilities are poor, female students often drop out of school when menarche begins.   (Improved toilet facilities in a Rwanda family. Source: Water for People)   According to data from the non-governmental organization WaterAid, 170 million people worldwide live without toilets. And every two minutes, a child under the age of 5 dies from diarrhea caused by dirty water and poor toilet hygiene.    https://www.wateraid.org/uk/the-crisis/facts-and-statistics   Fortunately, the situation is gradually improving. According to the "Sustainable Development Goals Report" published by the UN in July this year, toilet hygiene is gradually improving thanks to the international community's efforts to provide access to clean toilets and good hygiene.  https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/Goal-06/   According to the report, from 2015 to 2020, the number of people using safe and sanitary toilet facilities worldwide increased from 47% to 54%.   If this trend continues, it will reach 67% by 2030. Nevertheless, about 280 million people remain without access to sanitary toilet facilities. The United Nations has stated that in order to achieve the 2030 goal, improvement is needed at a rate four times faster than it is now. Over the same period, the number of people who defecate on the street decreased from 739 million to 494 million. The United Nations has analyzed that it is on track to end open defecation by 2030.   ― “No bathroom, no bride.”Clean India Mission   “You don’t have a toilet? Then I won't marry you!!" “Do you have toilets at home? Then we can get married."   It sounds a bit absurd, but it's a true story in India, where half of its 1.3 billion people defecate outdoors.   India is a representative country with poor toilet facilities. In response, the Indian government has been implementing the "Swachh Bharat Mission: Clean India" policy since October 2014, a movement to improve toilet hygiene: the goal is to become “Open Defecation Free."     https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htm   As part of the Clean India movement, the Indian government launched a campaign with a unique slogan: “No Toilet, No Bride.”   This intriguing slogan campaign is said to have started in the northern Indian state of Haryana, which has actually created about 1.4 million new toilets across India as women refuse to marry men who can't afford them.   This story was the theme of the 2017 screenplay Toilet: A Love Story set in a rural village with no custom of having toilet facilities. The film begins when the bride about to get married to a young man in the village discovers the groom's house has no bathroom and threatens to run away. The groom struggles to persuade the villagers to build a toilet.   The Indian government is steadily improving toilet hygiene by providing funds to poor families to build toilets and by rewarding those who use the toilet or blowing a whistle when they see a person relieving themselves outdoors in an effort to eliminate the custom of urinating in public.   ― Chinese toilet roll ―   China also is pouring monumental efforts into improving toilet hygiene at the central government level. China started the 'toilet revolution' in 2015, and over the next 3 years it spent about 20 billion yuan ($2.8 billion USD) to renovate or build 70,000 toilets and add 64,000 by 2020. In addition, funds have gone to outfit public offices and public institutions with toilets open to the public.   (China’s Hubei Province slogan: “Big revolution in small bathrooms: If you pay attention to hygiene, you won’t get sick!”) https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006003/revolutionary-potties-chinas-toilet-revolution%2C-five-years-on     However, there are many reports that the results are not great compared to the efforts made by local governments, whereas big government commits such absurd boondoggles as installing flush toilets in places without water and sewage facilities, or building luxurious toilets equipped with TVs and refrigerators.   It is also reported that the old culture of allowing young children to defecate in the open is not readily changed.     ― Bill Gates: drinking water from feces ― https://www.gatesfoundation.org/our-work/programs/global-growth-and-opportunity/water-sanitation-and-hygiene   Bill Gates is famous for putting a lot of effort into improving bathrooms, as part of his collective effort to save countless lives that would otherwise die from water-borne diseases.   In 2011, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation launched the Reinvent Toilet Challenge (RT). The challenge is a real effort to improve toilet facilities in underdeveloped countries, to develop a toilet system that does not require water and sewage connections or electricity, is inexpensive, and can recycle excrement.   These efforts are inspired by the high cost of building and maintaining toilets, sewers and wastewater treatment systems in underdeveloped countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.  The Reinvent Toilet Challenge supports products that:    - Remove harmful bacteria from human excreta and recover valuable resources such as energy, clean water and nutrients     - Operate without connection to water and sewage and require minimal electricity        - Cost less than US$0.05 cents per user per day        - Promote sustainable and profitable sanitation services and businesses in poor urban settings        - Can appeal to both developed and developing countries. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/our-work/programs/global-growth-and-opportunity/water-sanitation-and-hygiene/reinvent-the-toilet-challenge-and-expo  In 2014, a video of Bill Gates drinking water extracted from feces went viral. It's a video of drinking water made at a human waste processing facility called 'Janiciki Omniprocessor,' and there was even a quip that Bill Gates drank poop water from this place.   https://blog.education.nationalgeographic.org/2015/01/08/from-poop-to-potable-with-bill-gates/ The Omniprocessor separates the manure into steam and solids, uses the power of the steam to generate electricity, and burns the solids to ash. It also filters, condenses and distills steam to produce clean water. This pilot project is currently being pioneered in Dakar, Senegal.  https://en.reset.org/reinventing-toilet-piloting-janicki-omni-processor-dakar-senegal-01072020/   In August this year, Samsung Electronics in Korea, which has been collaborating on the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's toilet reinvention project, succeeded in developing a new concept toilet model that does not require water and sewage treatment, and announced that it plans to provide technology patents for free to underdeveloped countries.     (New concept toilet model developed by Samsung Electronics)    ― Various types of sustainable toilets ― ● Handy Pod   (Handy Pod Toilet: Source: Water Aid)   The Handy Pod is a device to solve the sewage problem for residents who live on the water or near lakes. This facility is actually being used in floating villages in Cambodia.   First, domestic sewage or excrement is sent into a drum where anaerobic microorganisms actively treat the waste. The device is designed to return the byproducts to an artificial wetland and decompose and absorb them through plants such as water hyacinths and various microorganisms. It is attracting attention, and if it is installed and used in every house, it will dramatically solve the problem of water pollution in the lake.     ● Peepoo Bag http://www.peepoople.com/peepoo/start-thinking-peepoo/   Peepoo Bag is a bioplastic bag developed by a Swedish company. The bag self-decomposes and the material inside the bag decompose the excrement to remove bacteria and transform it into a fertilizer ingredient, so all you have to do is bury it in the soil.   It's easy to use, so all you need is a space where you can personally do your business. Reports are that usability has been verified in Kenya's slums and Bangladesh. One person on average uses 45 liters of water a day to flush the toilet in one part of the world. Meanwhile, people in other parts of the world walk for hours to fetch water. And 3.6 billion people still do not have access to toilets and safe sanitation.    We can think about what actions to take so that everyone can enjoy the universal right to the toilet.

Peace Issue Sustainable Tourism

― “Sustainable Travel” ― the hot topic after Covid-19 ―(Image source: European Travel Commission) Over the past two and a half years, the world has been hit hard by the coronavirus. Covid-19 has had such a huge impact on our lives that it is difficult to find places whose economy, health, and education and all else that have not been impacted. The tourism sector has suffered as much damage as any other sector. According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) "International Tourism and Covid-19" data, global tourists decreased by 1 billion in 2021 as compared to 2019, and there has been a loss on the order of 1 trillion dollars in the tourism sector alone. According to the European Travel Commission (ETC), the number of tourists worldwide fell by 83% in 2020 compared to 2019. Indeed, the setback is enormous. You can imagine what difficult times the countries that make their living from tourism have had to go through. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/international-tourism-and-covid-19 Ironically, there are some areas that are concerned about an increase in tourists. Venice, Italy is famous for being the city of water. Why is Venice concerned about the rise in tourists?Venice has an estimated population of 150,000. With 30 million people visiting the city every year before Covid-19, environmental damage and nuisance to residents became an issue. In response, the city of Venice is limiting the number of visitors to 40,000 to 50,000 per day through reservations. And from next year, there will be an entrance fee of about 10 euros per person.― Sustainable Tourism ―Sustainable tourism has become a hot topic in the tourism industry after Covid-19. Which factors would make a travel sustainable?  The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) defines sustainable tourism as "tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities."https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development  In detail, it should contain three elements: environmental sustainability, social and cultural sustainability, and economic sustainability. 1. Environmental sustainability: optimal use of the environmental resources that constitute a key element of tourism development, maintaining essential ecological processes, and preserving natural heritage and biodiversity 2. Socio-cultural sustainability: respecting the socio-cultural authenticity of the host region, preserving the cultural heritage and traditional values they have built and are living, and contributing to intercultural understanding and tolerance 3. Economic sustainability: ensuring viable and long-term economic operation by contributing to alleviating poverty and providing social and economic benefits that are fairly distributed among all stakeholders, including stable employment and income-generating opportunities, and social services to host communities― 12 Tips for Sustainable Tourism ―https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/10/1129247 Recently, the United Nations has proposed 12 tips to sustainable travel. The UN states that sustainable travel helps reduce global poverty without negatively impacting the environment.  1. Use reusable plastic containers Plastics are often used for less than 15 minutes but take more than 1000 years to decompose. Use reusable bottles and bags wherever you go. 2. Use water wisely Tourists usually consume much more water than locals. Simply refraining from changing your sheets and towels daily during your hotel stay can save millions of gallons of water each year.  3. Buy local products Buying locally bolsters the local economy and reduces the carbon footprint of transporting goods. 4. Choosing an Ethical Travel Agent If you use a travel agency, you should choose a travel agency that prioritizes the environment, uses resources efficiently, and respects local culture.  5. Please do not feed wild animals The more you come into contact with wild animals, the more likely you are to spread human disease to them, and as the wild animals become accustomed to receiving food from humans, they may become dependent on humans for survival.  6. And don't eat them either Demand for wildlife increases poaching and exploitation of endangered animals. When shopping for souvenirs, avoid products made from endangered wildlife. 7. Ride sharing Transportation is a major source of carbon emissions from tourism. Use public transport or bicycles instead of taxis. 8. Homestay Staying with locals and their families provides an opportunity for travelers to see different ways of life while contributing to their income.  9. Do your homework Studying your destination before you go there will allow you to better immerse yourself in local traditions and practices and appreciate features of the culture and geography you might not otherwise know.  10. Visit National Parks and Reserves Visit national parks to learn firsthand about animals and ecosystems. Entrance fees also support efforts to conserve natural habitats.  11. Leave no trace Do not remove or change anything without permission. Let's leave only soft footprints. 12. Tell your friends Tell your fellow travelers, friends and family about how sustainable tourism helps to improve the livelihood and well-being of local people. ― Glasgow Declaration on Climate Action in Tourism ―At the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2021 (COP21), the Glasgow Declaration on Climate Action in Tourism was announced to respond to concerns about the effects of tourism on climate crisis. https://www.unwto.org/the-glasgow-declaration-on-climate-action-in-tourismMore than 530 organizations, including major countries and corporations, participated in the declaration, and signatories agree to the following commitments: ▲ halve harmful emissions from tourism by 2030 ▲ reach Net Zero as soon as possible before 2050 ▲ report publicly on the progress and actions being taken on an annual basis https://tourism4sdgs.org/ ― Tourism-related Transport ―(Source: travalyst) It is known that tourism accounts for about 8% of global carbon emissions. According to data released by the World Tourism Organization in December 2019, tourism-related carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by 25% by 2030 compared to 2016. The report predicts that carbon emissions related to tourism-related transport will increase by 45% for international travel and 21% for domestic travel in 2030 compared to 2016.https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development/tourism-emissions-climate-change Thankfully, the aviation industry is actively discussing the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). SAF makes use of used cooking oil, algae, and waste products as raw materials. The SAF industry estimates that it can reduce greenhouse gas by up to 80% compared to conventional aviation fuel. In April 2021, the European Commission also announced that all flights departing from Europe would use as fuel a blend of conventional jet fuel and SAF.(Image source: Greenaironline.com) At the UN Climate Change Conference last year, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said: “Tourism practices should be aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals and a 1.5-degree future.” He emphasized, “The very survival of this industry, and many tourist destinations, such a Small Island Developing States, depends on it.” We should be aware that a vacation we take can be a matter of survival for the islanders facing climate crisis. The next time we travel, let’s remember the tips for sustainable tourism.

Peace Issue The Return of “King Dollar” and its Effect on Developing Nations

― U.S. interest rate hikes ―(Photo source: Reuter)“Keep at it.”ᅳThese are the words of Jerome Powell, Chairman of the Federal Reserve, central bank of the United States, at a press conference in late August. What will they continue doing? He is referring to the rate hikes in the U.S. https://www.ft.com/content/f2a6d9ac-24de-4e10-8fd6-924e8a45b047(Go to related articles) The US Federal Reserve, having overcome the corona pandemic with historic interest rate cuts and money loosening, is now tightening money by raising interest rates to keep up with rising inflation. And now once more it is taking action equally rapidly.  (U.S. benchmark interest rate trend over the past year) The US benchmark interest rate, which was 0.25% at the beginning of this year, has jumped to 3.25% as of September and is expected to rise to 4.25% or even 4.50% by year's end. In September, Chairman Powell said, “We have to keep up with inflation. I wish there were a painless way to do that. There isn't.” https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/fed-set-big-rate-hike-waters-get-choppy-worlds-central-banks-2022-09-21/ (69 economies representing 2.1 billion people recorded double-digit inflation compared to the previous year) ― Only the dollar is rising ―Interest rates represent the value of money. When the US, the reserve currency, raises interest rates, the value of the dollar increases. Investors around the world convert their money invested in other countries into dollars and move them into dollar-denominated assets. The “king dollar” phenomenon devalues currencies other than the dollar. When the value of money falls, inflation rises and the burden of dollar-denominated foreign debt increases, which can lead to a foreign exchange crisis. In response to this, central banks around the world also seem to be in a hurry to raise interest rates. Accordingly more than 60 countries around the world have raised their benchmark interest rates. (European Central Bank's 5-year zero interest rate trend headed into a sharp rise in the second half of this year) In September alone, the Swiss central bank increased 0.75 percentage points, the Norwegian central bank 0.50 percentage points and Taiwan's central bank 0.125 percentage points. The Central Bank of England also increased by 0.50 percentage points and the central banks of Sweden and Canada by 1 percentage point. (Interest rates change in developing countries: the number of countries that raised interest rates increased from 5 to 51. Source: UNCD) Emerging economies with relatively weak economies are more severely affected. Ghana raised its benchmark interest rate to 22% last month and Argentina to 75%. Zimbabwe in Africa has the highest interest rate in the world at 200%. (Global benchmark interest rate map: the darker the color, the higher the interest rate. Source: tradingeconomic.com) ― World Bank warns about rate hikes ―Recently, international organizations are raising concern about interest rate hikes in each nation. First, in September, the World Bank warned that global monetary tightening could lead to a “disruptive recession” of the global economy in the coming year.https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/09/15/risk-of-global-recession-in-2023-rises-amid-simultaneous-rate-hikes  The World Bank said that simultaneous interest rate hikes by central banks around the world could lead to a global recession in 2023, fearing that emerging markets and developing countries could go into a financial crisis. It also analyzed that the world economy is currently in the steepest recession since it recovered from the recession that followed the 1970 crunch. Unless the current supply disruption and job market burden are resolved, core inflation excluding energy is expected to remain at about 5% through next year. This is more than double the five-year average before the coronavirus pandemic.  ― UN warns that Fed rate hike hurts developing countries ―https://unctad.org/tdr2022 The United Nations has also voiced criticism of the policy of raising interest rates. On October 3rd, the U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) strongly criticized the U.S. and other advanced countries' interest rate hikes in the '2022 Trade Development Report,' warning that they can harm developing countries. Such rate hikes are at risk of doing more damage than during the 2008 financial crisis and the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. According to the report, if the US Federal Reserve raises the benchmark interest rate by 1 percentage point, economic output in other developed nations will shrink by 0.5% and economic output in poor countries will decrease by 0.8% over the next three years. The global economic growth rate, which is expected to grow by 2.5% in 2022, is expected to slow to 2.2% next year, and real GDP is expected to be US$17 trillion lower than the pre-pandemic trend. The global slowdown will affect all countries, but the developing world most exposed to debt, health, and climate crises will be hit hardest. Among them, middle-class countries in Latin America and low-income countries in Africa are expected to record the sharpest economic slowdowns this year. In addition, as the global financial situation worsened from the fourth quarter of last year, funds from developing countries have continued to flow out. About 90 developing countries have devalued their currencies against the dollar this year. It is estimated that the difference amounts to more than 10% against the dollar. Sri Lanka's currency, which already suffered national bankruptcy and was bailed out by the IMF (International Monetary Fund), dropped 77.8% against the dollar this year. Now, 46 developing nations have experienced severe economic shock, and 48 are undergoing significant setbacks, the report said. (Status of developing countries with lower nominal exchange rate against the dollar, January-July this year) Developing countries have already spent about US$379 billion this year to prop up their exchange rates—almost double the number of special drawing rights (SDRs) newly allocated by the IMF to developing nations. * Special Drawing Rights (SDR): The right to withdraw foreign currency without collateral when an IMF member needs dollars. (Ranking of the 20 countries spending the most to pay off their public debt) The problem is that, despite these efforts by developing countries, concerns are expressed in the report that many countries' foreign exchange crises are growing. The report pointed to a surge in energy prices and an increase in import costs due to exchange rate fluctuations as the cause of inflation in many developing countries. Thus, rather than raising interest rates, it urges more direct price regulation, such as introducing a one-time windfall tax on energy companies that made a lot of money, anti-monopoly regulation, and strict regulation on speculation. Recently, the US Federal Reserve has also raised concerns about emerging market risks due to interest rate hikes. In September, Fed Vice Chair Lael Brainard cautioned, "Monetary policy tightening to combat high inflation around the world spreads risks internationally and is more likely to create baleful synergies with financial market fragility." https://www.ft.com/content/cb3816bb-bb62-4828-a575-aab3c54bed87(Link to article) It is no surprise that the US central bank sets policies for the US economy. However, the US dollar is already the world's reserve currency. When the global economic crisis comes, is there any commodity that has a greater impact than the dollar? “There is still time to step back from the brink of a recession,” said Rebeca Grynspan, UNCTAD Secretary General. "We have the tools to calm inflation and support all the vulnerable, and it's a matter of policy choice and will." https://unctad.org/osgstatement/launch-trade-and-development-report-2022 So what remains to be seen is how long the Fed's 'Keep at it' will last. 

Peace Issue Reason for her Death: Improper Hijab

― Iranian protests against compulsory hijab ―(Photo: AP)The death of a 22-year-old woman in Iran on September 16 has stirred ripples around the world. The woman, named Mahsa Amini, was taken into custody by the police for "not wearing her hijab properly" and died three days later. Police claim the cause of her death was a heart attack. However, the anger of the Iranian people, who do not believe this story, has escalated into anti-government protests that are spreading throughout Iran. (Protests in Tehran, Iran. Photo: AP) This protest is different from previous protests in Iran in both scale and nature. Amini was from Iran’s ethnic minority Khud, but the protest is not just for the Khud. From the capital Tehran to the conservative traditional town Mashadna Qom, from the wealthy to market merchants and workers, locals, classes, and peoples of all walks of life are joining the protests, and many countries are sympathizing with them. Protests in conservative areas are virtually unknown. It is also noteworthy that not just women but also men are participating in protesting violence against women. Demonstrators are not just protesting police violence against women, but against the Iranian regime. Some protesters are seen destroying posters of the nation's top leader, chanting "Women, Life, Freedom" and even "Death to the dictator."https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/21/middleeast/iran-mahsa-amini-death-widespread-protests-intl-hnk/index.html According to New York Times, after hardline Ebrahim Raisi became president last year, he overturned the former president’s reforms, typically by strictly enforcing the hijab law. (Iranian woman being arrested for not wearing a hijab) The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has launched an impartial investigation, saying it has received numerous videos in recent months of Iran's morality police arresting women for not properly hijabs over their face, beating them with clubs, taking them into custody, and driving them away in police vehicles.https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/09/mahsa-amini-acting-un-human-rights-chief-urges-impartial-probe-death-iran Ali Vaez, head of the nonprofit Crisis Group, told New York Times, "The reason young people take such risks is because they have nothing to lose and no hope for the future."https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html The Iranian government is responding harshly to the protests. BBC reports that already 76 people have been killed and hundreds more arrested by security forces in the 11 days following the protests.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63047363 ― Background to the hijab protests ―In Iran, the hijab has become a symbol of women's rights. Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, it was made compulsory for women to wear the hijab, and segregation of men and women began. Before that, there was no strict legal requirement that women cover their hair and wear only modest “Islamic” dress. "In the past, most women lived in rural areas and it was not possible to wear a hijab," Iranian scholar Esha Momeni told Associated Press. "I wore a casual head scarf as part of the traditional clothing rather than having a religious connotation.”https://apnews.com/article/iran-middle-east-religion-7de9a98cc304922098a62dc9223986ad (Iranian Revolution of 1979) On the contrary, there were times when the wearing of the hijab was prohibited. The hijab was officially banned in 1936, during the Pahlavi reign, which promoted Iran's modernization. This was similar to compulsory wearing of the hijab but in the opposite sense—women were not allowed to wear the hijab. During the Pahlavi dynasty, there were many changes in Iranian women's rights. The minimum age for marriage for women was raised from 13 to 18, and the Family Protection Act was passed—quite progressive for the time. Women served as ministers, judges, and in parliament. (Persian women in the 1970s) (Last emperor of Pahlavi dynasty welcomes President Nixon and the First Lady) However, the Pahlavi dynasty, which had suppressed fundamentalists opposed to its reform policies, was banished in 1979 in the well-known Islamic Revolution. The new government made it a crime to appear in public without a hijab; any woman doing so faced 74 floggings. Women's choice to wear the hijab was rescinded. ― Why Iranian women are cutting their hair ―(Protester displays severed hair before the Iranian Consulate in Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Yonhap News) (Source: Downloaded from Twitter video that went viral) British writer Shara Atashi told CNN that a woman cutting her hair is "an ancient Persian (now Iranian) tradition when the fury is stronger than the power of the oppressor." He also introduced a long epic called Shahnameh, the most important literary work written in Persian over 1,000 years ago, recording that when the hero Shiabash was murdered, his wife Farangis and girls cut their hair to resist injustice.― Iranian women should have the freedom to make a choice ―This hijab protest raises a fundamental question: who wears the hijab and who makes the choice? Take a look at the photos below: (Iranian women demonstrating for equal rights in 1979. Source: AP) (Iranian women in favor of wearing hijabs in 1979. Source: AP) (Iranian women arguing in the heat of the 1979 equal rights protests. Source: AP) In the BBC article mentioned earlier, Iranian-British journalist Rana Rahimpur said that, under the Pahlavi rule, women's lives were more independent, and there was a wide range of opinions about whether women's rights should be liberalized or not. It could be said that Iran under the monarchy was a much more conservative and religious society than it is today, and religious women were more comfortable going out in a hijab. The Associated Press reported, "Young Iranians view Amini's death under dubious circumstances as a symbol of human rights oppression." Traditions and cultures ought to be respected in any society. But they should be neither repressed nor enforced just for the fact that they are traditions. The right to choose to wear the hijab: Who will decide this? Let’s hope for the day when Iranian women will no longer have to cut their hair and burn their hijabs, risking their lives to make this point. 

Peace Issue Levying a Tax even on Carbon!

― Are celebrities at fault for global warming? ―   Last July, a famous celebrity in the United States was criticized for getting around on a private jet. In the U.S., where people commonly travel by plane because the land is expansive, it is common to take a private plane, but for what reason?   (17-minute flight log of an American celebrity posted on Twitter)   What's the reason she flew 64 km, a distance that could be traversed in just forty minutes by car? She points out that, not only her; many famous singers and film directors are now being singled out as major culprits of excess carbon dioxide emissions. This was given as the reason why she made such a short-hop flight. According to Yard, a British digital marketing company, the amount of carbon emitted by celebrities around the world by private jets is 482 times the average annual carbon dioxide emitted by the general public.   https://weareyard.com/insights/worst-celebrity-private-jet-co2-emission-offenders ('Yard' press release on the amount of carbon emitted by celebrities using private jets)   The public's disillusionment is all the more poignant, seeing how celebrities appear to be concerned about climate change, yet they emit tons of carbon by flying private jets for personal travel even for short jaunts.   In the past, celebs with their private jets were the object of interest and envy, but now the world's attention has extended to the issue of CO2 emission. As such, they are now emerging as big producers of greenhouse gases, namely major culprits in causing climate change, and are coming under public scrutiny.   ― Plans to actively implement a carbon pricing system ―   Nations around the world are making great efforts to keep the global temperature rise under 1.5℃ compared to the pre-industrial era. Sunhak Peace Prize Foundation has worked steadily to arouse interest in climate change issues: (See previous Sunhak Peace Prize articles on Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change)   The Environment Ministers of OECD member nations met in Paris in March this year for the OECD Environmental Policy Committee (EPOC) Ministerial Meeting. https://www.oecd.org/environment/ministerial/   The ministers attending pledged to develop and implement an "effective and ambitious strategy" for the goal of achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. They discussed methods for implementing Carbon Pricing, recognizing greenhouse gas as a concomitant expense incurred by human activities.   What is Carbon Pricing?  There are two types of carbon pricing, namely ‘carbon tax’ and ‘emissions trading system.’ Let's examine these concepts more closely.   https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/05/24/global-carbon-pricing-generates-record-84-billion-in-revenue   According to the Carbon Pricing Report published by the World Bank in May 2022, there are 68 carbon pricing instruments worldwide (36 carbon taxes and 32 emission trading systems), and global carbon price revenues in 2021 will increase by 60% compared to 2020, for an estimated total of $84 billion dollars (119.53 trillion won). (Nations and regions implementing carbon pricing systems)    ― Emissions Trading Scheme ― ▲What is an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)?   The emission trading system began at the “Kyoto Protocol,” an international agreement that set targets for greenhouse gas reduction in advanced countries at the 3rd UN Climate Change Convention held in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. (Cover page of the Kyoto Protocol)   The 37 developed countries that fall under ‘Annex I’ of the Kyoto Protocol are required to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions by an average of 5.2% as compared to 1990 by the year 2012. https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/mechanisms/emissions-trading   * For reference, the Kyoto Protocol, which stipulated a climate change response method centered on developed nations by 2020, will develop from the Paris Climate Agreement ratified in 2015 to assigning all 195 contracting parties the obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions after 2020.   The amount of carbon emission per country is determined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and each nation that has been issued carbon emission limits allocates the task to domestic companies.   A firm that emits more carbon than the allocated credits must purchase credits from other companies within that country that have reduced carbon emissions.   As the World Bank detailed, there are 32 emission trading schemes and operating standards and prices for carbon credits are different for each country, so there is as yet no carbon emissions credit trading between countries.   ▲ The European Union has the most active carbon trading system in the world and has been operating a carbon exchange since 2005. The price of 7.83 euros per ton stipulated in January 2018 has risen to 90 euros as of July 2022. Carbon trading prices in Europe are rising steeply.    https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/international-carbon-market_en  ▲ China and the European Union agreed to strengthen bilateral cooperation in the carbon market in 2015 and started trading carbon credits in July 2021.   ▲ Korea also launched its own Korea Emissions Trading System (KETS) as the first nation to do so among countries that do not fall under Annex 1. ▲ The United States currently implements carbon pricing schemes at the state rather than at the federal level.   The advantage of the emission trading system is that it is effective in reducing carbon emissions since the government sets the emission quotas of companies.     ― The Carbon Tax ―   A carbon tax is a system where the government imposes a tax on the amount of carbon dioxide emitted. Until 2020, the proportion of carbon tax was higher than that of the carbon trading system, but this balance turned around in 2021. Businesses strive to reduce their carbon footprint, if only to reduce taxes.  But the carbon tax has the drawback that CO2 emissions are decided by each company’s volition. In extreme cases, if a firm insists on producing excessive carbon even at the cost of high carbon taxes, there is no way to stop it. If a firm makes products that consumers prefer no matter how high the price, it is easy to tack the carbon tax onto the product price, instead of making efforts to reduce carbon emissions.   Another disadvantage of the carbon tax is that companies in nations that impose a stiff carbon tax have lower price competitiveness of their products in contrast to competitors abroad that levy no carbon tax.   When a tax is imposed, firms have no choice but to reflect this in their product prices, and companies in regions with high carbon taxes such as Europe are at a relative disadvantage compared to companies in other nations, and tend to move their production facilities to regions without a carbon tax.   The system designed to compensate for this unfairness is the carbon border tax. ― The Carbon Border Tax ― https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733513/EPRS_BRI(2022)733513_EN.pdf   In July of last year, the European Union announced the ‘fit for 55’ plan to reduce average carbon emissions to 55% compared to 1950 by 2030 to tackle climate change. What particularly drew attention here was the imposition of a so-called “carbon border tax” from 2026. The official term for the carbon border tax is the "Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)", a system to impose a tax on products imported into the EU that emit more carbon than those produced in the EU.  The levy applies to products with high carbon emissions, such as steel, cement, and fertilizer. The EU expects to generate an estimated 10 billion euros (13.8 trillion won) annually from this carbon border tax. https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/03/16/eu-s-proposed-co2-emissions-tariff-is-a-major-step-forward-in-the-fight-against-climate-ch (Go to related articles)   Countries such as China and Russia, most impacted by the introduction of the EU's carbon border tax, are strongly opposed to this. China protests that it is a unilateral measure to expand the climate change issue into the trade sector, violating the principles of free trade of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It claims that developed countries seek to lower the competitiveness of developing countries under the pretext of environmental problems.   ― Carbon emission prices are still low ― The World Bank report states that while carbon prices are breaking record highs in many regions, they currently cover less than 4% of global emissions, and that prices will need to rise significantly higher to meet the Paris Agreement targets.     (Carbon coverage, emissions and pricing by country and region)    In May 2021, UN Special Envoy for Climate Action Mark Carney also said in an interview with CNBC that “to achieve the goal of zero carbon within 10 years, it is necessary to sharply raise the carbon emission tax to $100 per ton (about 130,000 won).”   In addition, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced that the average global carbon price in July 2022 was $6 per ton, but should be raised to $75 per ton by 2030 in order to stem global warming. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/07/21/blog-more-countries-are-pricing-carbon-but-emissions-are-still-too-cheap     ― The grudge of a disappearing island nation ― At the UN General Assembly held last week, President David Kabua of Marshall Islands, an island nation in the Pacific, said, "I once again urge that we declare all-out war on the climate change monster." https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-general-assembly-marshall-islands-trending-news-climate-and-environment-8f6ed006ae238d349899a30c5835d346   The Marshall Islands are in danger of disappearing if the sea level rises due to global warming. as the average elevation is only two meters above sea level.   Last year, the Marshall Islands and the neighboring Solomon Islands proposed a carbon tax of $100 per ton on greenhouse gases emitted by international ships, leading to a transition to zero carbon emissions.   The AP reported on a speech at the UN General Assembly by Prime Minister Kausea Natano of Tuvalu, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean like the Marshall Islands. He said that while developed countries glibly talk about the "existential threat" of climate change, Tuvalu is desperately clearing land 4 to 5 meters high to avert imminent submersion.   Prime Minister Robert Abella of Malta, which is likewise at risk of submergence, pointed out that climate change is a serious threat to small island nations and to coastal areas everywhere. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has also urged wealthy nations to tax the gains from energy revenues and divert these funds to countries affected by the loss and destruction of the climate crisis. https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-general-assembly-drowning-island-nations-75f5390daf98d1d385da7dd4a869ae09 (Go to related articles)   It is known that the Pacific Island nations' carbon contribution is less than 0.03% of total global emissions. What role have Pacific island nations played in driving climate change?   It remains to be seen whether the carbon pricing system and the carbon border tax, which are still being fine-tuned, can give them an answer.

Peace Issue One Hundred Million Refugees Around the Globe

— One Hundred Million Refugees Around the Globe — (Venezuelan refugees crossing the river to Colombia, source: UNHCR) There are people who are called “the saddest traveler in the world.” It's a refugee. These are people who have fled their homeland and their homeland to escape war, famine, and persecution. In June, UNHCR announced that the number of refugees worldwide had exceeded 100 million as of May 2022. This number is comparable to the population of Egypt, the 14th most populous country in the world. It would be enough people to make up a country; but they have lost their country and are wandering around the world. For clarity, in this article we speak of 'refugees' who left their homeland and moved to another country, 'internally displaced people' who left their homeland and moved within their own country, and 'asylum-seekers' who left their homeland and requested protection in another country, namely 'forced migrants' or simply 'refugees'. UNHCR Definition of ‘Refugee’ - Refugee: A person who is at risk of persecution due to race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, and is in need of international protection because he cannot or cannot return to the protection of his country of origin. - Internally Displaced Person: A person who has had no choice but to escape from their home or usual place of residence but has not crossed an internationally recognized border. - Asylum-seeker: An individual seeking international protection, who is waiting for the result of a refugee claim https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2022/6/62a9d2b04/unhcr-global-displacement-hits-record-capping-decade-long-rising-trend.html (Go to UNHCR report) UNHCR has published the ‘2021 Global Trend Report’, which compiled the status of refugees as of the end of 2021. The number of refugees counted in the report at the end of 2021 was 89.3 million, an increase of about 6.9 million, or 8%, from the 82.4 million counted at the end of 2020. This is also twice as large as it was 10 years ago. What caused the sudden surge in refugees? Annual Refugee Growth However, within just five months after the report was compiled and published, the number surged by more than ten million refugees. What could have caused such a sudden surge in refugees? UNHCR cited Russia's attack on Ukraine and civil wars in Africa and Afghanistan as chief reasons. In fact, more than 7 million refugees have fled Ukraine since the outbreak of the war in February this year, the largest number in Europe since World War II.   ― Refugee Originating Nations, Refugee Receiving Nations ― (Map of countries with internally displaced refugees) According to the report, as of the end of 2021, the number of displaced people who fled to other areas within their home country was 53.2 million, amounting to 59.6% of all refugees. The number of refugees who have left their country to receive protection from other nations is 27.1 million, or 30.3% of all forced migrants (refugees).   The refugees come from Syria (6.85 million), Venezuela (4.6 million), Afghanistan (2.71 million), South Sudan (2.36 million) and Myanmar (1.17 million) in that order. The above five countries account for 69% of all migrant refugees abroad. (Mother and son leaving South Sudan and staying in a refugee camp in Sudan. Source: Doctors Without Borders) What made them leave their homeland? △ Syrian civil war and regime tyranny, △ Venezuela's economic hardship, △ Afghanistan from harsh Taliban rule, △ South Sudan from civil war, △ Millions of people have fled Myanmar to escape the oppression of the regime. They left their homeland to live a better life, but what they face is harsher circumstances. This is because a difficult process awaits them to obtain refugee status even when they cross the border with difficulty.   Let's look at the state of the countries that have accepted refugees. The country with the highest number of refugees in the world is Turkey (3.76 million people). Turkey, which hosts a large number of Syrian refugees, has maintained its status as the largest host country for the eighth year in a row. After Turkey, Colombia (1.84 million people), Uganda (153 million people), Pakistan (1.49 million people), Germany (1.25 million people), Sudan (1.1 million people) and Bangladesh (920,000 people) received the most refugees in that order. However, these statistics cover up till the end of 2021; the ranking is certain to change when we include the current exodus of Ukrainian refugees. — Child refugees, 41% —   Children account for 41% of all refugees, but 30% of the world population at large. Child refugees are the weakest of the weak, and they desperately need safety and protection. Child refugees arriving in border areas are exposed to crimes such as separation from family, violence, sexual exploitation and human trafficking. World Vision addressed the issue of child refugees in the report "Children in a Food and Protection Crisis: Marginalized Forced Migrants" published in July of this year. https://www.wvi.org/publications/report/hunger-crisis/hungry-and-unprotected-children-forgotten-refugees (Go to World Vision Report) In a survey of 2,522 refugees from 467 households in 11 regions, ▪Food/nutrition shortages ▪School dropout ▪Violence against children were identified as the most worrisome concerns for child refugees.   It also revealed that the income of refugees is steadily decreasing, and violence against children is increasing due to increased stress at home. In particular, in the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo, concerns about early marriage have increased sevenfold over last year. They also pointed out that the lack of services in the field of child protection directly impacts children's lives and well-being. (Children at risk and families with limited access to emergency services) — Welcome Refugees vs. Uninvited Refugees — Amidst all this, outcries are sounding that refugees are being discriminated against based on their region of origin and race. This claim has risen since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine War. In the past, several European countries were reluctant to accept Syrian refugees from the Middle East and even built walls and fences to stop them. But now, these same European countries are actively accepting Ukrainian refugees.   (Ukrainian refugees heading to Poland. Source: Yonhap News) According to a Reuters report, over the past decade, Europe has accepted only 1 million Syrian refugees. Contrasting this with the acceptance of millions of Ukrainian refugees in a very short period of time, this is a huge difference. According to reports from CNN and The New York Times, Poland provides hotels and public transportation for free for Ukrainian refugees, and some travel agencies have even produced "city tour guides" for refugees. Hungary has also said it will grant refugee status to Ukrainians who enter the country.   (Syrian refugees argue with police at the Danish border. Source: Yonhap News) Denmark has announced that, only for Ukrainian refugees, it will not apply the current “regulation for recognition of asylum” in order to help them settle in quickly. Denmark was the first European country to revoke residence permits for 600 Syrian refugees who settled there in 2019. Austria’s Prime Minister Karl Nehammer, who has firmly blocked Afghan refugees fleeing the Taliban's reassertion of rule, stated he will accept Ukrainian refugees as necessary. It is pointed out in the World Vision report that while 61.5% of Ukraine refugee requests for emergency assistance has been accepted, this was not the case in other refugee situations. Ukraine refugees and Syrian refugees are both forced to leave their homeland, but the reality of the international community has shown discrimination among refugees.      ― Polarization of Refugee Acceptance ― We also see polarization in refugee acceptance rates. Developed countries have low refugee acceptance rates, while low-income countries continue to accept disproportionately large numbers of refugees. 83% remain in low-and middle-income countries, and 27% are protected by underdeveloped countries.    In particular, 22% of refugees are hosted by countries classified as low-income by the World Bank, such as Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Chand, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.   The reason for this is because people taking refugee cross borders and often move into neighboring countries. △ Syrian refugees move into Turkey and Iran, △Afghan refugees move into Pakistan, △South Sudanese refugees move into Sudan and Uganda, △Venezuelan refugees move into Colombia, and △Myanmar refugees move into Bangladesh. The problem is that those neighboring countries have their own struggles.    On the other hand, high-income countries that have most of the world’s wealth, have embraced only 16% of refugees. Therefore, more help is needed from those countries in the global community.    ― Every Life is Precious ―   Every human life should be respected and protected regardless of their religion, race, nationality, and gender. Global awareness and international solidarity are crucial to secure freedom and equality for every life in every part of the world.    (Filippo Grandi visiting a refugee camp in Tanzania on right, Source: UN Refugee Agency)   Filippo Grandi, the head of the UN Refugee Agency, said, “The number of refugees has continued to rise over the past 10 years. Unless the international community joins forces to resolve disputes and come up with countermeasures, the disastrous trend will continue.”   Dr. Sun Myun Moon, the founder of the Sunhak Peace Prize, said, “Reflecting on whether true peace can be maintained without the happiness and peace of all neighboring countries, we learn that without love for humanity across borders, world peace nor peace in each nation is possible.”   In Chinese characters, the word “peace” means to achieve harmony in an equilibrium. It means that peace is achieved only when everyone on all four sides is joined in harmony and joy.   Somewhere in the world that we are living in, there are 100 million refugees unsettled away from their homes. It’s time to think about how we can live in solidarity.

Peace Issue Global Peace Threatened by the Energy Crisis

― A harsh winter is looming after the extreme heatwaves ― ▪Reduce shower time to 5 minutes (Netherlands) ▪Ban air conditioning cooler that than 27℃ (Spain) ▪Shut off traffic lights in half the city during off-peak hours (Munich, Germany)  During the extreme heatwave of over 40℃ this summer, Europe has set the above restrictions. The reason? Power shortages.   Russia has cut back on natural gas and oil supplies to Europe, as the West responds with sanctions, holding Russia accountable for the war in Ukraine. In addition, Europe is experiencing an energy crisis due to increased demand on electricity in the recovery phase of the pandemic.   http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=636 (See previous SunHak Peace Prize article on the recent heat wave)   To make matters worse, climate change has exacerbated the crisis. The French nuclear power plant is operating at only 50% capacity as it is difficult to supply cooling water owing to the drought. The energy emergency is still unresolved. Europe is more likely than ever to face a harsh winter coming.   ― Europeans groan as energy prices soar ―   Nations in Europe face an emergency as winter approaches. UK has raised energy prices three times since a year ago. The UK's energy regulator announced in October it would raise the UK home energy bill cap by 80 per cent to around £5.64 per year (£3,549) from £3.13 per year (£1,971).   Germany and France expect to increase electricity rates tenfold next year. According to AFP, in both nations last year electricity cost 85 euros per megawatt-hour (1MWh), but Germany plans a hike to 850 euros and France to 1,000 euros. As a 4-person household uses about 3.6MWh per year, the annual electricity bill will top 3,000 euros.    Kosovo became the first European nation to initiate revolving power outages.   The Austrian government has set limits on electricity and gas usage based on the size of a house, and any household that exceeds these limits will be fined.   Overall, Europe has launched a movement to reduce energy. The EU has asked member states to voluntarily cut gas consumption by 15%.   The French government announced that it may implement a two-hour electricity cutoff every two hours if necessary, appealing to all citizens to curtail their energy use by 10% in the coming weeks and months.   In Germany, more and more households are installing fireplaces, and the price of firewood and related materials is also skyrocketing.   ― No more energy going to Europe ―   On September 2nd, when Europe announced it would impose a price cap on Russian energy due to a surge in energy costs, on the 5th, Russia shut down Nord Stream 1, the largest natural gas pipeline to Europe.   In the meantime, Russia has reduced the amount of gas for "technical reasons" such as maintenance, but now it has closed the gas pipeline, blatantly demanding the lifting of Russian sanctions from the West.   Russia's President Putin said, "If it conflicts with our interests, we will not supply anything." In addition to natural gas, he declared a halt to oil, coal and heating oil, and is weaponizing resources in earnest.   https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/08/putins-threatens-to-let-europe-freeze-raising-energy-rationing-risk.html   ― Why Europe Depends on Russia for Energy ―   Where does the confidence that Russia is getting stronger without yielding to various sanctions from the West comes from? That's the power of energy.   Since Europe needed a cheap and reliable source of energy, and Russia was financing its economy by selling energy to Europe, gas and oil trade between the two regions continued to grow.   In February of this year, CNBC reported on why Europe became dependent on Russia for energy. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/24/why-europe-depends-on-russia-for-natural-gas.html   ○ Foremost is depletion of the North Sea gas field. Europe was self-sufficient for natural gas in the 1960s and 1970s, but production decreased as the North Sea gas fields, chief gas producers in Britain and the Netherlands, were depleted.   ○ The nuclear power cutback in Germany also played a role. Germany stopped all investment in nuclear power after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan. Now only 13% of Europe's energy comes from nuclear power.   ○ Aggressive carbon reduction policies are also a major reason we became dependent on Russia for energy. Europe is reducing its use of coal with the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 and reducing carbon emissions by 55% by 2030. Since 2012, the EU has reduced its coal power generation by a third, and currently only about 20% of the EU's electricity comes from coal power plants. However, the share of renewables and biofuels in the EU is still only 18% of the total energy source. Europe itself is spurring decarbonization, but the lack of energy has been replaced by Russia's fossil fuels.   This energy vacuum was filled by Russian natural gas. There is one single reason: Russian gas is cheap and Russia has abundant reserves.   Thus dependence on Russian energy has grown even higher: Russia's natural gas accounts for 43% and crude oil accounts for 25% of European consumption.   The United States has long been wary of these deals. Energy is a matter directly related to security; the U.S. did not want to see Europe subject to Russia. Just as the U.S. feared, Russia has weaponized energy now, threatening global peace.    (Share of Russian gas in total energy consumption by EU nation. Source: IMF)   ― Europe is becoming split by energy ―   (Czech protesters. Source: Yonhap News)   With soaring energy prices, Europe is in a very precarious situation.   On September 3, tens of thousands protested in Prague, outraged at rising energy prices. Some protesters call for Czech Republic to leave NATO and the European Union and import cheap gas through direct negotiation with Russia.   Protests over the economic crisis are predicted in around Germany. The voices of groups demanding reconciliation with Russia are gathering strength.   New York Times reported: "Leaders worry that an energy crisis and inflation could spark political unrest. There is growing concern that the public may reject government support for Ukraine as the cost of economic aid to Ukraine rises."   ― Energy-poor people will experience harsher winter ―   With the energy crisis as a lever, Europe is preparing for energy independence from Russia. European Commission's economic commissioner, Paolo Gentiloni, said on the 3rd that the EU is prepared to respond if Russia continues to weaponize energy.   https://www.cnbc.com/video/2022/09/03/eus-gentiloni-says-the-bloc-is-not-afraid-of-putins-decisions.html   (Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline operating facility in Germany. Source: Reuters)   Germany, which relied the most on Russian natural gas, said it has "confirmed that Russia can no longer be trusted and has continued to take steps toward full independence from Russian energy." He pointed out that natural gas imports have been diversified to include northern Europe.   There is news that Germany and France have agreed to share electricity and gas to overcome the energy crisis, sending Germany's electricity to France and French gas to Germany. The gas pipeline link will be completed in a few months.   In June, the UK approved development of the Jackdaw gas field, the largest North Sea gas field, for energy security. The Jackdaw gas field, originally licensed in 1970, has only now received final approval.   (North Sea gas field. Source: Shell)     Despite all the efforts being made, it seems this winter will be very harsh for the energy poor as we move toward the cusp of winter.   The International Monetary Fund (IMF) released analysis data indicating that the impact would be different in Europe depending on income level and dependence on Russian gas.   For example, the sharp rise in fuel prices increases the cost of living for Finnish households in Northern Europe by 4%, while Estonian households in the Baltic states must pay an additional 15% to 25%. For reference, the average increase in cost of living for European households this year, by IMF estimates, is 7%.   Even within a country, the low-income brackets will suffer more. This is because poor households spend a higher percentage on electricity and gas. IMF estimates the proportional cost of living rise for the poorest 20% of households in Estonia and UK will be about twice that of the richest estates.   (Cost of living growth rate of top 20% and bottom 20% households by country) https://blogs.imf.org/2022/08/03/how-europe-can-protect-the-poor-from-surging-energy-prices/   The Ukrainian people pummeled by war face even colder winters.   (Ukrainian citizen in house battered by Russian bombing. Source: Reuters)   The CEO of Ukraine's state-run gas company said the heating period this year will come later and end earlier than usual, and the heating temperature will be lowered to 17-18 degrees, 4 degrees lower than usual. He urged Ukrainians to stock up on blankets and warm clothes in advance.   “The world is experiencing a truly global energy crisis for the first time in history. Europe's situation at the epicenter of energy market turmoil is especially precarious” - President of International Energy Agency (IEA) Fatih Birol -   https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/28/ukraine-braces-for-cold-winter-amid-uncertainty-over-power-supplies  As such, Russia's "energy weapons" are as deadly as "nuclear weapons". And that weapon poses a threat not only to Europe, but to every country in the world that imports energy sources. This is because insecure energy supply chains and price fluctuations take a toll on the economy.   In June, the French monthly Le Monde Diplomatic published an article titled “Energy War, Who is the Final Winner”, predicting that the global energy supply and demand problem twisted by the Russian war will eventually cause great chaos around the world.   According to the Le Monde Diplomatique, “Europe is in the midst of an inflation crisis by giving up Russian fuel to pressure Russia, but the US seems to have decided the situation is not bad for its country. Meanwhile, India is stealing the Russian fuel that Europe has spurned, and the three East Asian countries are busy calculating the profit and loss between the US and Russia.”   In a situation where the Russia-Ukraine war, which has escalated into a long war, can be a great burden not only for the parties concerned but also for the whole world, there is a growing voice that ending the war through "peace negotiations" is the top priority.

Peace Issue We live in the era of the great global extinction

― Resetting Earth’s History: The Mass Extinction of Life ―(Tyrannosaurus rex skull on display at the German Museum of Nature. National Geographic)Dinosaurs disappeared during the Cretaceous period when an asteroid struck Earth. This earth, where dinosaurs once reigned, has been ruled by mammals up to today.Most of us know about that great mass extinction event. But did you know that before the extinction of the dinosaurs, there were four other major mass extinction events in which most of the life on Earth disappeared?Research shows that in the last 500 million years, Earth has experienced five mass extinctions, during which more than 99% of all organisms became extinct. ○ First mass extinction (Ordovician-Silurian)This was the first mass extinction event, 444 million years ago, spanned 4 million years, during which 85% of species vanished. Most living creatures dwelt in the sea; scientists estimate a global ice age covered most of the planet due to a decrease in carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) in the atmosphere, causing the ecosystem to collapse.  ○ Second mass extinction (Devonian)75% of all species went extinct 383 million years ago over a period of about 20 million years. In the Devonian period, still most living things were marine life forms, but as plants began flourishing on land, nutrient-rich soil washed into the sea, nourishing a global algae bloom that suffocated most marine life. ○ Third mass extinction (Permian-Triassic)The worst mass extinction event, about 252 million years ago, killed 96% of marine life and three-fourths of terrestrial life in the space of 60,000 years. Many insects species were among those that disappeared.It took 10 million years for forests to recover and 4 to 8 million years for marine ecosystems to recover. Global warming caused by greenhouse gases from large-scale volcanic eruptions in Siberia is blamed. One of the famous creatures that disappeared during this period is the trilobites.(Trilobite fossil found in South Dakota, USA. Source: National Geographic) ○ Fourth mass extinction (Triassic-Jurassic) Occurred 201 million years ago. The continents that had been united as one split apart, and global warming overwhelmed the earth again due to central volcanic eruption following the breakup of Pangea. This resulted in the loss of up to 80% of land and marine species. ○ Fifth mass extinction (Cretaceous-Paleogene) This was the age when dinosaurs ruled the earth. The event of the extinction of dinosaurs is fairly well known. About 66 million years ago, an asteroid about 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter struck just off the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The impact caused a huge volume of dust and debris to cover the atmosphere and block sunlight, causing a global ice age. About 76% of all life forms on Earth went extinct.https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/mass-extinction(Go to National Geographic Resources on Earth's Mass Extinctions)― Earth's sixth mass extinction ―Are the global extinctions over? Or will another one happen in the distant future?Unfortunately, evidence is emerging that we are now living in the age of the sixth mass extinction.In January, a joint research team at University of Hawaii in the United States and the National Museum of History in France published their findings in a study titled "The 6th Mass Extinction: Fact, Fiction or Speculation?" in Biological Reviews. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12816In this study, by calculating the extinction ratio of land snails and slugs, it is estimated that 150,000 to 260,000 species of mollusks have gone extinct since 1500 AD.This amounts to 7.5% to 13% (150,000 to 260,000 species) of the 2 million living species present on Earth. The biodiversity that has supported Earth's ecosystem is rapidly being destroyed. The researchers found that the red list of 882 vanished species (0.04%) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is heavily biased toward animal species, leading to a much larger extinction if invertebrates such as snails are included.The conclusion is that we are presently witnessing the sixth mass extinction.https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1922686117Shall we look at another study on the 6th mass extinction?In June 2020, researchers at Stanford University, Missouri Botanical Garden, and the Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) published a paper titled "Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction." It was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).Researchers examined 29,400 species of terrestrial vertebrates and identified those that are endangered, having fewer than 1,000 individuals. The study found that 515 species are at risk, and about 94% of the populations of 77 endangered mammals and birds have disappeared over the past century.(Sumatran rhinoceros (A), wren (B), Espanola giant tortoise (C), harlequin frog (D), all species with less than 1,000 remaining individuals)Dr. Gerardo Ceballos González, co-author of the paper, told CNN that about 173 species went extinct between 2001 and 2014, which is 25 times more than under normal circumstances. He also found that more than 400 vertebrate species went extinct in the last 100 years, which would have taken up to 10,000 years in normal evolution.Thus whereas past mass extinctions were caused by environmental catastrophes such as massive volcanic eruptions or asteroid impacts, the sixth mass extinction, now occurring, is "completely our fault".https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/01/world/sixth-mass-extinction-accelerating-intl/index.html(Go to CNN article)― The target of the 6th mass extinction could be ‘humanity’ ―A recent study found that existing species will eventually disappear due to climate change and new dominant species will emerge.https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq1898?cookieSet=1On August 19, a joint research team from Harvard University, North Carolina State University, and the University of Alberta, Canada published a paper titled “The successive climate crises of the past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles” in Science Advances.The research team pointed to climate change as the cause of the 3rd and 4th mass extinctions and analyzed about 1,000 fossils of 125 species that appeared and disappeared before and after the 3rd and 4th mass extinctions and the climate situations in those respective eras.They estimate that during the 3rd and 4th mass extinctions, the number and diversity of reptiles increased dramatically before and after, overtaking birds and mammals.Harvard University professor Stephanie E. Pierce, co-author of the report, stated: “This clearly shows that abrupt climate change is causing the emergence of new species,” and warns, “If the fundamental causes of climate change are not eliminated, humankind could become the target of the 6th mass extinction.”― Climate catastrophes across the globe this year ―Earth is suffering from climate change. No, the damage caused by extreme climate change is getting much worse, so the word "climate catastrophe" seems more appropriate now, beyond "climate disaster."According to the World Disaster Report 2000-2019, released by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), 7,348 natural disasters occurred around the world over the past 20 years, resulting in 1.23 million deaths and causing loss and damages for 4 billion people. At this point, it is no longer a disaster, but a "climate catastrophe." This is a 1.7 times increase in the number of disasters over the previous 20 years (1980~1999) from 4,212, and climate change is pointed out as the main cause.(Source: Disaster Risk Reduction Office (UNDRR))Ironically, the climate catastrophe is hitting countries that have done little to contribute to global warming. Pakistan experienced a heatwave that reached 49 degrees in May this year, and just one month later, in June, heavy monsoon rains poured in, so that now a third of the country is submerged. Pakistan's Meteorological Agency said global warming has tripled the size of the glacial water melting and being released in the northern regions of the Himalayas compared to the previous year.More than 1,100 people have died and more than 33 million people, one-seventh of the population, have been displaced. Due to concerns about waterborne diseases, the World Health Organization (WHO) has classified Pakistan's flooding situation as a high-level emergency.According to the Washington Post, “Pakistan is the country most affected by climate change even though it contributes less than 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions.” (Submerged Pakistani territory, photo released by European Space Agency, Source: Guardian)https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/01/pakistan-floods-satellite-images-underwater-urgent-aid-appealClimate change does not discriminate between the rich and the poor. The United States is also experiencing extreme climate disasters this year.This spring and summer, the western region has experienced record drought, heat waves, and wildfires. In August, record heavy rains fell in the eastern region, causing calamities one after another.(A town in Kentucky, USA, flooded in July. Source: Reuters)Not only in the New York Times, but it is being reported globally that we are witnessing two extremes, with wet areas getting wetter and dry areas getting drier.(A 600-year-old statue of the Buddha is exposed along the Yangtze River. Source: Reuters)(Changes in Average Annual Precipitation. Source: The New York Times)https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/08/24/climate/warmer-wetter-world.html― Humanity has ruined the earth, and now finally humankind holds the key.―The 6th mass extinction may have already been underway for a long time.Maybe there is still hope since humans are the cause of the climate crisis.The last five mass extinctions were the helpless results of volcanic eruptions, ice ages, and asteroid impacts. But since the current climate crisis is caused by people, we humans may have the answer.The international community is urgently pursuing an extreme fossil fuel diet with the goal of becoming "carbon neutral by 2030." The term carbon neutrality, unfamiliar one or two years ago, has already become a household word.  Ten thousand years ago the earth was populated by 99.9% wild animals and 0.1% livestock domesticated by human beings; now 97% of the animals are livestock belonging to humans, and only 3% are wild animals. Indeed, the Earth is undergoing a biodiversity crisis.Our Earth has survived by healing itself through five mass extinctions thus far. Can humanity achieve carbon neutrality? If carbon neutrality is achieved at the targeted rate, will the 6th mass extinction be prevented? At the end of the 6th mass extinction that is being conducted by humans, will the current dominant species disappear and another species emerge as the master of the earth?The answer lies with us.

Peace Issue The Horn of Africa suffers its worst drought ever

― The worst drought in forty years ― Have you heard of the horn of Africa? The “Horn of Africa” refers to Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Sudan in the northeastern part of the African continent.   (Image source: Wikipedia) The worst drought in 40 years has struck the Horn of Africa. 14 organizations, including the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), expressed their deep concern that this drought is an 'extreme', 'extensive' and 'continuous' multi-season drought. (Go to World Meteorological Organization news) https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/meteorological-and-humanitarian-agencies-sound-alert-east-africa ― Hunger crisis to affect twenty, million by the end of this year  ― International organizations and groups are fighting to report the serious damage and plight brought on by this worst drought. Let's examine the situation by country. ○ Kenya has declared a national emergency due to drought. It is said that 80-90% of the freshwater volume of reservoirs has drained, exposing the dam base. ○ Ethiopia is experiencing a surge in malnutrition due to a combination of drought and civil war. ○ Somalia's drought and civil war have left more than 7 million people, nearly half of the current population, suffering from severe food shortages. The World Food Program (WFP) says 22 million people are at risk of starvation across three countries in the region (Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia). This is an increase of 9 million from the 13 million at the beginning of the year. The World Food Program (WFP) has warned that as drought continues, the number of people at risk of starvation will rise rapidly. (Go to World Food Program News) https://www.wfp.org/news/horn-africa-cannot-wait-wfp-scales-assistance-historic-drought-raises-famine-threat?&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=organicpost&utm_campaign=newsrelease&utm_content=squarevideo This is not the first time drought has occurred in the Horn of Africa. Between 2010 and 2011, severe drought and famine forced more than 13 million people to urgently seek food aid. In particular, the situation in Somalia was serious. The Somali government was unable to support the people due to the 20-year civil war, and international organizations for humanitarian aid were also blocked. There was great suffering as hundreds of thousands of families went to refugee camps in Kenya in search of food. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), a severe drought has displaced a million people from Somalia this year alone and the number of people displaced will continue to rise. (Photo source: UNHCR) (Go to UNHCR News) https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2022/8/62f4c3894/million-people-displaced-drought-somalia.html (Photo source: WFP) Last August, World Food Program Director David Beasley visited Somalia.  “The world must act now to protect the most vulnerable communities from the threat of famine that is rampant in the Horn of Africa,” emphasized Secretary-General Beasley. “We need to ensure that we have the resources we need to stop people from falling into starvation and catastrophic levels of hunger." WFP said it urgently needs about 561.4 billion won ($418 million) over the next six months. Unfortunately, the suffering in the region is unlikely to stop for a while. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) forecasts that Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia will experience 5 consecutive seasons without rain. The gloomy outlook is that the crisis will spread to Eritrea, most of Uganda and parts of Tanzania. (Go to World Meteorological Organization news) https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/greater-horn-of-africa-faces-5th-failed-rainy-season ― Life-threatening health crisis ― Famine also increases the threat to life. The World Health Organization (WHO) warned in June that health risks in East Africa are rising, while access to health care is worsening. Dr. Ibrahima Socé Fall, WHO Deputy Director-General for Emergency Response, stated: “Stopping hunger is a clear priority,” he said, emphasizing the strengthening of health responses at the same time. With pathos he intoned, “Too many lives are lost from vaccine-preventable diseases, diarrhea and complications from malnutrition.” (Go to World Health Organization News) https://www.who.int/news/item/30-06-2022-who-intensifies-response-to-looming-health-crisis-in-the-greater-horn-of-africa-as-food-insecurity-worsens ― The drought impacts women and children more severely  ― (Go to UNICEF Report) https://www.unicef.org/esa/media/10491/file/UNICEF-Regional-CTA-HoA-Drought-July-2022(1).pdf The impact is greater on those who are most vulnerable, namely women and children. In July, UNICEF released a report on the damage situation in the Horn of Africa, "Climate change is happening here right now." According to the report, two million children in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Djibouti are currently in need of treatment for severe acute malnutrition.  It said the Russian-Ukraine war is also having a serious impact on malnutrition among children in the region. The price of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic food, an essential treatment for severely malnourished children, has been adversely affected by grain supply lines and food prices in the aftermath of the war and is expected to rise by 17%. Education is also in crisis. About 15 million children in the Horn of Africa are currently out of school, with an additional 3.3 million at risk of dropping out of school due to the drought. In addition, threats to livelihoods caused by the drought create dangerous situations such as child sexual violence, exploitation, abuse, child labor, and early marriage of girls. According to data released by UNICEF, there was a 37% increase in the number of severely frail children in the region in the first quarter of 2022 compared to 2021, and a 50% or more increase in early marriage and FGM in many drought-affected areas compared to 2021. ― The cause of the drought is La Niña ― What is the cause of the severe drought that is afflicting the Horn of Africa? World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Director-General Petteri Taalas said in a statement: He cited "climate change" as the cause. It is said that ‘La Niña’ that occurred between 2020 and 2022 caused a decrease in rainfall in all parts of East Africa. The 2010-2011 drought discussed above was likewise caused by La Niña. La Niña is originally part of natural variability, but it is widely believed that humans amplify it and push it to more intense and serious extremes. Climate change also has far-reaching impacts on food security, he said, with climate change causing a 34% decline in agricultural productivity growth since 1961 compared to any other region in Africa and will continue to negatively impact the food system by increasing water stress. (Water temperature in the Pacific cooler due to La Niña during 2020-21. Source: NASA) ― They are the face of the climate crisis ― How did the Horn of Africa contribute to the climate crisis?  How do children in this region relate to the Russian-Ukrainian war  Martin Griffiths, deputy secretary-general of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), shared the situation of the people living in the Horn of Africa through his Twitter, calling for the world's attention and help. “These people are the face of the climate crisis,” Griffiths said. “They have not caused it. We must stand in solidarity with them before it is too late.” In order to save the lives of those who have done nothing to contribute to the climate crisis from the harsh reality of the drought, the international community will need to work together with solidarity as soon as possible. 

Peace Issue Are Electric Cars Really Environment-Friendly?

As the crisis of climate warming escalates, the electric vehicles are also proliferating. By 2025, the global EV supply is expected to reach 20.6 million—more than three times the number in 2021.   On June 1, Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), an energy research institute, published the “2022 Electric Vehicle Forecast Report.” The report predicts that the global supply of EVs will increase from 6.6 million units in 2021 to 20.6 million vehicles by 2025.   In addition, the BNEF predicts that by 2025, Europe and China will account for 80% of global EV sales, and the proportion of EVs in Germany, the UK and France could also rise to 40-50%.   https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook/   https://about.bnef.com/blog/net-zero-road-transport-by-2050-still-possible-as-electric-vehicles-set-to-quintuple-by-2025/   Electric Vehicle Sales by Vehicle Type as of 2021 (BNEF)   The growth rate of electric vehicles is now very steep. Currently, electric vehicles are reducing oil demand by 1.5 million barrels per day, and this amount is said to increase to 2.5 million barrels per day by 2025.   In fact, sales of internal combustion automobiles peaked in 2017 and are in steady decline, and this downward trend is expected to continue in proportion to the increase in the number of electric vehicles.   Norway ranks first in the world for EV penetration. In Norway, 90% of new vehicles are already electric (including hybrids). Moreover, Norway has announced that it will sell fossil fuel burning automobiles only until 2025, after which it will stop selling.   Electric vehicle penetration in China is also very steep. The penetration rate of electric vehicles in the PRC this year is 20%, a tenfold increase compared to five years ago. There is also news that Beijing has decided to allocate 70% of license plates for new cars only to electric and hybrid vehicles.   China has already decided to provide subsidies for the purchase of electric vehicles only till the end of this year, as the demand for EVs has surpassed that for internal combustion vehicles.     ― Electric vehicles are eco-friendly while driving, but……. ―   Electric vehicles are in a mad rush toward zero carbon.   However, for some reason, a controversy has arisen that electric vehicles are greenwashing*. What could they mean by stating that EVs are damaging the environment?   *Greenwashing: A compound word of "green" and "whitewashing"; it refers to camouflage environmentalism. http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=586 (Go to previous Sunhak Peace Prize article on Greenwashing)     Here we present the case that even electric vehicles are actually greenwashing.  Over the entire life cycle assessment (LCA) of EVs from production to disposal, more carbon is emitted than internal combustion engine vehicles.   The heart of an electric vehicle is the battery. It is argued that an inordinate amount of carbon is emitted because electricity produced from fossil fuels is used in the production and disposal of batteries.     ※ CO2 emissions per km According to the test results of the Korean Ministry of Environment in 2016, the amount of carbon dioxide generated per km was △86.9g for electric vehicles, △137g for diesel vehicles, and △177g for gasoline vehicles.     ※ Carbon dioxide emissions including production and disposal processes However, when the production and disposal processes are included, △electric vehicles weighed in at 49.12g △diesel vehicles 44.55g △gasoline vehicles 44.55g.     In Nov. 2019, German automaker Volkswagen conducted a similar experiment. The Volkswagen Group announced a comparison of carbon dioxide emissions from production to driving of its electric and diesel vehicles.     https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2019/11/how-volkswagen-makes-the-id-3-carbon-neutral.html   *Well to Tank :   fuel production stage *Tank to Wheel : fuel consumption stage       ※  CO2 emissions per km The amount of CO2 emissions per km was △142 g for electric vehicles and △140 g for diesel vehicles, showing that EVs emit more carbon dioxide.  However, while driving, EVs produced zero carbon dioxide emissions while driving, while diesel vehicles emitted 100 grams of carbon dioxide.   ※ Carbon dioxide emissions during vehicle production On the other hand, during vehicle production, △EVs emitted 57g of CO2 while △Diesel vehicles produced 29g of carbon dioxide.     ※ Carbon dioxide emissions during fuel production Since, in the fuel production process △85g~126g for electric vehicles △11g for diesel vehicles, electric vehicles are shown to generate more carbon dioxide.   Both experiments in Korea and Germany conclude that electric vehicles are eco-friendly in the driving phase.     ― Batteries produce huge, amounts of carbon dioxide   ―   ※  Carbon dioxide emission during the battery production stage   Rare earth metals such as lithium and cobalt are contained in batteries, which are core components of electric vehicles. During the mining and smelting of these minerals, harmful by-products and air pollutants are generated. It is also noted that an enormous amount of groundwater is required for mining.   Channel 4, a British private broadcaster, reported on the poor mining site and damage situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo in Africa on the current affairs program Unreported World, and the scene was shocking. (Cobalt mining site in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Source: Unreported World) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipOeH7GW0M8   70% of the world's cobalt is mined in Central Africa, most of which comes from southern Katanga, one of the 10 most polluted places on earth.    Young people in this country are mining cobalt, a heavy metal, for 12 hours a day with bare hands without any protective equipment to earn 150 dollars a month. It is said that even children are driven to the mining site.     In addition, toxic substances from the mining process flow into the river, killing fish, and many children with disabilities are being born near the mine.   As a result, many global companies are joining the Responsible Minerals Initiative (RMI), an international cooperative that monitors whether the minerals required for battery production are ethically produced and distributed.   In addition, the European Transport & Environment Federation (Transport & Environment) predicts that the amount of metal required for batteries will be reduced as the technology develops, which will increase the eco-friendliness in the battery production stage. We are also developing a technology using sodium, that can be extracted from seawater, instead of lithium, which causes groundwater contamination during the mining process.   https://www.transportenvironment.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021_02_Battery_raw_materials_report_final.pdf     ― Waste batteries are difficult to treat  ―   ※ Carbon dioxide emissions when disposing of batteries   There is also a risk of environmental pollution at the battery disposal stage of electric vehicles. Waste batteries are made of several heavy metals classified as toxic. Greenpeace forecasts that by 2030, global waste battery emissions will reach about 12 million tons per year.   The reality is that most countries now store waste batteries in separate facilities. Considering that the replacement cycle for EV batteries is 5 to 10 years, disposal of waste batteries is also a matter of time.   Fortunately, there is quite active discussion about recycling waste batteries. Technology is being developed to utilize waste batteries as an energy storage system (ESS) or to recycle decomposed minerals.   SNE Research, a market research firm, predicts that the global waste battery recycling market will grow to 600 trillion won by 2050.     (Johan Cruyff soccer field in Holland uses electric vehicle batteries as solar modules, Source: Electric)   German chemical company and recycling specialist Duesenfeld announced that it has succeeded in recycling 96% by disassembling lithium-ion batteries, extracting raw materials such as nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium, and refurbishing them for battery operation.     ― Electric vehicles powered by renewable energy ―   The production of electricity, the power source for electric vehicles, from fossil fuels such as coal and oil, is also a hurdle to overcome.   As an alternative, research is underway for using renewable forms including solar as energy sources to generate electricity.   (image source, Tesla)   Tesla, a global leader in electric vehicles, has commercialized home energy storage devices using solar power. Tesla advertises charging its vehicles through an energy storage device called a “power wall” which can also service household electricity.   Volkswagen Group predicts that once renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are used to power electric vehicles, CO2 emissions will drop dramatically from 62g per kilometer to 2g per kilometer based on the EU electric mix.   https://www.volkswagen-newsroom.com/en/press-releases/electric-vehicles-with-lowest-co2-emissions-4886     ― What we can do for green transport ―   In fact, the carbon emission of electric vehicles differs according to the research method of each country and institution. According to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), there are reports that EVs emit less CO2 than fossil fueled vehicles.      Citing a report titled “The Underestimated Potential of Battery Electric Vehicles to Reduce Emissions,” published in the Dutch Scientific Journal in 2019, it states that electric vehicles are more environmentally friendly.    It points out that the greenwashing controversy over EVs arises due to △ overestimation of the amount of carbon dioxide generated during battery manufacturing △underestimation of battery life △assumption that the power source will still be based on fossil fuels △unrealistic application of energy consumption measurement method.   https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435119302715   International Council for Clean Transport (ICCT), a non-profit organization, likewise reports that electric vehicles emit less greenhouse gas than internal combustion automobiles, regardless of what fuel they are supplied with.     (Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the life cycle of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and electric vehicles (BEVs) by country)  https://theicct.org/publication/a-global-comparison-of-the-life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-of-combustion-engine-and-electric-passenger-cars/      The UN Member States’ goal to achieve net zero by 2050 is a global promise. To achieve this goal, zero-emission vehicles should account for 61% of global new car sales by 2030 and 93% by 2035. But it doesn't seem easy.    It is clear that technological development will help reduce carbon. But one of the quickest and surest ways we can practice it is to reduce the use of cars by walking, biking and using more eco-friendly public transport.

Peace Issue The endless suffering of women in Afghanistan

― Afghanistan ranks the lowest in the world on the gender gap index ― (Afghan woman. Source: Amnesty)In the “Global Gender Gap Report” recently released by the World Economic Forum, Afghanistan was ranked bottom (146th) this year, same as last year. The Global Gender Gap Report assesses the rankings by nation, comprehensively analyzing the gender gap in four areas: economic opportunity, education level, health and survival, and political opportunity. Afghanistan ranked 146th in economy and education, 140th in health, and 107th in political participation, summing up as the country with the greatest gender discrimination in the world. http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=644(See this Sunhak Peace Prize issue on differences in national character)  You can tell at a glance how great the difference in gender equality between Iceland in 1st place and Afghanistan which came in last. (Scores by sector in Iceland closest to gender equality) (Afghanistan ranks last in gender equality by sector sum) ― Taliban returns after 20 years ―(Taliban takes over Afghan presidential palace, Aug. 2021. Source: AP)Sadly, the suffering of women in Afghanistan resumed in August 2021 when the Taliban, who had oppressed women, regained power after 20 years. The Taliban, notorious for human rights abuses, was banished from Afghanistan from 1996-2001. But US troops withdrew from Afghanistan last year, and Taliban occupied Afghanistan again.  (Afghans pass babies over barbed wire to US troops at Kabul Airport. Source: Reuters, Aug. 2021)  https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-kabul-bagram-e1ed33fe0c665ee67ba132c51b8e32a5(Article reporting the collapse of the Afghan government and occupation of the capital by the Taliban in August 2021, AP) When the Taliban took power, fear deepened in the international community that Afghanistan would return to the dark ages of the past. Above all, there were great concerns about the human rights abuses of Afghan women because the Taliban in the past had imposed horrendous oppression on women's movement, education, and clothing. http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=505(See previous Sunhak Peace Prize article on Afghan women under Taliban) ― Afghan women are slowly dying ―On July 27, Amnesty International, an international human rights organization, published a report with an unusual title, "Slow Death: Women Under the Taliban", describing the lives of Afghan women after the re-takeover by the Taliban. This report is based on interviews between Sept. 2021 and Jun. 2022 in 20 Afghan provinces with 101 women aged 14-17 years, former and current Taliban-operated detention facilities, NGOs and Afghan experts.  https://amnesty.or.kr/45925/(Go to Amnesty presentation) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2022/07/women-and-girls-under-taliban-rule-afghanistan/(See Amnesty presentation in English language) The report said the Taliban had wiped out all the human rights gained by Afghan women in less than a year, and ascertained that Afghan women's rights are being violated in all areas, including education, work and freedom. The report begins by describing the threats, arrests, detention, torture, and abduction and disappearance of women who peacefully protest the Taliban rule. Forcibly detained female conscientious objectors were subjected to various types of assault, abuse and unsanitary conditions. (Female anchor covering the news under the direction of the Taliban. Source: Yonhap News) The Taliban have also banned women from working throughout Afghanistan, except for some civil servants in the health and education sectors. Appearing in public with men without a mahram (male guardian) or one without mahram qualifications is also banned as “moral depravity.” Women are also prevented from moving freely.  The report features interviews with prison staff who testify that the number of people being jailed for bringing children to coffee shops or appearing without mahram is increasing every month, along with the affirmation that in the past there was no case of people being sent to jail for such reasons. (Afghan women lining up for bread in Jan. 2022. Source: Reuters) In addition, the proportion of child or adolescent marriage and forced marriage is rapidly increasing in Afghanistan. The main reasons given are the economic crisis, the lack of education and employment opportunities for women, a family member coerced into marrying a Taliban member, or a Taliban member him/herself being forced to marry. The report features an interview with a mother who married her 13-year-old daughter to a 30-year-old man for 860,000 won ($670) to escape hunger. Her young teenage daughter wished to study to support her family, but since schools wouldn't admit her, she had no choice but to get married.  (Recommended attire for female students in Afghan universities, Source: Amnesty) “These little girls just wanted to have a future, and now they don't see any future at all.” ― Afghan High School Teacher (Fatima) The Taliban have almost cut off the education of girls from middle school and up. Many girls gave up their hopes of college education when Taliban created a dangerous environment for girls in universities. Amnesty, through a UN Security Council resolution, calls on the international community to hold the Taliban accountable for their actions and use other forms of influence to hold the Taliban accountable for their treatment of women. ― Isolated Afghanistan ―The international community, including the United States, does not recognize the Taliban as the official government and cut off aid to Afghanistan. Foreign aid accounted for 75% of Afghanistan's public funds, so the money line is cut off. In addition, over 11 trillion won ($9 billion USD) of overseas assets of the Afghan government have been frozen.   (Afghan children play in famine-parched desert. Source: Afghan Red Crescent) According to the UN Food Program, 22.8 million people, more than half of Afghanistan's population, face extreme hunger. Afghanistan is currently suffering from acute malnutrition in 25 out of 34 states, with half of children under 5 and 25% of pregnant and breastfeeding women in need of nutritional support.https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/afghanistan-emergency The World Bank forecasts that Afghanistan's GDP per capita will fall by 34% this year compared to two years ago. In addition, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) said that 5.57 million people, or 15% of Afghanistan's population, are refugees.  (Afghan man addicted to drugs exhales drugs into his dog's mouth. Source: AP) Currently, human trafficking is rampant in Afghanistan, and many people are said to be addicted to drugs through the cultivation of poppies, the raw material for opium.The Taliban appealed for support from the international community after a strong earthquake in southeastern Afghanistan in June caused extensive damage. Afghanistan is said to be one of the few countries where the suicide rate for women is higher than for men. In order for the Taliban to receive fair treatment in the international community, policies on women's human rights must be implemented that meet the minimum international standards. What do you think about the fact that "a country that is striving to completely close the gender gap" and "a country where even basic human rights are being suppressed because of being a woman" coexist on a small planet called Earth? Our Sunhak Peace Prize will continue to focus attention on the human rights of Afghan women.

Peace Issue Time to reach gender equality: 132 years

― Global Gender Gap Report 2022 ― https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2022/digestWill we live to see gender equality be achieved during our lifetime?Studies show that it will take another 132 years to close the global gender gap. World Gender Gap Report was published by the World Economic Forum (WEF) on July 13th, which analyzed the gender gap in 146 countries. The gender gap index was first introduced in 2006 and benchmarks the progress toward gender parity in four areas: economic participation and opportunity, education attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment. The closer the gender gap index is to 1, the smaller the gender gap and the closer it is to achieving gender equality. The gender gap is evaluated without considering the economic and social levels of each country. Therefore, even if the overall status and level of women in a particular country is high, if it is lower in comparison to that of men, the gender gap index will be low.― Global gender gap score in 2022 is 68.1% ― Assuming that men and women have achieved gender equality at 100%, the global gender gap score as of 2022 was 68.1%, with slight increase from 67.9% in 2021. By subindex, the economic subindex increased from 58.7% to 60.3%, and the health subindex increased from 95.7% to 95.8%. On the other hand, the education subindex decreased from 95.2% to 94.4%, and the political subindex remained the same at 22%. The report reasoned that the 1.6% increase in the economic subindex was mainly due to the decrease in the wage gap, even though the gender gap in the interests and labor force of women in professional and technical positions have increased. The increase in the health subindex was only 0.1%. Overall, the level of the gender gap has shown little progress, shortening the time by only 4 years in comparison to the 136 years in 2021.In 2019, the global gender gap was less than 100 years, but the gap has widened since the pandemic. Iceland has the smallest gender gap, with a gender gap index of 90.8%. Finland has the second highest gender gap index (86%) and Norway is 3rd (84.5%), followed by New Zealand (4th), Sweden (5th), Rwanda (6th), Nicaragua (7th), Namibia (8th), Ireland (9th), and Germany(10th) on the top ten list. ― Regional Gender Gap ― Here is a summary of gender disparity by region:◎ North America: 76.9% ― The closest to gender equality. ◎ Europe: 76.6% ― Six of the top 10 countries are in Europe.◎ Latin America and the Caribbean: 72.6% ― Ranking is 3rd as a region. However, only 6 out of 22 countries have improved gender gap scores by more than 1%, and there is a high gap among regions. ◎ Central Asia: 69.1% ― Score remains the same from 2021 with delays in improvement. ◎ East Asia and the Pacific: 69% ― 13 out of 19 countries have made progress since 2021. But it would take 168 years to achieve full equality.◎ Sub-Saharan Africa: 68.7% ― Nigeria, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Kenya showed positive changes in the economic gender gap, leading to an increase of 1.1%.◎ Middle East and North Africa: 63.4% ― The second largest gender gap in the world. However, many nations have improved women's participation in the workforce especially roles in technology. ◎ South Asia: 62.3% ― The largest gender gap in the world. Scores are low in all areas and little progress has been made in most nations since 2021. It would take 197 years to achieve full equality at current rates.  (Gender Gap Subindex by Region and Sector)― Gender gap in the workplace widened by the Pandemic ―The World Economic Forum expressed concern over the widening gender gap in labor force participation as a looming crisis.The gender gap in the labor force has been declining slowly since 2009 but saw a sharp increase since the 2020 Pandemic. The score has reached 62.9% in 2020, the lowest since the index was first compiled.Why did the pandemic widen the gender gap? This is because the service industry, where many women have entered, has been hit directly by the lockdown. In addition, due to the blockade of medical and educational facilities, women are now taking full responsibility for family care and child rearing, serving as a major cause of the widening gender gap. Even before the pandemic, men accounted for 19% of the time in this field, while women accounted for 55% of the time.  The World Economic Forum, citing LinkedIn data, found that in most countries and industries around the world, only about 30% of women occupy leadership positions.This is data released in May by LinkedIn, a leading US recruitment company, which analyzed the information of more than 83,000 members around the world and announced the gender gap in jobs.  (Percentage of women by position: higher positions to the right)https://linkedin.github.io/gender-equity-2022/(Link to LinkedIn Resources)The gender gap by industry sector according to LinkedIn data is as follows:  Areas with the highest proportion of women in leadership were △Non-Governmental and Member Organizations (54%), △Education (49%), △Government and Public Sector (46%), △Personal Services and Welfare (46%), △Medical and Medical Services (46%), △Media and Communications (46%).In contrast, sectors with a high proportion of male leadership were △Technology (30%), △Agriculture (28%), △Energy (25%), △Supply chain and transportation (25%), △Manufacturing (22%), △Infrastructure (21%).Additionally, in higher education worldwide, women are more likely than men to focus on education and health and welfare fields and tend to be weaker in the STEM fields. There are nearly four times as many male graduates as female graduates in information and communication technology (ICT) and engineering and manufacturing fields. (Gender ratio by occupational group in OECD countries)Women's entrepreneurship was on the rise, especially in 2020, when the pandemic hit. LinkedIn said it's still unclear whether this trend is good or bad for women. However, it is questionable why women started a business that can be difficult enough in normal times during a period of uncertainty and instability called a pandemic. In many cases, it is highly likely that women were driven to start a business due to an unequal situation. (Founding Rate by Gender)Saadia Zahidi, Director of the World Economic Forum, stated, “During the coronavirus pandemic, the cost-of-living crisis caused by the labor market shock and lack of care infrastructure is unduly affecting women. We need to make efforts to support policies to support the return of workers to the workforce and to develop female talent in future industries.”Going back to the report, Rwanda (6th) and Namibia (8th) in Africa, and Nicaragua (7th) in Central America stand out among the top 10 countries. So, where did the powerful nations we call developed countries rank? The US ranked 27th, the UK 22nd, South Korea 99th, China 102nd, and Japan 116th. It is apparent that efforts for gender equality have little to do with a country's economic power.It will be interesting to see what changes take place in the rankings next year.

Peace Issue Can Meat Substitutes Prevent Climate Change

― Are cows the culprit of global warming?Greenhouse gas emissions: 4 cows = 1 car  ― We hear about cows being the main culprit of global warming, but is this true?   In 2006, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) published a shocking book titled Livestock’s Long Shadow, which explored the link between the climate crisis and meat consumption. https://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e00.htm   The gist of the book is that the livestock industry has a worse impact on global warming than the transportation industry, and that the livestock industry’s greenhouse gas emissions account for 18% of the total carbon dioxide emissions.   It also claims that the greenhouse gas emitted by four cows a year is equivalent to the greenhouse gas emitted by one car. So how does this happen?   Ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats digest the grass or grains, and methane gas (CH4) produced through intestinal fermentation is excreted through burping (passing gas). Methane and nitrous oxide (N2O) are also generated from livestock manure. Compared to carbon dioxide, methane gas causes about 28 times the greenhouse effect, and nitrous oxide causes about 310 times the greenhouse effect.   In addition, the report also included greenhouse gases generated in the entire process, including feed production, distribution, and forests lost to make pastures—all the cause of global warming caused by the livestock industry.   (Source: Our World in Data)   The global livestock industry immediately protested. The transport industry pointed out that the comparison is distorted because transport emissions only include emissions from fossil fuels burned while driving, while livestock emissions include the entire industry.   However, Science Magazine in 2018 also proves that the food industry's greenhouse gas emissions are not formidable. According to Science magazine, 26% of greenhouse gases come from the food industry, of which the livestock industry and aquaculture account for about 52%.     Although the debate continues over whether cows are a cause of climate change, it seems clear that the livestock sector must make efforts to prevent global warming, given the continuous reports on the livestock industry and climate change.     ― Fast-growing alternative meat market ―   The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) predicts that the world population will reach 9.8 billion by 2050. Moreover, with population growth and economic growth in developing countries, meat consumption continues to increase, and it is estimated that by 2050, people will consume 450 million tons of meat per year.     (Trend of meat consumption by region from 1960 to 2010 and global demand forecast until 2050. Source: World Economic Forum) https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_White_Paper_Alternative_Proteins.pdf   According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), increasing demand for meat will require that by 2050, most of the land be used for livestock breeding grounds and livestock feed, and 90% of the world's fresh water will be used for agriculture and animal husbandry.   As a warning about food and environmental problems caused by population growth, the UN recognizes the close link of the food system to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and continues to conduct research.   At the end of 2019, the EU Commission has called for efforts to reduce carbon emissions, to prevent excessive use of soil, forests and marine resources and to develop alternative protein sources.   Combined with this atmosphere, there has been a lot of change in perception of meat eating in recent years. There's a growing interest in alternative meat instead of real meat. With the recent proliferation of 'Meaning Out' consumption, which values individual beliefs and values, mainly among the younger generation, alternative meats have been recognized as health, environmental protection and animal welfare, and the market for alternative meats is growing worldwide.   Alternative meat is a "food that has a meat-like taste and shape" and is divided into vegetable alternative meats, stem cell rearing, insect proteins, fungal proteins, and algae proteins.   According to AMR, a global market research firm, by 2022, with the global alternative meat market size at 7.18 trillion won ($54.777 million), it is predicted to double by 2030 to reach 14.717 trillion won ($112.3 million). https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/meat-substitute-market   By 2040, alternative meats will account for over 60% of the total meat market.   It's well known that Bill Gates invested large sums in alternative meat companies such as Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods. Bill Gates, in his recent book, How to Avoid a Climate Disaster, emphasizes that in order to stop climate change, rich countries must first switch to 100% alternative meat.   https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/02/14/1018296/bill-gates-climate-change-beef-trees-microsoft/ (Bill Gates Interview Encouraging Alternative Meat)     ― Plant-based alternative meats ―     (Source: Beyond Meat)   Plant-based alternative meats are foods made using proteins derived from plants such as soy, wheat, and pumpkin, which have the advantage of lower production time and cost compared to other alternatives.   Plant-based alternative meats currently hold the largest share of 87.2% of the alternative food market. Bloomberg expects the plant-based food market to grow from US$294 billion in 2020 to US$1.62 billion in 2030.   Beyond Meat, a publicly traded company in the United States, and Impossible Foods, which has become famous for its collaboration with Burger King, are areas where global food companies such as Nestlé and CJ are increasing their investments.       ― Stem cell in vitro meat ―   (World's first test tube bred hamburger patty cost 303.6 million won)   Stem cell embryonic rearing is protein made by directly culturing animal cells. Initially, it was called "Cultured meat" for laboratory making, but now it is called "clean meat" in the sense that it is produced in a clean facility rather than a breeding facility.   Studies have also shown that the maximum land use can be reduced by 99%, freshwater use by 96%, and gas emissions by 80% compared to the traditional livestock production method. It is possible to replace saturated fatty acids that are harmful to the human body with beneficial fatty acids such as Omega-3s without the use of antibiotics.   However, there is still an issue of expensive production costs.   In 2013, in London, the world's first hamburger patty made of cultured meat was produced. The price of one of these patties was 250,000 euros, which was reportedly fully funded by Google founder Sergey Brin, who was uncomfortable with the standard methods of cruel breeding and slaughter of cattle.   (Image source: FutureMeat)   In 2020, a restaurant in Singapore that offered a cultured meat menu from a Silicon Valley company called ItJust was first opened, and in 2021, an Israeli company called FutureMeat opened the world's first clean meat culture plant. The company announced that it has lowered the production cost for each chicken breast patty to US$7.50. (Cultured salmon. Source: WildType)   A U.S. company called WildType, which develops artificial cultured seafood, has announced that it can produce 22.7 tons of salmon for sushi per year.   If the high cost and the resistance to GMO foods that are genetically modified are overcome, it is hoped that mass production will be the key to solving future food shortages.     ― Insect proteins ―   Insects have long been a source of protein for mankind, along with meat. China, Thailand and Africa have been eating insects as a food ingredient. It is estimated that the current supply of edible insects in the world could feed 2.5 billion people.   Currently nine species of edible insects are known: locusts, crickets, and edible silkworms.   (Insect protein bars sold on Amazon)   In North America, Europe, etc., in order to eliminate the rejection that comes from the appearance of insects, they are mainly commercialized and consumed in the form of processed foods such as energy bars and food powder.     The insect protein market is also growing steeply. Global Market Insights, a market research firm, forecasts that by 2024, a US$701 million edible insect market will have developed.   A World Economic Forum report found that the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide (CO2eq) produced by the production of 200 kg of beef is about 24 kg, while the emission of a corresponding mass of edible insect protein is only 0.7 kg.   The International Insect Food and Feed Organization (IPIFF), a non-profit organization in the European Union (EU); the IPIFF has announced that by using food waste for insect culture we can reduce the amount of food waste by 30% and create an environmentally friendly natural food supply system.  ― Algae and mushroom proteins ― (Fried cutlets (korokke) made from algae. Source: NHnovatech)   Algae alternative meats made from seaweed, kelp, spirulina, etc. do not require land or fertilizer, and are an environmentally friendly source of protein because they absorb carbon as the algae grow.   A South Korean company extracted hem molecules (HEME) from seaweed and kelp that give the meat flavor, and it is described as having a real meat flavor by mixing the heme molecules with halibut fish. Depending on the type and proportion of amino acids that make up the heme molecule, different meat flavors can be produced. It's amazing!   ○ Fungal proteins Fungal proteins are foods made from Mycoprotein, which is derived from mushroom fungi. Bacterium proteins are not found in common mushrooms but are made by fermenting special cultures in the laboratory.   Mycoprotein, a fungal protein, has a structure similar to chicken breast and is described as having no significant difference in texture from real meat. The University of Exeter in the United States published a study that found that people who ate microproteins had more than 2 times higher muscle growth rates than those who ate milk protein.     ― What are the Challenges? ―   Although the alternative meat market is getting bigger, there are still many challenges to overcome.   ○ Taste and texture still fall short of the real thing First issue is the taste and texture. The taste and texture that is not yet competitive with real meat is said to be what makes people who have tried alternative meat hesitant to buy it again.   With plant-based alternative meats, the lack of a clear basis for determining whether the numerous additives that go into flavoring meat are harmless to health is a sizable task to be solved.   ○ Carbon dioxide is generated during the development process In terms of climate issue, studies have shown that artificial meat culture has an adverse effect on global warming comparable to livestock breeding.   In 2019, the BBC reported on a study by researchers from the Oxford Martin School on the long-term effects of livestock and "clean meat" on the climate.   Energy needed to produce artificially cultured meat comes from fossil fuels, and the carbon dioxide produced remains in the atmosphere for thousands of years, whereas the methane gas emitted by cattle disappears in about 12 years, so in the long run, laboratory meat has a greater impact on global warming.   That's why the researchers emphasize the importance of energy efficiency and sustainable energy use levels in the production of artificial meat products. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47283162   ○ Conflict with traditional animal husbandry The alternative meat sector is in sharp confrontation with the traditional livestock industry, especially with the issue of its name.   The livestock industry argues that the use of the term 'meat' in alternative meats is confusing to consumers and should be called livestock alternatives, cell culture foods, etc.   In fact, in 2021, the U.S. state of Texas banned the use of terms like "meat" and "beef" on labels of alternative meat foods made from plants, cultures, and insects that are not from slaughtered livestock.   The European Union (EU) has also accommodated some of the demands of the livestock industry, prohibiting the use of names such as "yogurt" or "milk" on plant foods. However, names such as "burger" and "sausage" are allowed.   The livestock industry is not the only group that opposes it. They are striving to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the animal husbandry sector by improving low-methane feed and manure treatment methods using algae, etc.      ― It’s not the cow’s fault ―   Cows have always been living their lives, grazing in the grass field. It was human beings who have unnaturally increased the number of livestock for their needs. And now the cows are blamed for the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. It may be that human beings hold the path to resolving the problem they created. 

Peace Issue Earth is broiling: the culprit is...

― Redheads admitted to theatre for free ― What in the world is with letting red-haired customers go to the movie theaters for free? It happened in England. On July 18, the Daily Telegraph in the UK reported the highest midday temperature ever in London and Cambridge, exceeding 37°C―the most serious heat wave on record. In some parts of the UK, temperatures rose by more than 40 degrees Celsius, the highest in the 363 years records have been kept. It is said that less than 5% of households in the UK have air conditioning installed because the climate is usually cool enough even in midsummer.   (Relieving thirsty British Buckingham Palace Guard in a fur hat during heat wave. Source: Yeonhap News) In the unprecedented heat, there were fires breaking out due to the overload on electric circuits, railroad operations were delayed or canceled, and about 200 schools have been temporarily closed. To combat this, a cinema has been offering free tickets to movies for two days from the 18th through the 19th for any customers with red hair, since redheads are more vulnerable to UV rays. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/07/18/uk-cinema-heatwave-redheads-free-tickets/ (Go to related article) But the current heat wave is too serious to just laugh off. ― The world is in a state of emergency due to the global heat wave ― (Ice landslide on Mount Marmolada. Photo source: NEWSIS) In early July, a sudden ice landslide killed 11 hikers at at the top of the Dolomite Alps in northern Italy. Experts explained that the average temperature at the summit recently reached 10 degrees Celsius, resulting in the melted ice and the landslide.  In May, India and Pakistan suffered from heat waves exceeding 50 degrees Celsius. In northern Pakistan, mountain glaciers melted in high temperatures, flooded rivers, and bridges collapsed. On May 18th, CNN reported a study by the UK Meteorological Agency finding that India and Pakistan were 100 times more likely to experience record heat waves. In June, the worst flood damage occurred in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The U.S. Geological Survey said it was an extreme flood that could only happen once in 500 years. President Biden declared a state of emergency as the situation worsened, with large-scale blackouts in the central and southern regions of the United States due to the surge in electricity demand due to sweltering weather, and heat wave warnings were issued in 28 states. Europe has not experienced temperature exceeding 40°C. However, over 1,500 people have died of heat stroke in the past couple of weeks, and Portugal, Spain, France and Greece are all in a state of emergency due to the heat and wildfires. (Freshwater crayfish are cooked high temperature in a rice paddy in Japan. Source: Twitter) The heat is spreading continent-wide.  In Tunisia, Africa, heat waves and wildfires damaged grain crops, and Iran recorded a temperature of 52℃ at the end of June. In China, asphalt roads are melting in the heat of 44℃, and in Japan, freshwater crayfish were found cooked as the water temperature in rice paddies rose. The global village is in a state of broil. (Temperature by region on July 13, 2022. Source: NASA) https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150083/heatwaves-and-fires-scorch-europe-africa-and-asia ― Global warming getting worse ― Why are heat waves so prevalent this year? The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has pointed out that the cause of this record-breaking heat wave is related to global warming, which has been observed to increase in frequency, duration and intensity in recent decades. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1122732 https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/state-of-climate-2021-extreme-events-and-major-impacts In addition, in the report "Global Climate in 2021," the last seven years were the hottest seven years on record, and sea level due to polar melting rose to the highest level in 2021. And the report predicts the earth will get yet warmer.  ― The international community copes with climate change ― From July 17th to 19th, delegates from 40 countries gathered in Berlin, Germany, and held an annual climate-related meeting (Petersberg Climate Dialogue 2022). UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres sent a video message warning that "half of humanity is in the danger zone from climate crisis” yet "we continue to feed on our fossil fuel addiction.” He also urged cooperation as a multilateral community rather than playing the blame game, emphatically intoning that “we have a choice. Collective action or collective suicide. It is in our hands.” https://press.un.org/en/2022/sgsm21376.doc.htm German Chancellor Olaf Scholz also spoke at the meeting. Germany has been at the forefront of carbon neutrality in Europe and is suffering from a cutback in the supply of Russian natural gas (normally comprising 55% of its gas supply) since the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War. To overcome the energy crisis, Germany will temporarily restart its coal-fired power plants, so attention has been focused on the German Prime Minister's words. Chancellor Scholz said Germany's resumption of coal power generation is a "temporary emergency" and will maintain its goal of achieving zero carbon by 2045. https://www.bundeskanzler.de/bk-en/news/petersberg-climate-dialogue-2022-2063148 In addition, the G7 agreed to provide USD 100 billion annually to help developing countries respond to climate change in the near future, and Germany is expected to donate at least 6 billion euros annually until 2025. ― Greenhouse gases emitted by 5 coutriesamount to damage worth USD 6 trillion!  https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10584-022-03387-y.pdf (Go to the report) The results of a study assessing the economic damage caused by greenhouse gases emitted by each country to other countries were recently published for the first time. On July 12, a Dartmouth College research team in the U.S. published a paper titled "National Attribution of Historical Climate Damages" in the journal Climate Change. The study calculated how much greenhouse gas each of the 143 countries for which data was available and how much the greenhouse gases emitted contributed to global warming, and then estimated how global warming again affected individual countries. To do this, 2 million values ​​were sampled and a supercomputer calculated 11 trillion values. According to the thesis, between 1990 and 2014, the world's two largest emitters of greenhouse gases, the United States and China, caused global losses of more than USD 1.8 trillion each, and the top five greenhouse gas emitters, the United States, China, Russia and if you add up the damage done to other countries by India and Brazil, it is said that the total amount comes out to USD 6 trillion dollars.  This is a huge amount, as it is equivalent to about 11% of the world's annual GDP during the study period. https://apnews.com/article/climate-russia-ukraine-science-united-states-226702e6d195c94433cdc48e5fed6e63  https://home.dartmouth.edu/news/2022/07/study-shows-economic-impacts-greenhouse-gas-emissions (Go to related press and university presentations) The paper found greenhouse gas emissions have different economic consequences between rich and poor countries. The top 10 greenhouse gas emitters account for more than two-thirds of global economic losses due to global warming, high-income countries located in the mid-latitudes and northern hemisphere are cooler than the global average temperature, so they are less affected by extremes, and the more they can farm, the longer they can grow, whereas the poorer countries in the tropics and the southern hemisphere are more likely to suffer economic losses from global warming. In fact, there are reports that Russia is expected to produce 6% higher than normal this year as the weather continues to be suitable for growing wheat. The BBC was concerned about Russia's food weaponization, saying "Russia could be the only big winner." ― Again, the answer ismultilateralism and cooperation ― Professor Justin Mankin, co-author of the paper, explained that “hot regions have lost income due to global warming and cold regions have warmed but have gained economic benefits. Wealthy countries have become more prosperous through the sacrifices of the poor.” (New Delhi, India: homeless people take shelter from the heat under a bridge in May 2022. Source: AP) “Many of the world’s poorest and weakest countries are experiencing severe climate impacts,” said Jennifer Morgan, Germany’s climate special envoy at the Berlin Climate Conference. “We also need to show more solidarity,” he said.  https://www.voanews.com/a/berlin-hosts-envoys-for-heart-to-heart-talks-on-climate-/6663072.html The natural disasters and economic damage caused by continued climate change will be painful for all countries. However, the suffering endured by the people of low-income countries with weak social systems is obvious.  “Do all countries look to the United States for restitution? Maybe...”   -co-author Justin Mankin- Christopher Callahan, first author of the Dartmouth research paper mentioned above, said, "This study provides a scientific basis for the claim of climate responsibility." Based on the research results, what would happen if countries affected by global warming were to hold the top countries in greenhouse gas emission liable for damages? Can we pretend that we didn't know? Before this happens, multilateralism and global cooperation, which the UN Secretary-General emphasizes, seem more important than ever.

Peace Issue Plastic Island Floating in the Sea

― Plastic Snow Falling in Antarctica?! ―   Just this June 8th, shocking news came from Antarctica: Microplastics have been found in the snow falling on Antarctica. Microplastics were detected in all snow samples taken by researchers at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand from 19 different sites on the Ross ice shelf in Antarctica.   Snow samples taken turned up an average of 29 pieces of microplastic per 1 liter of melted water. The shocking revelation is that Antarctica, known as the cleanest and unblemished region on Earth, can no longer be free from environmental damage.   It is surmised that the microplastics found in the snow fall along with the snow, blending with fine droplets as the microparticles drift through the atmosphere. Researchers at the University of Canterbury said, "Through modeling studies, we have found that the microplastics discovered this time may have reached Antarctica from 6,000 kilometers away."   ― The Top Five Ocean Plastic Islands ― (Image Source: The Ocean Cleanup)   It’s not only the skies. Plastics have already invaded the oceans too.   The five areas on the map above represent the world's five largest marine plastic accumulation areas. Area 1, the largest plastic island, is called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP). According to The Ocean Cleanup, a Dutch non-profit organization engaged in ocean plastic removal activities, the GPGP covers an area of 1.6 million square kilometers (616,764 square miles).   1.6 million square kilometers: can you get any idea how vast that is? It amounts to three times the size of France. The weight itself is stupendous. It's estimated that about 80,000 tons of plastic are floating in the GPGP—the equivalent of 500 fully loaded jet cargo planes.   In quantity, that's about 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic. Dividing this number by the world's population of 7 billion, we get 250. That means each of us dumped on average 250 pieces of plastic into the local waters, which all ended up there.   https://theoceancleanup.com/great-pacific-garbage-patch/ (Go to The Ocean Cleanup for more data)     How did plastic come to form islands? Let's say you inadvertently drop a plastic bottle on a California beach. The plastic flotsam travels south of Mexico with the current, then across the Pacific Ocean in the North Equatorial Current, all the way to Japan. The bottle again travels north along the Kuroshiro Current and then east along the North Pacific Ocean. As the plastic bottle floats in the sea, it gradually breaks up into tiny pieces of plastic that float around the sea forever. Another thing that can happen is the plastic bottle meets another plastic and they hang around together. And this process indefinitely repeats over a long period of time.   As a result, five gigantic plastic islands have formed in the open sea. These islands are a disaster of our own making, not someone else's.   (Image source: National Geographic)     ― “The whole world confronts a maritime emergency”United Nations Maritime Conference ―   The 2nd UN Ocean Conference was held in Lisbon, Portugal from June 27 to July 1.   At the conference, UN Secretary-General Antonio Gutierrez declared that the world is facing a “maritime emergency” and warned that “Eight million tons of plastic will continue entering the sea every year.” Without drastic action, by 2050 the burden of plastic will weigh heavily on all marine life, especially fish.   https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/27/un-head-antonio-guterres-declares-ocean-emergency-as-global-leaders-gather-in-lisbon   UN Secretary-General speaking at the Youth and Innovation Forum at the United Nations Maritime Conference (Source: UN)  ― A report on marine ecosystems destroyed by plastics ―   It is now widely known that marine ecosystems are being harmed by the huge amount of plastic that is pouring into the sea. Ongoing precise research on marine pollution continues, but the published results of the study are very bleak.   In February, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) published the report, “Impact of Plastic Pollution in the Ocean on Marine Species, Biodiversity and Ecosystems,” analyzing 2,592 studies on plastic production, dispersal, impact, and biodegradation. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_impacts_of_plastic_pollution_on_biodiversity.pdf     ○ 50-fold increase in microplastics by the end of the 21st century. First, the report warns that by the end of the 21st century, the amount of microplastics could increase by 50 times in ocean surface amounting to over 2.5 times the size of Greenland. ○ More than 1.21×105 of microplastics per 1m3 of the sea. The report also assessed that there are already over 1.21×105 particles of microplastics per cubic meter, bordering on the ecological risk threshold in many regions of the world.   In particular, certain "hotspots" where pollution is concentrated, such as the Mediterranean Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Arctic sea ice, have already significantly exceeded the ecologically irreversible threshold. If microplastics exceed their limits, they can even lead to the extinction of marine species in the worst case.   (Galapagos cormorant with plastic litter in nest. Source: Guardian)   ○ Seabirds and turtles ingesting plastic It is also estimated that up to 90% of all seabirds and up to 52% of all sea turtles eat plastics, with 88% of marine species being negatively affected by plastics.   Plastics cause injury or death to marine animals, can inhibit the movement and growth of organisms, and reduce food intake, immune response, or the organism's fertility.   In addition, plastics pose a serious threat to almost all marine species, including endangered species such as mangroves and coral reefs, which are essential for maintaining marine biodiversity, monk seals in the Mediterranean, and sperm whales.   (Photo source: UN) ○ Mangroves as carbon outlets, seaweed crisis The ocean serves as the planet's largest carbon sink. Special thanks to carbon-storing mangroves, seaweeds, salt marshes and coral reefs. Yet plastic pollution puts these biomes at risk of failing to combat climate change.   “Once plastic waste enters the sea, it is almost impossible to recover,” said Heike Vesper, director of the WWF German maritime program.   https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?4959466/Ocean-plastic-pollution-to-quadruple-by-2050-pushing-more-areas-to-exceed-ecologically-dangerous-threshold-of-microplastic-concentration   ― Resolution of International Convention on Marine Plastic Pollution ―   https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/historic-day-campaign-beat-plastic-pollution-nations-commit-develop   Not long ago, a historic agreement was reached to curb plastic pollution. At the 5th United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-5) held in Nairobi, Kenya, from February 28 to March 2, it was agreed to establish a legally binding international agreement to end plastic pollution by 2024.   Meanwhile, the UN Environment Assembly has drawn up several resolutions to solve the marine plastic problem. However, this agreement will not limit the plastic pollution problem to the ocean, but will include management measures for the full lifecycle including production, use and disposal of plastics.   https://www.gibsondunn.com/update-on-un-roadmap-for-a-new-global-plastics-treaty/ (Go to the details of the agreement)   ― Private Efforts to Solve Marine Plastics ―   The private sector is also making great efforts to reduce marine plastics.   ○ Let us get rid of marine plastics! The Ocean Cleanup The Netherlands Ocean Cleanup is a group of scientists and engineers who have developed and are actually applying technology to remove plastic from the sea.   There are two main approaches: How to stop the flow of plastic from rivers to the ocean and how to remove plastic already accumulated in the sea.   ▪ Interceptor solutions: Blocking inflow from rivers It is estimated that 80% of plastic flows into the ocean through 1000 rivers. Ocean Cleanup is reducing the influx of plastic into the sea by installing net barriers, etc. at key locations in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Guatemala.   ▪ An artificial coastline that collects plastic from the sea This a method of actively collecting plastic floating in the sea by creating an artificial coastline with two boats like a double fishing boat. Ocean Cleanup plans to remove 90% of plastic from the Pacific Garbage Island (GPGP) by 2040.     (Sunglasses made from recycled marine plastic in partnership with Swiss and Italian companies)  ○ PHA bioplastic that biodegrades in water   (Image source: Hanwha Total Energy)   PHA bioplastics are plastics that are biodegradable in nature. Since they are made through microbial fermentation, the problem of carbon generation in the plastic production stage is also solved.   Since production cost and technical barriers are still high, there are differing ideas about how to introduce PHA to marine-related products such as fishing gear and buoys, where biodegradable technology is urgently needed. http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=610 (Go to the previous issue of the Sunhak Peace Prize related to bioplastics)   (Chinese plastic water bottle found on Baengnyeong Island in South Korea. Source: JoongAng Ilbo)   Since 80% of marine debris comes from land, the first and easiest action we can take to help clean up the plastic-struck ocean is to find ways to stop the plastics from flowing into rivers and oceans.

Peace Issue Global Poverty Worsening

― Inflation rises in the aftermath of the Russo-Ukraine warLivelihood crisis in developing countries ―   (Photo source: United Nations Development Program)   “Soaring prices in the aftermath of the Russia-Ukraine war raise the number of people living in poverty in developing countries to 71 million in three months”  This is the core of the report titled ‘Crisis of Livelihoods in Developing Countries’ published by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) on July 7th. < Go to UN Development Program Livelihood Crisis in Developing Countries >   The UN Development Program (UNDP) is an agency of the United Nations that addresses poverty, inequality and climate change. This report was prepared by surveying developing countries in 159 countries. Global poverty is expected to worsen as the living difficulties of the low-income class in poor countries increase.   The report begins by pointing out that, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and war-induced food inflation, at least 75 million people are still stuck in poverty, which had been expected to lessen.   In particular, sub-Saharan Africa (especially the Sahel region), the Balkans and the Caspian Sea region are hit most severely, with 71 million people newly driven into poverty.    About 49 million people in 46 poor countries are currently subsisting on the verge of famine, and 750,000 are at immediate risk of starvation, of which about 75% are concentrated in Ethiopia and Yemen.     ― The people trapped below the "poverty line" ― The IMF, World Bank, and United Nations have set various "poverty lines" as the minimal living standards.   According to the World Bank, daily incomes for the poorest countries average less than $1.9 (2,400 won) per day, for lower middle-income countries $3.2 (4,100 won) per day, for upper-middle-income countries $5.5 (7,100) per day, and high-income countries average 28,000 won ($21.7) per day.   (Population growth rate by section for daily minimum cost of living, left is standard, right is post-Ukrainian war)   According to the report, in the three months following the Russo-Ukraine war, soaring food and energy prices have increased the number of people living on $1.9 per day by 51.6 million to 675.5 million. And the number of people living on less than $3.2 a day increased by an additional 20 million.   The table below shows a heat map of the poverty impact of inflation. The closer to red, the poorer the country.   Countries likely to hit all 'poverty lines' by inflation include Armenia and Uzbekistan along the Caspian Sea; Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda and Sudan in Sub-Saharan Africa; Haiti and other nations in Latin America; and Pakistan and Sri Lanka in South Asia. Those living in Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Yemen, at the lowest levels of poverty (below $1.9), are particularly vulnerable to the inflation crisis.   http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=576 http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=579 (For Sunhak Peace issues on the inflation crisis triggered by the war, go to the above links) ― Fragile national economies on the verge of collapse ― As the COVID-19 pandemic has lasted over 2 years, economies of developing nations highly dependent on tourism or nations with weak basic material means are on the verge of collapse.   According to a report released by the United Nations Development Program in March analyzing the global inequality database, the income of the bottom 40% of people in low- and middle-income countries is much lower than we think, and the share of the top 10 is much higher.     (Go to report)   In October last year, the UN Development Program published the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report*, a study of 5.9 billion people in 109 countries. As a result of the study, 1.3 billion people were MPI poor, and the differences in MPI poverty rates were larger by ethnicity, gender and race than by region.   (Go to 2021 Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Report)   * The MPI report is a comprehensive poverty index published by the United Nations Development Program in cooperation with the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), an economic research and policy center at Oxford University since 2010.   Whereas research on poverty has tended to focus on income, MPI is an index that quantifies health, education, and living standards. MPI is evaluated by a total of 10 indicators; if more than one-third of the indicators are substandard, the group is classified as "MPI poor", i.e. those suffering extreme poverty. (Image source, University of Oxford)   ― Default in Sri LankaEmerging countries may default in a domino effect ―     (Sri Lankan students shouting anti-government slogans. Photo source: AP)   Recently, Sri Lanka declared national bankruptcy, and on July 10, the President and Prime Minister announced their resignation. It was a result of nationwide protests and chaos that began with economic hardships caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war.   Following Sri Lanka, nations with a high proportion of foreign debt such as Pakistan, Egypt, Argentina and Turkey in turn are being pushed into economic crisis one after another. It stems from worsening financial difficulties due to the increased burden of repayment of bonds in these countries due to the strengthening of the dollar after an interest rate hike in the U.S., plus a surge in inflation caused by the war.   In April, the World Bank warned that 10 countries could fail to repay their debts over the next year. This serves as a warning that a “domino default” may occur among emerging countries. Achim Steiner, Secretary-General of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), who published the Crisis of Livelihoods in Developing Countries report, expressed serious concern: "The livelihood crisis is driving millions of people into poverty, and the threat of social unrest is growing day by day.”   ― Changes in Arab Perceptions Caused by Poverty“The economy is weak under democracy” ―   Recently, a new survey has revealed that there is a growing perception among Arab countries in the Middle East and North Africa that economic stability is difficult to achieve in a democratic system. Poverty is eroding hopes for democracy.   On July 6, the BBC and the ‘Arab Barometer’, an opinion polling agency affiliated with Princeton University in the U.S., surveyed 22,765 people in Palestine and nine Arab countries in the Middle East and Africa.   Of particular note is Tunisia, the epicenter of the 2011 Arab Spring* revolution. In Tunisia, which has maintained a democratic government since the revolution, the number of respondents replying in the affirmative to the same question has risen from just 17% in 2011 to 70% at present. It also pointed out that 61% to 79% answered “yes” to the question whether any form of government would be acceptable as long as the economic problem was solved.   *Arab Spring: An unprecedented anti-government protest, triggered by poverty, food shortages and corruption in the Middle East and North Africa at the end of 2010, that spread throughout the Arab world. As a result of the protests, governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen changed. (Source: Commonsense Dictionary, et al.)      (Egypt experiences the wave of the Arab Spring in 2011. Photo: AFP)   The BBC analyzed that this change in perception of democracy was due to economic difficulties. More than a third of those surveyed say they have no money to buy food, which shows that no political system can be safe if poverty is not addressed. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-62001426 ― To overcome poverty in developing countries,“cash payment” is more effective than subsidies ― The United Nations Development Program calls for tailored measures to overcome poverty, saying soaring food and energy prices pose a particularly difficult challenge in developing countries. While developing countries are highly dependent on measures such as tax cuts and energy and food subsidies, UNDP advised that "cash payment" is more effective than subsidies.   Achim Steiner explains that subsidies encourage higher energy consumption and carbon emissions, and while more than half of the subsidy benefits are concentrated in the top 20% of the income distribution, if the subsidy is paid in cash with the same budget size as the subsidy, the 40% with the lowest income will benefit the most.   In addition, the UN Development Program ordered the extension of the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI), established to help developing countries repay their debts during the COVID-19 pandemic, for two more years and to expand the number of target countries.   Governments of major countries have shown flexibility in their response to severe economic crises since World War II.   However, following the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war, the G20 split, and the US-centered West, Russia, China, and their respective allied nations have come into conflict, shaking the existing basic order of free trade and multilateralism.   http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=624 (For Sunhak Peace Prize article on Deglobalization and the New Cold War go to the above link.)   It is more difficult than ever to look ahead one inch. It seems that we need to seriously consider what impact the “eating problem”, the basic issues of food and survival, will have on the existing socio-economic order and political system.

Peace Issue Deglobalization, a Prelude to the New Cold War?

― Creating a New Global Order ― ○ “Western countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe will discuss strengthening sanctions against Russia and maintaining a united front against President Putin at the G7 summit in Germany to be held until July 28 and the NATO summit in Madrid, Spain held July 29~30.”  (Money Today, June 27, 2002) https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2022062710242181421 ○ “China is pushing for BRICS Plus to expand its power around developing countries as the United Sates intensifies pressure through the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), following the US, UK, and Australian security alliance AUKUS and the US, Japan, Australia and India security dialogue Quad.”  (Yeonhap News, June 24, 2022) https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220624071400083?input=1195m   The last week of June was a very busy week for world leaders, as shown in these articles from the international news section. Countries are making movements to unite either around the US and EU, or around China and Russia. Are we moving toward the end of globalization, and will we see the rise of the Cold War era that ended 30 years ago?    In going through the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russo-Ukrainian War, the world is now witnessing the gradual collapse of a global system that used to work together as one big team thanks to multilateralism and the division of labor. The prospect of a Russo-Ukrainian War escalating into a long-term war is deeply troubling for countries around the world because it is not just a "regional conflict" but a new challenge to the U.S.-led international order. (U.S. President Bush on left, General Secretary of the Communist party of the Soviet Union Gorbachev on right, 1989. Source: Joongang Daily)   After the U.S. and Soviet leaders declared the end of the Cold War in 1989, the world has lived in a U.S.-led liberal international order for the past 30 years. But the trigger that Putin fired at Ukraine caused a major crack in this order. Shortly after Putin fired his gun, the world is being divided into two camps: the United States, which seeks to maintain the status quo order and its allies, versus Russia, which challenges it, and China, which has regained its former hegemony status in the 21st century. The confrontation of forces is in full swing. This article will discuss the recent international situation which can described with the key terms of deglobalization, formation of regional blocs, and the New Cold War. ― Economy and SecurityCountries Siding with the U.S. ― Recently, U.S. President Joe Biden has made extensive strides toward military and economic diplomacy from South America to Europe and the Asia-Pacific. The analysis suggests that the United States, which strongly feels the need for a new alliance strategy to counter China and Russia, has embraced both allies and non-allies of the major bloc, and is set out to shape a new version of the international order. ○ G7(Group of Seven) During the G7 summit held in Germany on June 26, it was announced that $600 billion will be invested in the development of infrastructure in developing countries against China's one belt road (Silk Road by land and sea), along with sanctions against Russia including the suspension on importing gold from Russian.   The G7 is an annual meeting between the leaders of seven countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Italy and Japan, as well as representatives of the European Union (EU) to discuss international politics, economics and more. It started in the 1970s to establish a new economic order centered on liberal states when the G4 (the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France) experienced a global economic crisis, including the oil wave.  Japan, Italy and Canada then joined later to form the G7, and in 1998 Russia joined to form the G8. However, in 2014, when Russia forcibly annexed Ukraine's Crimea, it was ousted and hence it became the G7 again.   Recently, however, there have been proposals from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and others to expand the G7 to include South Korea, Australia, India, and Spain as members. The intention is to form a larger US-centric force.   (Source: Yeonahp News)   Of course, Russia reveals an uncomfortable planting to this move. Russia's Speaker of the House of Representatives, Volodin, said an entirely new G8 could be born, consisting of China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Iran and Turkey, who do not join the Russian sanctions or show unilateral support for the United States. Since then, the world has been on its way to becoming more polarized.   ○ NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)   https://www.nato.int NATO is the most high-profile international military alliance since Russia's invasion of Ukraine. In the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, etc., it is called 'NATO' and in countries such as France, Spain and Italy, it is called 'Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord' or ‘OTAN.’ NATO was created in 1949 to counter the former Soviet Union stationed in Eastern Europe, mainly in Europe and North American countries, and now 30 countries have joined the group. It has existed since the end of the Cold War in 1991. (Source: The Economist) According to the NATO Charter, an armed attack on any one of its member states is considered an attack on all NATO member states. This is the greatest strength of the military alliance, that NATO will help its member states under attack.  Feeling uneasy after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Sweden and Finland broke the neutral line they had held for the past 70 years and applied to join NATO. In response, NATO issued a statement that "the two countries will be safer, NATO will be stronger, and Europe and the Atlantic Ocean will be more secure" as they welcomed Finland and Sweden to join. After the extreme tension caused by the Russo-Ukrainian War, NATO made plans to increase its Rapid Response Force from 40,000, to 300,000.    https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_197251.htm   Russia, which invaded Ukraine to stop NATO's advance, is facing headwinds of NATO's expansion. Furthermore, at the NATO Summit, the leaders of South Korea, Japan, Australia and New Zealand were invited to participate as "Asia-Pacific Partner Countries," showing the expansion of NATO's influence. There is one other country that feels as uneasy as Russia about the NATO expansion, and it’s China. China has expressed its uncomfortable planting that "the Asia-Pacific region is not in the geographical category of the North Atlantic" and that it "resolutely opposes any words and deeds that attract military groups to incite division and opposition." In addition, at the NATO summit, a new "Strategic Concept" was adopted, describing Russia as a "serious and direct threat" and China as a "challenge to the interests, security, and values" of the alliance.  Since the Strategic Concept is a key document of NATO's identity and mission, it is important to note how NATO's expansion and Russia's and China's response will affect international relations in the Asia-Pacific. ○ Quad, AUKUS, and IPEF These institutions have been frequently mentioned in the media lately. They are the military- and economic cooperation organizations that have been formed by the United States since the inauguration of the Biden administration in response to China's growing influence. ▪ Quad(Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, QSD) (Source: NEWSIS)   The purpose of the Quad Alliance is to develop a strategy to ensure that important routes in the Indo-Pacific region do not fall into China's sphere of influence, and since 2007, conversations involving the exchange of information, military training, etc., conducted regularly by the 4 countries of the United States, Japan, India, and Australia, have evolved into the Quad Alliance in 2017. In other words, it is an anti-Chinese military cooperation formed by major countries in the Asia-Pacific. ▪ AUKUS (Source: SeaWaves Magazine)   https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/15/joint-leaders-statement-on-aukus/   AUKUS is a three-party military alliance in the Indo-Pacific region formed by Australia, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) and was launched in 2021 to contain China. Unlike the Quad, which is a military-security cooperation, it is a "military alliance" similar to NATO, which allows for the deployment of military forces between alliances in case of emergency. With the creation of AUKUS, the United States and the United Kingdom will reportedly deliver nuclear-propelled submarine technology to Australia. China felt threatened, as did France, whose multi-billion dollar nuclear submarine export to Australia fell apart overnight, and they expressed strong condemnation. It shows the reality of international politics where the interests of the country are at the forefront. ▪ IPEF (Indo-Pacific Economic Framework,)   (Source: KATEHON)   IPEF is a U.S.-centric anti-China supply chain front that was launched in May 2022. IPEF is joined by 13 countries: the United States, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India among others.  The idea is for the United States to use IPEF to tie the Indo-Pacific region together as a huge economic platform. IPEF promotes reshaping of supply chains, clean energy, the digital economy, the establishment of technical standards, and standardized labor, to contain China's growing influence.   ― Anti-American and Anti-WestCountries Siding with Russia and China ―   On the other side of the United States, China and Russia are "closely adhering" to each other as their best allies. The common factor of adhesion is anti-American and anti-Western. China is facing an all-out U.S. pressure and containment, and Russia has been under intense Western sanctions centered on the U.S. since the annexation of Crimea in 2014, and they are strengthening their alliance. China’s point of view is that Russia's invasion of Ukraine is due to NATO's eastward and western pressure on Russia. Faced with all-round defense pressure from Western countries, including the United States, China sees Russia in a "co-operative" position with its own country. (Source: Josun Ilbo)   Another common factor for Russia and China is that they are both nuclear states and permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. In other words, if the two countries cooperate, they can exert enormous power over the international order. These two countries are working closely together in military, diplomatic, and economic terms and envisioning Sino-Russian multilateral cooperation against the United States. Recently, President Xi Jinping stated that he would "strengthen communication with important international and regional organizations such as the United Nations, BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and promote cooperation with the emerging market and developing countries to ensure that international order and global governance develop in a more equitable and rational direction,” which means strengthening a new global alliance around China and Russia. ○ BRICS https://infobrics.org/ BRICS is named after the acronym of 5 countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Originally a term used to refer to the 4 countries with large land areas and populations emerging as emerging markets in the 21st century, the BRICS summit was formally held in Russia in 2009 and South Africa joined in 2010. With China and Russia as its axis, it has now become an alliance against the G7. On 24 June, China announced at the Beijing summit that it was pushing for BRICS Plus, which has further increased its membership to include Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Uruguay. In doing so, the BRICS leaders emphasized a multilateral order, pledging to cooperate on issues of infectious diseases, economic recovery, climate change, and world peace and security. It remains to be seen whether the expansion of BRICS will lead to the strengthening of multilateral cooperation or the beginning of another polarization.    (Source: CGTN)   ○ Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) In 2001, China took the initiative to establish the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), a political, economic and security cooperation organization, and emphasized that it would "jointly respond to various security threats" and "cooperate more closely as one community." The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has 9 member states that includes Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Iran. These member states make up 40% of the world's population and economically account for 25% of the world's GDP. Over the past 20 years, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), led by both China and Russia, has developed into a major multilateral security cooperation organization that counters the U.S.-led international order, advocating territorial inviolability, non-interference in domestic affairs, and a multilateral international order, through the process of military trust building, counterterrorism cooperation, checking on the expansion of NATO, and economic integration. China is actively using the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as an important crutch in the Pacific against the United States. For China, where safety is geopolitically important in the Northern Continental Region and the Pacific Coast, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) seeks to ensure stability in the Northern Region. http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/     ― Return to Multilateralism ― For the past 30 years, the world has enjoyed peace and prosperity under multilateralism. Famine and poverty have been largely eliminated, and the level of health and education has also been greatly improved.  As the new competitive and conflict landscape of the emerging New Cold War is being formed, there is a growing concern that the universal values such as freedom, equality, and democracy that humanity has been striving for are losing its shine. In particular, the search to respond to global challenges such as the climate crisis and infectious diseases that are directly related to the survival of mankind is on the back burner. Countries that are not great powers are contemplating which side is the better option for their own interests. Solidarity within the international community may prove to be the way to ensure freedom and peace for all. That's why a multi-layered approach, rather than choosing one side of the bloc, may be the better option.  The role of the United Nations and the return to multilateralism seem more important than ever to pursue equitable prosperity for everyone in the world. 

Peace Issue Greenflation, a Price to Pay to Achieve Zero Carbon

― National Efforts to Achieve Zero Carbon ― Since the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement*, the global challenge has been the transition from fossil fuels to eco-friendly energy. Let's first take a look at how each country is striving for zero carbon. ○ European Union The European Union, which is at the forefront of the transition to eco-friendly energy, has decided to levy a “carbon border tax” on a trial basis from 2023. Tariffs are imposed on products that emit more than a standard level of carbon. In addition, the manufacture and import of internal combustion engine vehicles will be totally banned after 2035. ○ USA The U.S. has the goal to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 by replacing coal and natural gas, which account for more than 60% of electricity generation, with renewable energy. ○ China China, the world's largest carbon emitter, aims to increase the proportion of eco-friendly energy by 25% by 2030 and ultimately increase the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption to more than 80% by 2060. ○ Republic of Korea After enacting zero carbon by 2050, ROK announced that it would reduce carbon emissions by 40% as compared to 2018 by 2030 as an interim goal. (Among the G20 countries, the UK is the only country that has set a carbon emission reduction target sufficient to achieve the “1.5℃” target. Source: Net Zero Tracker) According to Net Zero Tracker, a company that tracks the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions around the world, as of 2022, 136 nations have declared carbon zero, and 66 countries have set a carbon zero target year. Finland has announced its goal of achieving zero carbon the fastest by 2035. 14 nations, including Korea, Germany, France, Sweden, UK, European Union, Fiji, and Canada, have legislated the zero carbon target, and 32 nations, including US, China, Monaco, Liberia, Australia, Chile, and Costa Rica, are still in the process of legislative procedures.  ( Go to Net Zero Scorecard) *What is the Paris Climate Agreement? An agreement signed by ministers of 195 countries attending the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21) held in Paris in December 2015.  All participating countries are obligated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to keep the average temperature rise of the earth within 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050. Voluntary greenhouse gas reduction targets must be submitted every five years.  In the "Global Warming 1.5℃ Special Report" published 2018, the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) assessed that in 2017, temperatures had already risen by 1℃ compared to the pre-industrial level.

Peace Issue Doomsday Clock

― Birth of the Doomsday Clock ―   (Photo source: BAS) The Doomsday Clock says the moment both hands point to midnight will be the end of the world.    In January 2022, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (BAS), which conducts the watch, announced that it has maintained its state at 100 Seconds since 2020, the closest to midnight for the third straight year since it first appeared before the world in 1947. (See BAS presentation material at the above website)   The Doomsday Clock was dreamed up by scientists at University of Chicago who participated in the Manhattan Project—the American atomic bomb development in the 1940s. After seeing the devastation of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945, they realized the nuclear weapons they had invented could be the greatest threat to humankind and established the BAS to raise public awareness that human inventions can destroy the world.  In 1947 the Doomsday Clock started to tick when the journal published by their collective featured a cover design showing the minute hand of a clock predicting the time when the earth would be destroyed by nuclear war. (Original cover design in 1947) (Current design, changed in 2007)   The time was set at 7 minutes to midnight. Martyl Langsdorf, the artist who designed the watch, said that the reason for setting it at 7 minutes was “because it looked good to my eyes.” Those expecting a serious, philosophical answer could murmur in perplexity.  (Go to Frequently Asked Questions about the Doomsday Clock)     ― Who decides how much time isleft until the end of the world?  ―   The Science and Security Board announces the "time left until midnight" every January and whenever important events occur around the world.   The Science and Security Board, made up of scientists and experts in nuclear and climate sciences, meets twice a year to discuss global issues and reset the time.   The board reviews opinions from the Bulletin’s Board of Sponsors and other experts in various disciplines to reset the time. The Board of Sponsors, originally led by Albert Einstein, includes 13 Nobel laureates.    (Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer*, who founded the Bulletin’s Board of Sponsors, photo credit: BAS)   * Physicist Oppenheimer was a key figure in the Manhattan Project. He served as director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, which developed the atomic bomb, but after World War II he opposed the use of nuclear weapons and was dismissed as a communist and resigned from all public positions.   What are the criteria for resetting the clock? The time on the Doomsday Clock is reset based on data such as the number of nuclear weapons, atmospheric carbon concentration, and sea level rise. Since 2007, climate change has also been included as a deadly threat to destroy the planet because of its intensification. At the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) held in Glasgow, UK in 2021, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said, "It is one minute to midnight on that doomsday clock, and we need to act now. If we don’t get serious about climate change today, it will be too late for our children to do so tomorrow.”   Recently, destructive technologies such as cyberattacks, AI, and bioterrorism and COVID-19 have been added to the list of global threats.   (The annual number of nuclear weapons has declined sharply after peaking in 1986)   ― The history of global crises as seenthrough the Doomsday Clock ― (Time remaining till midnight by year, image source: Wikimedia)   The minute hand was reset 24 times since the Doomsday Clock started in 1947. Let's look at the main issues that have affected the time we have left.   ○ 1953 U.S. conducts the first hydrogen bomb test When the United States tested the first hydrogen bomb, the clock moved forward to 11:58 p.m., signaling to mankind that the end of the world was just two minutes away. ○ In 1963 the arms race between the USA and the USSR was eased When United States and Soviet Union signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963, ending nuclear explosion tests in the atmosphere, the clock's minute hand moved backward to 23:48. ○ 1972 U.S.-Soviet arms race eased At 23:48, the clock was pushed back with the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) and the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems signed between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. ○ 1984 The Cold War intensifies It is 23:57: As the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union intensifies and the arms race between the two global superpowers is ratcheted up, the time till the end is shortened to three minutes and counting.     ○ 1990 The Berlin Wall comes down! The time to global holocaust is pushed back to 23:50 as the Berlin Wall falls.   ○ 1991—The End of the Cold War With the end of the Cold War and signing the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty between the USA and USSR, the Doomsday Clock receded 17 minutes to 23:43, removing humanity from the originally denoted midnight warning range of 15 minutes. According to the Doomsday Clock, it was the most hopeful year for peace ever. ○ 2002—U.S. declares war on terrorism After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the U.S. declared war on terrorism and withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile ban signed with the Soviet Union in 1972. The time remaining to total annihilation was cut to 7 minutes, and the Doomsday Clock moved forward to 23:53.   ○ 2018—North Korea’s nuclear testing and climate change North Korea's nuclear tests and climate change crisis pushed the clock forward to 23:58, with two minutes left, the closest to midnight since the U.S. and Soviet hydrogen bomb tests in 1953.   (Go to timeline details)     ○ 2020—The international cooperative system collapses 23:58:20 ~ 100 seconds before the end of the earth! Time is the closest ever to midnight as world leaders fail to tackle the threat of nuclear war and climate change. Concerns about the end of the global cooperative system to deal with existential threats such as the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, the breakdown of the Iran nuclear deal, and the division of the UN Security Council are hastening the end of the world. Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (2020 Sunhak Peace Prize Founder's Special Award laureate) pointed out at the 2020 Doomsday Clock event, "100 seconds is closer to global catastrophe than we have ever experienced before. This is probably a shocking event for the world,” he warned.   (2020 Doomsday Clock presentation, from right to left: Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, 2020 Sunhak Peace Prize Laureate,  former President of Ireland Mary Robinson, and former Governor of California Jerry Brown) ○ 2021—The collapse of the international cooperative system A hundred seconds remain until the end of the world: with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, threats such as nuclear weapons, climate change, and the risk of false information the fateful clock advanced to 23:58:20.   ― 2022: Doomsday Clock stands at 100 secondsbefore humankind's extinction for the third consecutive year! ― https://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clock/current-time/#footer_menu_itm     In January 2022, BAS Chairman Rachel Bronson announced the decision to “set the Doomsday Clock once again at 100 seconds to midnight. " “This decision is a result of examining man-made threats such as nuclear weapons, climate change and new destructive technologies that endanger human existence,” she explained. "However, our efforts have proved insufficient to stem the tide."  George Washington University professor Sharon Squassoni, co-chair of the Science and Security Board, emphasized the current crisis of the global community, which is imminent at the moment.   In March, the BAS condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the threat of using nuclear weapons, saying it would keep the time to midnight at 100 seconds. At the outset of the war, the Kremlin leaked news that it would consider using nuclear weapons, and tensions over nuclear war arose around the world. https://thebulletin.org/turn-back-the-clock-challenge/     Some question the usefulness of the 75-year-old clock, while others express that it has lost its value as a predictor of anomalous threats between 100 and 50 seconds till midnight.   However, it seems clear that the Doomsday Clock is an indicator of a chain of crises not only in nuclear weapons, but in other areas such as climate change and disruptive technologies. 100 Seconds! If the world was going to be destroyed in 100 seconds, what would you do in that short time?   It is not enough time to prepare for death. Rather than preparing for destruction, shouldn't we strive to turn the clock back further from midnight?   In addition to nuclear weapons, climate change was included as a criterion for setting the deadline. Cyber-attack, AI, bioterrorism, and COVID-19 were all added to the lethal bill of fare.….   When we all pull together to solve these global problems, the time given to humanity will increase.

Peace Issue Post Corona, The Dollar Glut, and Looming Polarization

— Unlimited Supply of Dollars — “The Federal Reserve is committed to use its full range of tools to support the U.S. economy in this challenging time and thereby promote its maximum employment and price stability goals.  The Federal Open Market Committee is taking further actions to support the flow of credit to household and businesses.” (US Federal Reserve, March 23, 2020) The key is ‘unlimited dollar supply.’ As the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus in 2020 hit the world, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the Federal Reserve System (FED), the central bank of the USA, issued the above statement. Since then, huge amounts of dollars have been supplied to the world in an unprecedented short period of time in human history. As the United States freed money, Europe and Japan also began to release money unrestrictedly. After the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the four major central banks in the US, Europe, UK, and Japan have released about $11.3 trillion (KRW 1,464 trillion) into the market through asset purchases. As a result, at the end of 2020, the market currency of the 12 major countries including them was 94.8 trillion dollars, an increase of 17.4% in one year. www.atlanticcouncil.org The result was an increase in debt. As a result of the world's unlimited free money, the total global debt will reach $303 trillion in 2021, which is 3.6 times the sum of the world's GDP. www.weforum.org/agenda — The two axes of economic management:fiscal policy and monetary policy  — Let's talk a little bit about basic economic theory. The government and central bank manage economic growth and prices through ‘fiscal policy’ and ‘monetary policy.’ ○ Fiscal policy Fiscal policy is the policy deciding how the government collects and uses taxes. During an economic expansion phase, taxes are raised and spending is lowered to prevent overheating. In times of economic downturn, the government stimulates the economy by lowering taxes and increasing spending. ○ Monetary Policy Monetary policy is a policy by which the Central Bank regulates the amount of money (money supply) circulating in the market by adjusting the prime interest rate. In developed countries, price stability is the most important role of central banks. In order to prevent inflation, central banks in each country collect money from the market by raising interest rates between central banks and commercial banks or by raising the reserve requirement ratio. When the amount of money available in the market decreases, the value of money increases and, conversely, the price of money decreases. Let’s take a look at the underlying concepts. — Can unlimited dollar supply be a solution to escape the COVID-19 crisis? — Former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke (Source: USA Today) When the U.S. financial crisis hit in 2008, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke escaped the crisis by releasing unlimited money. Chairman Bernanke held that the 10 years of Great Depression of the 1930s was caused by the Central Bank's passive response. The Fed (Central Bank of the U.S.) led by Chairman Ben Bernanke buys mortgage-backed securities held by commercial banks and supplies dollars to the market. In addition, it uses a low interest rate policy to circulate huge amounts of money into the market to promote consumption. In other words, the Fed's goal was to create a virtuous cycle of ‘expansion of currency → cut interest rate → rise in asset prices → maximize the wealth effect* → increase consumption → increase product demand → increase factory utilization → create jobs → decrease unemployment → economic growth.’ This attempt worked. The crisis was overcome, and the game was revived. *Wealth effect: Phenomenon where consumption increases when assets such as real estate and stocks rise This crisis escape strategy was also applied to the 2020 Corona crisis. But the main difference is that it was applied on a vastly larger scale and much faster. The U.S. has released about 3 trillion dollars (3,840 trillion won) in the three months from March 2020 alone. Compared to $4.5 trillion (5,760 trillion won) released over six years during the 2008 financial crisis, you can estimate how much money was released in a short period of time. (M2 money supply in the U.S. - a sharp rise is observed in 2020) ― Loose dollars and a rise instock, real estate, and coin prices ― However, the market scene is different from that of a financial crisis, where the money is released but is not in circulation. This phenomenon is due to the shrinking rate of consumption and decreasing investment sentiment. As a result, the huge sum of money released was directed into the asset market, such as stock and real estate. On top of that, virtual currency was also affected. In April 2021, its market capitalization spiked to the level of Apple Inc., one of the top world market capitalizations.  (U.S. stock prices have been on a sharp rise since March 2020. Purple indicates S&P500 and blue indicates NASDAQ) Global companies have been eager to buy back stock and pay dividends rather than investing in production and technological innovation with money borrowed at low interest rates. What happens when a company buys back its stock? The number of stocks in circulation decreases, stock prices rise, and the income of global corporate executives and employees who receive a portion of their wages as stock rises. (The U.S. Home Price Index has risen sharply since March 2020 as seen in this graph.) (Treasury stock buyback trend of S&P 500 companies) — The Counterattack of Loose Money: Inflation — In the wake of oversupply of money, supply shortages due to the global shutdown and the Russia-Ukraine war, prices of key raw materials such as energy, steel, and food are skyrocketing. The Global "Perfect Storm" Sparked by the War - Peace Issue  Agflation_Special Delivery Russia-Ukraine bombs flew right to my kitchen table - Peace Issue (See previous SunHak Peace Prize articles on the rise in raw material and food prices) The US Consumer Price Index (CPI), an indicator of inflation, rose 8.6% in May 2022, the largest since 1981. The New York stock market plunged due to the first inflation in 41 years; day by day the market decline shows no signs of letup. (U.S. Inflation Index) Europe also faces a serious inflation crisis. Eurozone's Consumer Price Index (CPI), released last month, rose 8.1% year-on-year, said to be an all-time high. In response, the European Central Bank (ECB) is changing the zero-interest rate policy, which has remained for 11 years: In today's news it will raise in 0.25 percentage points in July. Korea, which has raised the base rate since August last year, also suggested an additional rate hike from the current 1.75%, saying that if the timing of the rate hike is missed, the damage caused by inflation is likely to be greater. Raising interest rates is like turning off the faucet where the money is pouring out. Now, major countries are embarking on “tapering,” i.e., reducing their liquidity supply. What will happen if the money suddenly starts to be withdrawn? Specifically, what will happen when the world's reserve currency, the dollar, begins to contract? — A retreat of the dollar to the US, a financialcrisis that emerging countries must face  — Why does the dollar affect the world? Because the dollar is the reserve currency. In 1973, the United States negotiated an agreement with Saudi Arabia to “transact in petrodollars.” The 20th century was the age of oil, and the world had to obtain dollars unconditionally to buy oil, so the dollar solidified its position as the global reserve currency. (U.S. President Nixon on the left in 1973, Saudi King Faisal on the right) For the past 40 years, the U.S. has overcome its domestic economic problems through quantitative easing (increasing money supply). The loosed dollars are exported abroad. When more dollars circulate, their value decreases, and other countries that held dollars sit still and suffer the loss of foreign currency assets. Conversely, when the US raises interest rates to keep up with inflation, the dollars that have been abroad return to the US. Neighboring countries must defend themselves by raising their interest rates higher than the US to avoid a dollar shortage, that is, a currency crisis. In the process, liabilities incurred in real estate and financial markets are aggravated and asset prices fall. In other words, emerging countries are suffering in one way or another depending on the monetary policy of the United States. Examples are the national bankruptcy crisis in Latin America (Argentina, Mexico, Brazil) in the 1980s, the Asian financial crisis in the 1990s, and the financial crisis in China in 2008. Emerging markets' currencies are depreciating as the US rate hikes move. For example, the Turkish lira, which was 8 liras to the dollar in June 2021, has now plummeted to 17 liras. The money quickly released today becomes a debt that future generations will have to pay. Wealth grew rapidly during the pandemic, but the vulnerable suffer from inflation. (Protesting the end of deferred tenant eviction in New York in January 2022. Source: AFP) In fact, the rate of increase in U.S. house rents in 2021 was 19.8%, outpacing the rate of increase in house prices of 16.9%. Rents in New York and Miami jumped 40% from the previous year, so the difficulties of the low-income class are getting bigger. Profits from Pain, Pandemic and Billionaires - Peace Issue (Link to the previous Sunhak Peace Prize article on ‘Profits from Pain, Pandemic and Billionaires’) The U.S. Consumer Sentiment Index, a measure of household purchase motivation, recently hit an all-time low of 50.2. Now there are fears that, even though interest rates are raised, inflation is not being stemmed and the economy has entered stagflation. www.cnbc.com (Articles above about stagflation concerns) Now the world is heading down a road we have not experienced before. As in the past 40 years, the United States will likely attempt to overcome the crisis by controlling dollar exports this time as well. It remains to be seen whether neighboring countries will continue to tolerate the burden.

Peace Issue Bioplastic

ᅳ Plastic: The “Villain” ᅳ   Plastic has been hailed as the greatest invention of mankind. However, due to environmental pollution that occurs during manufacturing, landfill, and incineration, the world is now labeling it a calamity for humanity. Did you know that the main raw material of plastic is oil? According to the World Economic Forum, about 4-8% of global oil consumption per year goes to plastic production; at this rate, it will account for 20% of oil consumption by 2050. The creation of plastics generates a huge amount of carbon. In addition, plastics also emit a huge amount of greenhouse gases through transportation and disposal. As we all know, plastic is not biodegradable, so if plastic gets into the soil, rivers or oceans, it means that purification is impossible. ᅳ Will We Tax Plastic From Now On?Policy to Wean Ourselves Off Plastic ᅳ As ‘carbon neutrality’ is emerging as the top priority of the international community to combat climate change, major countries are announcing policies related to plastic regulation and recycling. The front runner is Europe. The European Union (EU) introduced a plastic tax in 2021. By 2030, all plastic packaging materials used in the EU market will be reusable or recycled. In order to realize this, a tax of about 0.8 euros (~960 won) per kilogram of non-recycled plastic packaging waste is being imposed. It also includes the development of recyclable plastics and a ban on the use of microplastics. This means that the plastics policy, which has been created in the framework of a linear economy hinging on “production → consumption → discharge → collection → disposal,” is fundamentally changing. China has decided to ban the use of non-degradable plastic bags by 2026, and Japan has decided to double plastic recycling by 2030. Korea plans to limit the use of petroleum-based bioplastics by 2030 and replace them with pure bioplastics by 2050. ᅳ Vinyl Made from Sugar Cane and Corn Stubble?What is Called “Bioplastic” ᅳ Riding on this plastic regulatory flow, plastic bags and cups with “biodegradable” or “environmentally friendly” marks are putting down roots on all sides. They are made from natural ingredients, and they decompose in nature after use and discarding. Bioplastics can be broadly classified into "whether they are biodegradable after use" and "made from natural raw materials." Bioplastics are referred to by several terms, such as "biodegradable" plastics and "natural" plastics, depending on where the emphasis is placed. ○ Is it biodegradable? When more than 90% of the plastic is decomposed into water and carbon dioxide within 6 months at a temperature of around 58℃, it is called "biodegradable plastic." There are microbial synthesis systems such as PHA and PHB, natural product synthesis systems PLA, and petrochemical synthesis systems PBAT and PCL. Namely, PBAT and PCL are bioplastics as they are biodegradable though they are made from chemical ingredients. On the other hand, plastics that decompose more than 60% within 6 months are called "oxidative biodegradable plastics." ○ Is it made from natural (bio) raw materials? Plastics made from plants such as corn stalk and sugar cane are called biomass plastics. Bioplastics that we readily encounter in daily life are biomass plastics made from corn stalk or sugarcane. Compared to other bioplastics, the barrier to permeation is low and production cost is low, so it is widely used. However, since it is weak against heat and moisture, it is mainly used to make disposable bags, packaging materials, cups, and tableware. A bioplastic container launched by a domestic delivery firm (Source: Baemin Sanghoe) The fact is, not all biomass plastics are biodegradable. However, they have the advantage of reducing carbon emissions compared to conventional plastics in the process of manufacturing and incineration. In summary, making a plastic item with natural ingredients doesn't necessarily mean it's biodegradable, and just because it's biodegradable doesn't mean it's based on natural ingredients. Did you catch the distinction? On the other hand, there is a controversy that bioplastics are greenwashing. In November 2015, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) published a report stating that “even if the use of biodegradable plastics increases, environmental pollution will not decrease significantly.” This is because “biodegradable plastics decompose only when the temperature exceeds 50℃, but in a natural environment, it is rare that the temperature exceeds 50℃”. http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/en/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=586 (Go to the Sunhak Peace Prize Peace Issue on Green Washing) ᅳ There are even real bioplasticsthat are 100% biodegradable!  ᅳ   (PHA plastic product of CJ CheilJedang) There are also ‘real’ eco-friendly bioplastics that are made through microbial fermentation and are biodegradable in nature. It is a plastic made from polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). PHA is a high-molecular substance produced by microorganisms after consuming plant-derived ingredients. It has soft properties similar to rubber. With these qualities, various items such as packaging materials and plastic bags can be made from it. PHA is 100% biodegradable. Because it is a material made by microorganisms, it is 100% biodegradable in all natural environments as long as there are microorganisms. It is biodegradable even in the sea, so it is expected to be a key to solving the marine plastic problem. (Biodegradable alcohol bottle from a liquor company affiliated with Danimer Scientific) PHA is a material that is harmless to the human body and even induces carbon reduction, so its added value is very high. Currently, it is known that there are only three PHA companies in the world with synthesis technology and production capacity. This is because it is a technology with very high barriers to entry. Currently, Danimer Scientific in the U.S., CJ CheilJedang in Korea, and Kaneka in Japan possess this technology. Therefore, it is urgent to have economic feasibility due to high production cost. Statista, a company specializing in industry statistics, predicts that the global PHA market will grow from $62 million in 2020 to $908 million in 2025. ᅳ Bioplastic production on the rise ᅳ Meanwhile, the production of bioplastics is steadily increasing. While the demand for biodegradable plastics is increasing due to the global tightening of regulations on the use of disposable products, the global bioplastics market is expected to grow from KRW 12 trillion in 2021 to KRW 34 trillion in 2026, growing at a CAGR of 23%. It is estimated that 367 million tons of plastic was produced worldwide in 2021. Among them, bioplastic accounts for less than 1%, or about 2.42 million tons, and it is expected to increase gradually to about 7.59 million tons, or 2%, by 2026. (Source: European Bioplastics Association) (Trends in bioplastic production, data from European Bioplastics) *Green: bio-based + non-degradable plastic, orange: biodegradable plastic https://www.european-bioplastics.org/market/# (Bioplastics Market Analysis Detailed Data) (Bioplastic production in 2021 by material type) ᅳ Bioplastics, the remaining task... ᅳ As mentioned earlier, the most commonly used bioplastic around us is PLA plastic made from corn-derived ingredients, and it is currently being applied to various items such as coffee filters, bags, tableware, and textiles. Here's a question for you! ~ Do you separate PLA tableware (biodegradable plastic) left after ordering food for delivery from regular plastic? Perhaps the answer is NO. Perhaps it was a bioplastic, so it was thrown away along with other plastics, comforting yourself that it would be of some benefit to the environment. This is where the problem arises. Since biodegradable plastics lose their properties when mixed with chemical plastics, they cannot be recycled when mixed with other plastics. So what should we do? PLA plastics must be disposed of separately from general plastics. Thus it is necessary to add a “bioplastic sorting space” to the recycling collection center and dispose of it separately. This is not the end. PLA-based plastics are difficult to decompose in their natural state, so it is necessary to create a separate landfill facility with biodegradation conditions.   Difficult challenges pile up one after another. After all, the plastic problem is fundamentally intertwined with the disposable culture. To solve this problem, together with changing materials, we will all need to make efforts to reduce the absolute consumption of plastics.

Peace Issue Profits from Pain, Pandemic and Billionaires

— World Economic Olympics2022 Davos Forum opens — Every January, the world's attention is focused on Davos, a resort city in Switzerland where the World Economic Forum is held, and the reason why the world pays so much attention to this convention, also called ‘Davos Forum’ after the venue, is that major financial representatives gather from around the world. Davos Forum is a private international forum where 2,000 to 3,000 prominent businessmen, politicians, scholars, and journalists gather annually to discuss global political, economic, and social issues. It has global authority and influence. This year 2022, with the world still reeling from the effects of COVID-19, the WEF Annual Meeting was convened for four days beginning May 23rd. This year's theme focused on 'History at a Turning Point', with global change accelerating due to the pandemic. In this year's forum, discussions and alternatives were sought in about 200 sessions on ▲climate issues ▲COVID-19 ▲technology and innovation ▲global cooperation ▲society and equity. 2022 Davos Forum. US climate envoy John Kerry, Bill Gates, Google CFO Rusporat (Source: WEF) (Source: WEF website) — Profiting from Pain — https://www.oxfam.or.kr/research_profiting-from-pain/?rurl=%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-report%2F (Link to the Oxfam report) Oxfam, an international relief organization that has been publishing an annual report on wealth inequality at the Davos Forum since 2014, this year has issued a report titled ‘Profiting from Pain’. The crux of this report is deepening global inequality. Oxfam's research shows that global companies and billionaires in the food, energy, medical, and tech sectors have amassed enormous wealth during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the vulnerable, struggling to make a living with increased price pressures, have evidently lapsed into a crisis situation. According to the "Profiting from Pain” report, the number of billionaires is growing by one every 30 hours. The number of billionaires worldwide has increased fivefold from 573 in 2020, when the coronavirus broke out, to 2,668 by March this year. The combined wealth of these billionaires totaled $12.7 trillion dollars, an increase of $3.78 trillion (42%) during the pandemic alone. It turns out that the world's 10 richest people own more wealth than the world's bottom 40%, namely 3.1 billion people, and the world's 20 richest people own more than the combined GDP of all sub-Saharan African countries. On the other hand, it is estimated that up to 263 million people will fall into extreme poverty in 2022 due to the COVID-19 crisis and rising food prices, and it is estimated that there are an additional 1 million people entering poverty every 33 hours. This means in the time that one billionaire is born, a million people are driven into dire poverty. In January, Oxfam also published the report “Inequality Kills.” The report airs a shocking study finding that the wealth of the world's 10 richest people doubles while the income of 99% of the world's people falls. https://www.oxfam.or.kr/resources_inequality-kills/ (Link to report) — Poorer Countries, Races and Gender — The report points out that wealth inequality also exists between races, genders and countries. ○ Inequality among countries Inequality between rich and low-income countries has been lessening for the past 30 years, but during the COVID-19 pandemic, this trend has reversed: rich countries have widened the gap, causing middle and low-income countries to retreat 10 years. Vaccine inequality is also a major cause of rising inequality among nations. The report points out that around 11.66 billion coronavirus vaccinations have been administered worldwide; meanwhile poverty has worsened in low-income countries as 87% of low-income countries are unable to complete vaccination of their citizens due to unfair drug distribution. ○ Gender inequality Growing job insecurity has caused 4 million women to lose their jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean alone, and similar trends are occurring elsewhere. ○ Inequality between races Inequality based on skin color also persists. In the UK, when the second wave of COVID-19 resurged, people from Bangladesh were five times more likely to die from coronavirus than the white population in the UK. — The industries that wiped out the world's wealth — There are certain industries that have accumulated unprecedented wealth. These are the fields of energy, pharmaceuticals, and big tech. (Source: Oxfam) The major shareholders of global food conglomerate Cargill and the five largest energy companies (BP, Shell, TotalEnergies, Exxon, and Chevron) have made huge profits. The pandemic has also spawned 40 new billionaires in the pharmaceutical sector alone. While many small and medium-sized enterprises have closed due to the pandemic, global tech companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Tesla, Amazon, and Google are producing the world's richest people when they achieve better results than any other industry. In fact, 7 of the 10 richest people in the world work in the big tech sector. Tesla CEO Elon Musk, known as the world's richest person, is still among the richest 0.0001% of the world, even if he lost or gave away 99% of his assets! — Solution: Tax the profits earnedduring the pandemic!font-size: 18pt;">during the pandemic! — Oxfam said that a structural solution is needed to tackle wealth inequality, suggesting that governments should use their taxes to reduce inequality and suffering through tax reform. ○ Excess profit tax on energy companies! Oxfam argues for excess profit tax on energy companies that made huge profits from soaring energy prices, and a 90% tax rate on temporary excess profits in all industries. It is estimated that taxing only the 32 highest-profit-earning companies during the pandemic could generate $104 billion in tax revenue. ○ 99% tax on billionaire's new wealth! Oxfam advocates supporting the world's most vulnerable by implementing a one-time emergency tax of 99% on new wealth of billionaires who have risen during the pandemic, and progressive, asset-by-asset taxes on the richest. https://patrioticmillionaires.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Wealth-Tax-Factsheet.pdf?emci=97e13935-d1da-ec11-b656-281878b8c32f&emdi=ea000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&ceid= (Go to report) In January, Oxfam, the Patriotic Millionaires and the Institute for Policy Studies jointly published a report titled "Taxing Extreme Wealth." According to the report, a 2% annual property tax on millionaires and 5% on billionaires could raise $2.52 trillion a year and lift the world's 2.3 billion people out of poverty. It would also be able to supply enough COVID-19 vaccines around the world, and provide universal health care and social protection to 3.6 billion citizens of low- and middle-low income countries. — Vaccine inequality is racial inequality. — (Photo source: Reuters) Oxfam was not alone in pointing out the growing inequality. Many Davos Forum participants expressed their concern about the inequality, and among them were many voices of self-reflection on vaccine inequality. UN Deputy Secretary-General Winnie Byanyima said only 13% of people in low-income countries (mostly people of color) have been vaccinated, while 75% of people in high-income countries, mostly white, are fully vaccinated. She pointed out that this is racism. Seth Berkeley at the Davos Forum (Photo by Bloomberg) Seth Berkeley, president of the Global Vaccine Alliance (GAVI, winner of the 5th Sunhak Peace Prize) pointed out the strengthening of nationalism in the course of the pandemic. “At the beginning of the pandemic, the goal was to make a vaccine available to every country in the world, but it was met with nationalism and export bans,” he said. He emphasized, “We need to diversify vaccine manufacturing by establishing a sustainable vaccine manufacturing system centered on developing countries.” Pharmaceutical companies have also come up with alternatives. “We will work with global health leaders to improve diagnosis, education, infrastructure and storage,” said Albert Bourla, president of US pharmaceutical company Pfizer. We will sell vaccines and medicines to 20 million people at 'non-profit prices' (cost).” https://www.weforum.org/press/2022/05/new-accord-to-improve-health-and-vaccine-equity-for-1-2-billion-people-in-lower-income-countries Stefan Bansel, CEO of vaccine maker Moderna, said, "Most of our fortune, worth $4.1 billion, will be donated to advance medical technology and solve the food crisis." During the pandemic, Moderna's stock price more than doubled, making him rich. — Please tax me!! — Meanwhile, this year's Forum also featured unusual protests that have drawn global attention. The protesters made a rather plain argument that a new tax should be levied on the rich to close the gap between the rich and the poor. What is unusual is that they are multinational super-rich. The protesters are members of the organization "Patriotic Millionaires", whose members must have an annual income of at least $1 million or at least $5 million in assets. ‘Patriotic Millionaires’ consists of 102 millionaires and billionaires, including Walt Disney heir Abigail Disney and venture capitalist Nick Hanauer. Why are they protesting like this? They emphasize ‘social trust’. To restore social trust, they argue, the world must demand a fair share from the rich, and the state must immediately impose a tax on the rich. The group also sent an open letter to the Davos delegation twice in January and May, stating that the world suffered during the two years of the pandemic but that their wealth had increased and that the rich must be taxed. https://www.intaxwetrust.org/ (Marlene Engelhorn, Left Picketden protest, demand taxes on the rich. Source: Guardian) Marlene Engelhorn, heir to BASF, a global chemical company, who attended the protest, said, “The government is hanging out beyond the doors of the private luxury event of Davos Forum, doing nothing to address serious inequalities. It’s time to rebalance and tax the rich.” https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61549155 (Source: BBC News) "Billionaires' wealth did not grow because they were smarter or worked harder, but through privatization, monopolies and deprivation of workers' rights," Oxfam said in a statement , and urged governments around the world to take immediate action. I don't know how many countries will agree with Oxfam's claims and take action. However, it's a huge irony that, during the brief period of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine war, the few on the planet are getting richer and the livelihoods and health of many are threatened.

Peace Issue “Greenwashing”—the ecofriendly lie

— The Eco-Friendly LieGreenwashing — “Greenwashing” Refers to camouflage environmentalism—compound word for "green" and "white washing" (image source: World Economic Forum) Phytoncide air freshener, organic toothpaste, All-Natural Shampoo. These “eco-friendly” products are commonly found around us. But if you look closely, there is no explanation as to how much natural ingredients are used. There are many cases where only a small percentage of the ingredients are included. This is so-called greenwashing that deceives consumers.   The climate change and eco-friendliness are emphasized, the more often we hear the word "greenwashing." What exactly does greenwashing mean?   Greenwashing refers to camouflage environmentalism. Greenwashing is "whitewashing", which means to apply a layer of paint to cover the essential problem. "Greenwashing" is a compound word combining the concept of "whitewashing" (the phenomenon of hiding crimes or unpleasant facts) with "green" meaning the environment. It refers to the act of promoting an eco-friendly image by exaggerating or falsely promoting an eco-friendly image, even though the product or service is not actually eco-friendly to obtain economic benefits. In other words, “pretending to be eco-friendly.” It is known that the term greenwashing was first mentioned in an essay on a trip to Fiji by American environmentalist Jay Westerveld in 1986.  At the time, the Fiji resort he visited was urging customers to reuse  towels to protect the sea and coral reefs. However, the resort was  building new bungalows that were far from protecting the environment. He came to realize the reuse of towels was not to protect the  environment but to reduce laundry costs, so he coined the term  "greenwashing." — Environmental awareness of consumers ↑Corporate Greenwashing ↑ — Why do companies do greenwashing? Because they want to look good. They want to create an image of a company that cares about the environment, improve relationships with relevant organizations, partners, and the government, and win the trust of consumers. Consumer confidence is linked to increased financial profits.   As eco-friendliness and sustainability become important issues around the world, consumer awareness of the environment is increasing. Recently, as ESG management has emerged as a mainstream worldwide and consumers’ interest in the environment has increased, “environmentally friendly” has become an issue crucial to the survival of a company. http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/kr/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=521 (Link to ESG related article at Sunhak Peace Prize) * ESG = “Environmental & Social Governance”   ▲ Korea: 1/3 of Consumers Consider Corporate Eco-Friendly Activities When Purchasing Products "KB Trend Report" published by KB Financial Group: According to the ESG and Eco-Friendly Consumption Behavior Report (issued Sept. 2021), one-third of Korean consumers consider "the company's eco-friendly activities when purchasing products." In addition, it said they are willing to purchase eco-friendly products even if they are 10% more expensive.   https://www.kbfg.com/kbresearch/report/reportView.do?reportId=2000182 (Link to report)   ▲ U.K.: 31% of online shoppers prefer "green" brands According to a recent Forbes report, 31% of UK online shoppers prefer brands perceived as “green” and 37% want to order inside the UK to reduce their carbon footprint. (Forbes Report, July 2021)   https://www.forbes.com/sites/katehardcastle/2021/07/27/consumer-awakening-one-third-of-uk-consumers-want-to-shop-responsibly/?sh=1ca424f07d72 (Click here for English text of the article)   — Cases where the Only “Eco-Friendly”Pattern is Greenwashing — ▲ Company sells "Paper Bottle" actually made from plastic In April 2021, BBC [British Broadcasting Company] aired the controversy over the "Paper Bottle" marketed by a famous Korean cosmetics company. The company marketed its cosmetics wrapped inside with recyclable plastic and the outside sported a paper label. They stated that the product was made with 51.8% less plastic compared to other existing products and explained how to separate and recycle it.   However, the fact that the bold letters ‘HELLO, I’M PAPER BOTTLE’ on the bottle wrapper misled consumers to assume the entire container was made of paper and led to controversy and a boycott of greenwashing. In response, the company said, "We apologize for the confusion and for not delivering more accurate information." https://www.bbc.com/korean/news-56729271?xtor=AL-73-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Bnaver%5D-%5Bheadline%5D-%5Bkorean%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D   (Photo source:Facebook)   ▲ Country: Saudi Arabia with 50 billion trees? Nations are also being taken to task for greenwashing. Saudi Arabia, a major oil producer, announced in March 2021 that it would plant 50 billion trees to achieve zero carbon emissions by 2060.   However, as Saudi Arabia, a water-scarce country, announced the world's largest reforestation plan, details of the plan were not disclosed. At this point, critics came out saying, "It's a greenwashing joke to plant tens of billions of trees when there is no river."   https://www.eco-business.com/news/11-brands-called-out-for-greenwashing-in-2021/ (Refer to this site for greenwashing examples with more details)   ▲ NGO: Environmental group supported by plastic companies Singapore's non-profit organization, the Alliance to End Plastic Waste (AEPW) reportedly spent $1.5 billion on plastic waste cleaning.   However, according to a Reuters report in Jan. 2021, the group was found to have been greenwashed. The group is backed by oil companies like Royal Dutch Shell and Exxon Mobil, and it turns out that these companies plan to dramatically increase plastics production.   — Seven smart ways to identify greenwashing — So how can we detect greenwashing? The representative standards mentioned are the seven standards established by Terra Choice, a Canadian eco-friendly consulting firm, in 2010.   Terra Choice dispatched a greenwashing investigation team to large retailers in the UK, US, Canada, and Australia twice in 2007 and 2009 to conduct environmental quality investigations on 10,419 products in a total of 4,705 product groups.   As a result of the survey, it was found that most of the companies did not provide evidence to prove their eco-friendliness, but rather used vague phrases and inappropriate certification labels to hide their non-environmental effects.   The findings confirmed that at least one case of greenwashing appeared in 98% of products in 2007 and 95% of products in 2009. The joke that companies are “selling the environment” to deceive consumers is not uncommon.   Shall we take a look at the "Seven Sins of Green Washing" report released by this company?   http://faculty.wwu.edu/dunnc3/rprnts.TheSinsofGreenwashing2010.pdf (Go to original document)   1. The Hidden Tradeoff The producers and sellers focus only on some eco-friendly attributes of a product and do not disclose the negative impact on the environment as a whole. For example, when recycled paper is used, it appears to be eco-friendly and sustainable, but in reality, a chlorine bleaching process harmful to humans and the environment is used in the process of manufacturing recycled paper, which has a big impact on the environment, so it cannot be called eco-friendly.   2. No Proof A firm claims that its product is environmentally friendly, but they lack or offer no specific information or evidence to support such claim. In other words, the advertisement emphasizes it as an eco-friendly product, but does not provide eco-friendly certification labels or information.   3. Vagueness Firms employ a wide range of ambiguous, empty slogans advertising the eco-friendliness of the product. For example, they use catch phrases such as 'chemical-free' or 'non-toxic' on the label without further explanation to mislead consumers. The term ‘all-natural’ is typical, while in fact toxic substances such as arsenic, mercury and formaldehyde also occur naturally.   4. Irrelevance The boast is true, but what the firm claims as "environmental" is unimportant or unhelpful. For example, a spray has no CFCs (compounds that destroy the ozone layer) and thus is labeled as ‘CFC-free’ even though the use of CFCs is prohibited anyway. It is a case of misleading consumers in a clever way by exploiting the information asymmetry between the supplier and the consumer.   5. The Lesser of Two Evils It is true that a portion of the product contains eco-friendly components, but in reality, the product is harmful to the environment; it is a way of justifying harmful products by emphasizing their essential aspects. For example, the word “eco-friendly” on pesticides distracts consumers from their real harm to both people and nature. This includes organic cigarettes and fuel-efficient SUVs.   6. The Sin of Fibbing To call a spade a spade it’s false advertising. The boast is true, but what the firm claims as "environmental" is unimportant or unhelpful. Such advertising omits or mislabels the ingredients in products or uses non-accredited environmental certification seals or slogans in advertisements or promotions as if their product has been certified by a reputable institution.   7. Worshipping False Labels This advertising ploy gives the impression that a third party guarantees it by attaching a fake label. For example, a spray has no CFCs (compounds that destroy the ozone layer) and thus is labeled as ‘CFC-free’ even though the use of CFCs is prohibited anyway. It is a case of misleading consumers in a clever way by exploiting the information asymmetry between the supplier and the consumer. For example, a firm may misrepresent its product as being certified eco-friendly by what is in fact a weak private institution, while disguising it to make it appear to comply with international standards or legal standards.   ▲ At the World Economic Forum in 2021, two types of greenwashing were disclosed.   1. Selective Disclosure Concealing negative aspects of products while advertising positive points about environmental performance. Same as the hidden trade-off effect, No. 1 of the seven sins Terra Choice lists above.   2. Symbolic Actions Boasts that pump up minor issues without meaningful action. For example, a fashion brand donates to UNICEF without addressing the child labor problem in its production process. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/05/how-spot-greenwashing/ (Link to World Economic Forum document)   — The Harm of Greenwashing: Distrust“Is it really eco-friendly?" —   What kind of harm does green washing cause? How do you feel when you find out that a friend you trusted lied to you? First of all, you feel a strong sense of betrayal. And the feeling of betrayal leads to misgivings about friendship and distrust of people in general, which has the effect of making you suspicious even of friends who are honest and true.   The same goes for greenwashing--where companies pretend to be eco-friendly by exploiting consumers' increased environmental awareness and good motives. Greenwashing confuses consumers' wise judgment, disillusions their environmentally conscious mindset, and creates distrust in an eco-friendly market.   In other words, the real harm of green washing is that it undermines the will of companies to make real eco-friendly efforts and foments a general distrust of eco-friendliness in society.   — To prevent greenwashingpass regulatory laws + protect consumers: —   What must be done to solve greenwashing? First, it is most effective to seek ways to improve the legal tools and standard guidelines related to greenwashing regulations at the government level.   Major developed countries are managing greenwashing by establishing guidelines for displaying eco-friendly information. In 47 nations around the world, including the U.S., Japan, France, and the U.K., 27 different environmental labeling systems and committees have created and implemented sample guidelines for greenwashing.   ▲ United States The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) of the U.S. has created The Green Guide since 1992 to provide legal interpretation standards applicable to environmental labels and advertisements. Violation of the guidelines can result in fines of millions of dollars. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/topics/truth-advertising/green-guides   ▲ The United Kingdom In 2021, the Competitive Markets Agency (CMA) of the U.K. announced the “Green Claims Code”, an eco-friendly marketing guideline, determining to strictly crack down on greenwashing from 2022.  【6 Principles of the Green Claim Code】   · Be truthful and accurate   · Be clear and unambiguous   · Do not omit or hide important information   · Comparison should be fair and meaningful   · Consider the entire life cycle of a product or service   · Any claim must be substantiated https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1018820/Guidance_for_businesses_on_making_environmental_claims_.pdf   ▲ European Union (EU) From March 2021, the European Union has mandated the disclosure of sustainability information related to investment activities and products by financial institutions in the European Union through the Sustainable Financial Disclosure Regulation (SFDR).   In addition, in April 2022, revised guidelines were announced for consumer protection and prevention of greenwashing. If environmental performance cannot be established, the use of eco-friendly phrases such as ‘eco-friendly’, ‘green’, and ‘eco’ is prohibited.   Although various efforts are being made at the government level to regulate greenwashing, it will be some time before regulatory legislation is proposed and implemented.   If there is a strong check on our corporations by smart and demanding consumers, will it become a stepping stone toward change in regulation? If we consumers see words such as 'eco-friendly', 'eco', or 'organic' on products or advertisements, first of all, we should step back and determine whether it is greenwashing or not.

Peace Issue Clean Water and Healthy Life are Synonymous

― Water and Life ― "Children in conflict zones are 20 times more likely to die from water-related diseases than from violence." - UNICEF Ukraine Representative, Murat Sahin - Ukrainian mother and son head to the local administration office in Pavlopil, eastern Ukraine, to find safe water. (Source: UNICEF) On April 15, UNICEF announced that 1.4 million people in the eastern region had no access to water due to the war in Ukraine, already raging for 6 weeks. Across Ukraine, 4.6 million people are believed to be at risk of water outages. Major cities in the east, including Donetsk and Luhansk, have already shut off water supplies, and if the reservoir in Horlivka city runs dry, 340,000 people will lose access to safe water. And Mariupol, the city in the direst straits, is said to suffer a total lack of drinking water. A shortage of clean water puts lives at risk. It is particularly detrimental to the health of children and the elderly because poor water quality leads to diseases including cholera, diarrhea, skin infections and other deadly infectious diseases. WHO 2022 estimate is that 486,000 people will die each year from water-borne diseases.   ― Clean water is still scarce ― ● According to the 2021 UN Sustainable Development Report, 2 billion people do not have access to safely managed drinking water, including 771 million people (half living in sub-Saharan Africa) who do not have access to even basic drinking water. ● 3.6 billion people also live in environments without sanitation facilities such as toilets. Of these, 494 million have no choice but to defecate out in open, public places.  Exposed stool can contaminate food, water, the environment and spread serious diseases such as cholera. The report points out that if the world is to eradicate open defecation by 2030, sanitation facilities will need to be built at four times the current rate. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021 (View the UN Sustainable Development Report for 2021) Why is there a shortage of clean water? According to the State of Climate Services: Water 2021 report by the U.N. World Meteorological Organization, only 0.5% of the water on Earth is available, potable fresh water. Due to global warming, the amount of water stored on the surface, underground, and glaciers has decreased by 1 cm every year over the past 20 years. Also, the 2021 UN Sustainable Development Report records that a quarter of the world's 2,300 large lakes have high turbidity (water cloudiness), which can adversely affect human and ecosystem health.  About 21 million people, including 5 million children, live within a 5 km radius of a lake that is very murky and clouded. Download UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO) report "2021 Climate Services: Water" https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10826 ― Washing hands saves lives ― Through the COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world have learned that washing hands is the most important and basic preventive measure to protect the lives of individuals and others. Yet according to a UNICEF bulletin in 2021, 3 out of 10 people worldwide (about 230 million people) currently do not have basic facilities such as water and soap to wash their hands in each household. Worse yet, more than 6 out of 10 people in developing countries lack this basic handwashing. Additionally, the report found that three out of five schools worldwide do not have water and soap to wash their hands, which means about 460 million out of 800 million students attend schools where handwashing is not possible. The situation in developing countries is even worse: 7 in 10 schools do not have spaces for students to wash their hands. Particularly at medical institutions, hand washing facilities are critical. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a study finding that improving hand hygiene in hospitals and other medical facilities can reduce medical costs by about $16.5 per dollar of improvement costs. (Photo source: UNICEF) UNICEF, together with WHO, has developed a "WASH" standard and strategy to support handwashing campaigns in over 90 nations alongside educational programs such as health, education, and nutrition. UNICEF emphasizes that good hand washing can reduce respiratory diseases in many people, prevent diarrhea in more infants and young children, and prevent sepsis, where pregnant mothers and their newborns can be infected by various microorganisms. ▲WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene): UN's campaign slogan to improve water, water purification facilities and personal hygiene. https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-sanitation-and-hygiene/ (View detailed WASH data) "Global Handwashing Partnership," a global campaign group to wash hands, states that diarrhea, the second leading cause of death for children under 5 years old, can be cut by half and acute respiratory infection by a quarter simply by washing your hands with soap. Adults can also prevent influenza, chicken pox, cholera, hepatitis A, norovirus, and typhoid by washing their hands. So how should I wash my hands? Major organizations such as UNICEF and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend washing your hands for 20 seconds. Even though it only takes about 20 seconds to scrub all surfaces, including the palms, backs of the hands, between the fingers, and under the nails, WHO recommends 40 to 60 seconds, from wetting your hands to drying them completely. ― Post-COVIDJoint water management withneighboring countries becomes more importan ― Corona 19 creates new mutations and constantly threatens the lives of the global village. New variants of COVID-19 continue to threat human lives, and the spread of the virus is closely related to hygiene management. For this reason, the United Nations points out that, for humanity to better recover from the COVID-19 crisis, we must accelerate international efforts to make clean water and sanitation more accessible for all. For this, it is particularly important to jointly manage water in border areas based on hydrological boundaries, rather than administrative boundaries. The U.N. is calling for more efforts from each country to complete operational agreements for all border waters around the world by 2030. *Hydrology: The study of the flow and characteristics of water, including rivers, lakes, and groundwater 153 countries worldwide share rivers, lakes, and aquifers (underground strata flowing with water). As of 2020, 128 out of 153 countries sharing border waters have submitted reports on the status of agreements related to water cooperation to the United Nations. Saving humanity from yet unknown pandemics will require a global effort to provide clean and safe water for all, across national borders.

Peace Issue The UN Veto

― Dismantle the United Nations! ―   Ukraine President Zelensky addresses UN Security Council online (Source: UN) “So where is the security that the Security Council must guarantee?” “Are you ready for the dissolving of the UN? Do you think that the time of international law has passed? If your answer is no, you need to act now, act immediately." —Ukrainian President Zelensky in his speech to the UN Security Council— This is the cry of Ukraine's President Zelensky, addressing the UN Security Council by video on April 5, 2022. President Zelensky released pictures of the gruesome “secondary genocide,” in which at least 300 civilians were cited as having been murdered. The conference hall fell silent, and people watching around the world were outraged. For the full text of Ukraine President Zelensky's speech to the UN Security Council https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/vistup-prezidenta-ukrayini-na-zasidanni-radi-bezpeki-oon-74121 When you hear the word "world peace," an international organization comes to mind. That is the United Nations. However, the presence of the United Nations in this war in Ukraine is not what it used to be. Why is the UN so powerless in the face of blatant war?  To understand the context of this discomfiting situation, it is necessary to examine the UN Charter, which sets out the role of the UN. As you know, the United Nations is an international organization created for international peace after World War II. Chapter 1, Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations specifies the purpose of the establishment of the United Nations: △ Maintaining international peace and security, △ Repressing acts of aggression and destroying peace, △ Mediating and resolving international disputes. UN Charter  Article 1 The purposes of the United Nations are: 1.To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes of situations which might lead to a breach of the peace.  To view the full text of the UN Charter: Chapter I: Purposes and Principles (Articles 1-2) | United Nations ― Security CouncilThe power to mobilize the United Nations ― The UN was created on Oct. 24, 1945, in the process of maintaining world order before and after World War II. Currently with 193 member states, it is the world's largest international organization both in name and in reality that oversees global governance. The main organizations of the United Nations include the General Assembly, Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice. The crux of the dual axis of power is the Security Council.  As the name suggests, the Security Council has the most central mission of the United Nations to maintain world peace and security, which makes the decisions of the Security Council legally binding on its member states. The UN Secretary-General, who is the head of the UN Secretariat and serves as a representative of the UN, is also decided by the General Assembly based on the Recommendation of the Security Council, and furthermore, from investigations, adjustments, economic sanctions, and diplomatic severance for peacekeeping, to armed forces that mobilize military force if necessary. Intervention is also decided by the Security Council.   To see detailed information on major UN agencies: https://www.un.org/en/model-united-nations/un-structure The Security Council consists of 15 member states. Five countries are permanent members, including China (which replaced Taiwan in 1970), France, Soviet Union (succeeded by Russia after the dissolution of the USSR), the United Kingdom, and the USA, the victorious nations of World War II; the remaining 10 countries are non-permanent members. Non-permanent members are elected at the General Assembly every two years in consideration of their contribution to the United Nations and region.   How long is the term of permanent members? Indefinite: they have permanent tenure. The UN Charter only stipulates a term of office for non-permanent members. No term of office is specified for permanent members. It means it is endless. Therefore, these five member states on the Security Council are designated as the P5 (Permanent Five).   UN Charter  Article 23   1. The Security Council shall consist of fifteen member states of the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Norther Ireland, and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution.   Article 27 point 3. Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members. ▲ Composition and tenure of the Security Council ― The veto—the source of power ofpermanent Security Council members ― Decision-making of the Security Council is decided by affirmative votes of the nine members 'including affirmative votes by the permanent members.' This regulation contains a frightening imbalance of power. It means that even if 14 of the 15 Security Council members vote in favor, an agenda will be rejected if any of the 5 permanent members votes against it. This is what is called a veto.  The veto is the biggest source of power for permanent members. Criticism pouring into the Security Council is focused on this veto. It is because there are many cases where the exercise of the veto by the permanent members was based on the ‘interest of their own country’ rather than ‘the peace of the community.’ Since 1946, a total of 295 vetoes have been exercised in the UN Security Council, including by Russia (including the former USSR) 143 times, by the United States 86 times, by the United Kingdom 30 times, and by France and China 18 times each.   Russia is clearly No. 1. Russia has vetoed 15 sanctions against Syria owing to Syria's pro-Russian stance. It was an abuse of authority based on national interests, far from world peace.   What about the US, the second-largest wielder of the veto? The USA repeatedly used its veto in favor of Israel over issues related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Again, these decisions were far from world peace.   The use of veto powers by Britain, France and China has been no different.   Consult a roster of past Security Council vetoes: https://research.un.org/en/docs/sc/quick (UN data link)     ◆ Examples of vetoes cast by permanent members of the Security Council ◇ In February 2012, after the Syrian government's crackdown on civil protesters killed more than 5,000 citizens, the Security Council voted on a resolution calling for an end to the bloody suppression and a peaceful transfer of power. China vetoed it and the passage was overturned.   ◇ In 2017, 14 of the 15 members of the Security Council voted in favor of a resolution to nullify the declaration by then U.S. President Donald Trump recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, but it was vetoed by the United States.   ◇ In April 2018, the Security Council resolution calling for a full investigation into Syria's chemical weapons in connection with allegations that the pro-Russian government was using chemical weapons in rebel areas was rejected by Russian opposition.   ◇ In May 2021, the military used chemical weapons on civilians in Myanmar, killing large numbers. In response, the Security Council held a meeting to decide if the UN should intervene in the Myanmar incident, but no action was taken due to opposition by China and Russia, who support the Myanmar military.    ― Reform the Security Council! Dismantle it! ―   “It is not in my power to reform the UN Security Council. I have no illusions of immediate reform. But I would state that the United Nations as a whole, not the Security Council, is truly doing its best to support the Ukraine.”   —Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, April 28, 2022— During his visit to Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine     UN Secretary-General visits Ukraine  (Source of left-hand photo: UN)   "Where in the world is the UN and what is it doing?!" Reporters showered criticism on UN Secretary-General Guterres, who visited Kyiv. Guterres retorted that it was not in his power to reform the Security Council.   Even the head of the United Nations—the president of the world—acknowledges that the P5's veto power is 'sacrosanct' and that he is helpless in front of it. This scene highlights the reality that the Secretary-General and General Assembly of the United Nations are powerless in front of the mighty power of the Security Council. The reality of the UN is that, though established to ensure global safety, the P5 trample on others to ensure their own safety first and superintend their national interests. So now thoughts of Security Council reform and the dissolution of the Security Council are emerging.  Criticism of the Security Council is fueled by Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The U.N. held an emergency meeting of the Security Council on February 25, the day after the invasion of Ukraine. A resolution condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine and calling for the withdrawal of troops was put on the agenda of the emergency meeting of the Security Council, but it was canceled by Russia's veto, a party to the war.    Russian delegate speaking at the Security Council on the issue of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 25 (Source: AP) ― Is reform impossible? ―   If so, is there any way to limit the exercise of the veto by the permanent members? We can't say there isn't, but it doesn't look like it's going to be easy. The only way would be to amend the UN Charter, which stipulates the tenure and veto rights of the permanent members. Article 108 of the U.N. Charter specifies the terms for revising the Charter. This part makes the heart ache. Namely, to amend the UN Charter, the consent of all permanent members of the Security Council is required. The permanent members who led the creation of the United Nations in the first place have been pegging their authority and status right from its inception.   UN Charter Article 108 Amendments to the present Charter shall come into force for all Members of the United Nations when they have been adopted by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the General Assembly and ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two-thirds of the Members of the United Nations, including all permanent members of the Security Council.    In fact, it's not that there has been no movement for reform of the Security Council. One of such reforms is that the number of non-permanent members increased from six at the time the UN was established to ten in 1965.   Some nations wish to expand the permanent membership. Germany, Brazil, India, and Japan constitute the G4. These G4s want and call for the addition of six nations, including the G4 nations plus two African countries, as permanent members. They propose that the number of non-permanent members be increased by four more and that the new permanent members may not exercise the veto for 15 years.   The 'Uniting for Consensus' group, led by South Korea, Argentina, Canada, Italy, and Pakistan, which are competing with the G4, oppose the expansion of permanent members and propose instead an additional increase of 10 non-permanent members.   Lately at the UN General Assembly there has been a movement to limit the powers of the Security Council. On April 26, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution limiting the abuse of the right of veto by permanent members of the Security Council. When a permanent member of the Security Council exercises its veto, a general meeting must be held within 10 days to discuss the situation in which the veto was wielded. It is to lead the delegates to reconsider the exercise of the veto through public debate. But it remains to be seen whether this can be enacted, as Russia and China are likely to oppose this as well. The catch is that it is not binding if the vetoing state refuses to explain its position in the discussion.   Recently, the Brookings Institute, which deals with international strategic issues, published an article titled, “Will Ukraine’s Tragedy Spur the Reform of the Security Council?” The Institute lambasted the Ukrainian war as highlighting the veto of the permanent members of the Security Council an obstacle to peace. It also noted that it is “unfortunate” for an “ineffective” Security Council to be at the axis of multilateralism in the face of increasing new threats such as cyberattacks, bioterrorism and climate change. The Brookings Institution proposes to amend the UN Charter so that the veto power of the permanent members can be nullified with the consent of more than two-thirds of the member states and more than two-thirds of the population as an alternative to solving the power imbalance in the permanent members.   https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/will-ukraines-tragedy-spur-un-security-council-reform/   ― Is Peace Merely a Utopian Fantasy? ― As I chew the cud of a helpless UN in front of Russia's invasion of Ukraine these last few months, I grow hopeless, relegating world peace to something forever beyond reach.   Is peace inevitably helpless before the privilege of the great powers? Is peace merely a utopian fantasy, existing only in our imagination?   I would like to close this article with a speech by Ukrainian President Zelensky to the UN Security Council: “It is now clear that the goals set in San Francisco in 1945 during the creation of a global international security organization have not yet been achieved. And it is impossible to achieve them without reforms.  Therefore, we must do everything in our power to pass on to the next generations an effective UN with the ability to respond preventively to security challenges and thus guarantee peace.  Prevent aggression and force aggressors to peace. Have the determination and ability to punish if the principles of peace are violated. There can be no more exceptions and privileges. Everyone must be equal.  All participants in international relations. Regardless of economic strength, geographical area and individual ambitions.” — Ukrainian President Zelensky addresses the UN Security Council —

Peace Issue Agflation_Special Delivery Russia-Ukraine bombs flew right to my kitchen table

― Special DeliveryRussia-Ukraine bombsflew right to my kitchen table ― [Agflation]  A phenomenon where prices rise across the board due to a surge in agricultural product prices "Agflation" = agriculture + inflation The dread of agflation is sweeping across the globe.  Grain and food prices worldwide, which were already rising due to crop recession caused by climate change and increased transportation costs due to COVID-19, have taken an unprecedented steep upturn following the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war.    We face the most serious food crisis since World War II. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) announced that world food prices jumped to all-time highs in March due to the impact of the war. In particular, wheat prices are soaring. The black market price on the international market rose by 80% last year, and soared to 90% in March last month alone. In March, David Beasley, Executive Director of the United Nations World Food Program (WFP), warned that the world would face "the most serious food crisis since World War II."  Wheat and corn price hikes and price volatility (Source: UN) ― How did this crisis windup on my kitchen table? ― Why does the war in Ukraine have such a huge impact on the dining tables of distant countries? Ukraine is one of the world's three largest grain producers, owing to its chernozem― its fertile black soil rich in nutrients. Russia is the world's largest wheat exporter. The two countries at war are responsible for 30% of the world's wheat supply, 20% of the corn, and 80% of our sunflower oil.   Scene of Ukrainian wheat harvest. (Source: FAO) However, the war has left the black earth in southeastern Ukraine in ruins, and since farmers have fled or joined the war to defend their nation, spring sowing has been difficult and spotty. The Ukrainian Ministry of Agriculture forecasts that the area sown this spring will decrease from the regular 15 million hectares in 2021 to under 7 million hectares in 2022. Moreover, Russia has blockaded the Black Sea inlets and harbors, through which 98% of Ukraine's grain passed for export.    Supply insecurity caused by a surge in food prices around the world According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the food price index recorded 159.3 in March, up 12.6% from the previous month (141.4). This is the biggest increase since 1996, and it jumped 33.6% in just one year. In particular, the grain price index composed of wheat, soybeans and corn rose 17.1% from February to 170.1 points.   In the case of vegetable oils and fats, it recorded 248.6 points, up 23.2% from the previous month. As the world's largest exporter, the price of sunflower seed oil also rose sharply as Ukraine's exports declined in the aftermath of the war. As the supply of sunflower seed oil plummeted, the price of alternatives, palm oil, soybean oil and rapeseed oil rose.   Food Price Index (Source: FAO)   Price Index by Food Item (Source: FAO) Visit "FAO Food Price Index" https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/en/ ― The Food Crisis Directly Hitsthe Middle East and North Africa ― Countries in the Middle East and North Africa, that are heavily dependent on Russia and the Ukraine for grain, are in a quandary.  More than half of the grain bought and sold in the Middle East originates in Russia and Ukraine. According to the Arab Reform Initiative (ARI), a specialized Arab think tank, Arab countries import 34.4% of their wheat imports from Russia and 15.9% from Ukraine.  The World Food Organization (WFP), which helps 125 million people around the world, buys half of its grain from Ukraine. The World Food Organization (WFP) said that the increase in grain prices due to the Russia-Ukraine war will have the greatest impact on countries of the Middle East and North Africa such as Yemen, Syria, Lebanon and Libya.   36 nations rely on Russia and Ukraine for over half their wheat imports. (Source: UN) ◇ Egypt sets a ceiling on bread prices Soaring wheat prices have hit Egypt hard. Egypt is the world's largest wheat importer―its staple food is the wide, hollow bread called “baradi.”  Egypt applied to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in March for a bailout as the result of a sharp rise in prices, including wheat, in the wake of the war. Egypt, which already suffered a food crisis in 2008, finally took special measures on April 21st to freeze bread prices.    Traditional Egyptian Bread Baradi (Source: AP) ◇ International Monetary Fund (IMF) to support Lebanon bailout The situation in Lebanon is even worse. Lebanon suffered a painful blow when 85% of its total grain stockpile was lost in the destruction of grain warehouses from a huge blast in the port of Beirut in 2020.  Lebanon imports 80% of its wheat imports from Ukraine and Russia, and bread prices have risen by 70% compared to last year. At the same time, its currency value fell to one-tenth in two years. Finally, the IMF decided to fund a bailout for Lebanon from early April. ◇ Yemen's 8 million children face starvation The famine situation is also critical in Yemen, 95% dependent on wheat imports, especially with 42% of its grain coming from Ukraine.  In Yemen, food prices have more than doubled over the past few years. Many families, struggling to make ends meet, are cutting back on or skipping meals altogether. The outlook of Yemen's food crisis is sure to be exacerbated by the war. Save the Children warns that Yemen's 8 million children face starvation.   Yemeni child suffering malnutrition (Source: Yonhap News) ― The Domino Effect of Rising NaturaGas, Fertilizer and Grain Prices ―   Actual Price Curve for Fertilizer and Grain The current rise in global grain prices is reminiscent of dominoes falling one after another. Fertilizer prices rose first. Russia is a prime exporter of natural gas―a key ingredient in making ammonia and urea, raw materials for fertilizer. Russia is also a major exporter of potassium carbonate, nitrogen, and phosphate, also vital ingredients of fertilizers (at proportions of 16%, 8% and 8%, respectively). However, the export of these raw materials has been blocked by Western sanctions.   Russia and Belarus (allies) account for 20% of fertilizer exports. (Source: UN) According to International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), nations relying heavily on fertilizer imported from Russia and Belarus must seek alternative sources elsewhere, but at the additional costs of longer distances and rerouting, fertilizer prices will rise significantly or become unavailable, and shortages are inevitable.  In addition, as three-fourths of the world's countries rely on imports for over half their fertilizers, the turmoil on the global market is expected to spread rapidly and affect nations not directly dependent on Russia or Belarus.   European fertilizer plants are now cut in half. If fertilizer shortages and price surges continue, grain prices are bound to rise further in the future. In the case of urea fertilizer, the price per ton is over $1,000, a nearly four-fold increase over the beginning of this year. High fertilizer costs lead to higher grain prices. Farmers in Brazil, the largest soybean exporter, are cutting corn production as fertilizer prices rise. A similar impact on soybean cultivation is expected. Maximo Torero, head researcher at UN Food and Agriculture Organization, said the fertilizer crisis is more worrisome. Importance of Ukraine and Russia in World Agriculture (March 2022) Visit World Food Organization Report https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf Nations depending on fertilizer from Russia and Ukraine (Source: UN)   Not only grain prices―all food prices are rising together. According to the FAO Food Price Index for March, the sugar price index, rebounded 6.7% from its previous downward trend, and is now 20% higher than one year ago. The meat price index also rose 4.8% to a record high on the back of a surge in pork prices in Western Europe. The dairy price index was up 23.6% from March 2021. ― No food exports! Countries close theirwarehouses and strengthen food security ― Countries are closing their warehouses and strengthening food security. Egypt, the Arab country with the largest population, has banned exports of wheat, flour, lentils and soybeans for three months amid growing concerns about a shortage of spare parts. Palm oil is the main raw material of cooking oil; the world's edible oil prices wavered after news that Indonesia, the largest producer of palm oil, will restrict palm oil exports.   According to International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), nations restricting food exports after the Ukraine war have increased from 3 to 16 as of April. Beside Russia and Ukraine, nations limiting exports include Indonesia (palm oil), Argentina (beef), Turkey, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan (grain).   Nations restricting food exports. (Darker color shows more restrictions.) Export restrictions and global food insecurity due to war (April 2022) Visit the International Food Policy Research Institute report: https://www.ifpri.org/blog/bad-worse-how-export-restrictions-exacerbate-global-food-security Agriculture ministers of the G7 nations criticized food export restrictions on March 11. "We will take whatever measures necessary to respond to and prevent the food crisis." ― Food crisis hitsthe poor hardest ―   (Lining up for food and oil rations in Afghanistan: WFP photo) International conflict is harsher on the poor. Lower income brackets spend proportionally more to meet food consumption needs. The World Bank estimates that for each 1 percentage point increase in food prices, 10 million people worldwide lapse into extreme poverty. The World Food Organization publishes the quarterly "Crop Prospects and Food Situation" report assessing global crop production and food outlook in poor countries in order to preempt the food crisis. In the March report, 44 countries worldwide stated they need external food aid. Among these, 33 African nations account for 75% of those in need of assistance. The list includes 9 countries in Asia and 2 nations in Latin America and the Caribbean.   Visit the “Crop Prospects and Food Situation” global report: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb8893en/ WFO data published April 7 shows that 720 to 811 million worldwide suffer severe hunger, and 2.37 billion people did not get adequate nutrition―an increase of 320 million over the previous year 2021.  Country Assessment of 50 Nations Vulnerable to Impact of Food Security in 2022-'23 (April 7, 2022 WFO report:) https://www.fao.org/3/cb9447en/cb9447en.pdf) ― International Solidarityfor Resolving Food Security ― ◇ World Bank, IMF, WFP, WTO urge coordinated action on food security World Bank President David Malpass, International Monetary Fund (IMF) President Kristalina Georgieva, World Food Program (WFP) Director David Beasley, World Trade Organization (WTO) Director Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala issued a joint statement urging cooperation to help vulnerable nations cope with looming food security threat. The heads of the four organizations stated, “It is imperative we provide prompt assistance to nations with food insecurity in a cooperative manner. We are ready to work with our multilateral and bilateral partners to help the countries resolve this urgent crisis.” - Instant food supply - Financial aid to households and countries - Promote free trade without export restrictions on food & fertilizer - Investment in sustainable food production and nutritional security Visit the joint statement: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/igo_13apr22_e.htm ◇ UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Policy Recommendations for Resolving Global Food Security - Open up the world food and fertilizer trade - Break free of dependence on Russia and Ukraine; seek new and diverse suppliers - Support refugees and vulnerable groups in Ukraine - Refrain from reacting to individual country-level policies (e.g. export restrictions) - Reinforce transparency, ensure public access to information on global market conditions ◇ European Union (EU) Proposal of Emergency Assistance Program to Resolve Ukraine's Food Crisis   The European Union (EU) has also stepped in. On March 23rd the European Commission offered 330 million euros in emergency aid to Ukraine to alleviate their people’s suffering from the Russian invasion.  The European Commission issued the statement: “Now is the time for Europe to show its solidarity: to help Ukraine, its people and farmers, as well as vulnerable food-importing countries around the world that face surging prices and potential shortages. We are committed to taking all necessary steps to contribute to global food security, particularly in Ukraine, North Africa and the Middle East, as well as in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.” Visit European Union Emergency Assistance Program Proposal https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_1963 ◇ Policy recommendations from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for resolving global food security: - Open up the world food and fertilizer trade - Break free from dependence on Russia and Ukraine and seek new and diverse suppliers - Support for refugees and vulnerable groups in Ukraine - Refrain from responding to individual country-level policies such as export restrictions - Reinforcement of transparency and information provision on global market conditions The voices of international organizations responding to the global food crisis are unanimous: We must deal with it jointly. Today's world is tightly connected. The impact of each country's actions on other countries is different from the past. The stronger the country in the field, the greater the impact, and the weaker countries are inevitably suffering heavy damage. We are now in an era when prompt and international cooperation is needed more than ever. Link for reference to previous issues addressing "agflation": http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/en/news/issue.php?bgu=view&idx=430

Peace Issue The Global "Perfect Storm" Sparked by the War

― The Global “Perfect Storm”Sparked by the War ― [The Perfect Storm] A very severe worldwide economic crisis A typhoon begins as a local disturbance without much strength, but it triggers other natural phenomena that wreak tremendous destruction. The Russian-Ukrainian War, that began on February 24, 2022 when Russia attacked Ukraine under the name of a “Special Military Operation,” has now been going on for over two months. The aftermath of the war is growing deeper and wider. Global economic growth is stalling while inflation is soaring. Energy and food supply lines are becoming insecure, and the response to climate change is being put on hold. The lives of people in underdeveloped countries, already suffering from hunger with disaster hanging over their heads, are now getting worse. Representatives of the European Union and the UN are mediating, and have proposed negotiation between the two heads of state. All the meetings between representatives of Ukraine and Russia have proved fruitless thus far, and the war is expected to be prolonged. ― Ruined Ukraine ― The toll exceeds 2,000 dead and 3,000 wounded. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) reported 2,072 civilian deaths and 2,818 injuries in Ukraine. These statistics are as of April 18th; actual casualties are certainly far greater. Ukraine's Interior Ministry stated that at least 2,700 civilians have been killed, among them 198 children and 355 more children injured.   (Photo credit: AP) Ukraine has sustained economic devastation over $60 billion World Bank President David Malpass said that material damage to infrastructure and buildings inflicted by Russia's invasion of the Ukraine totals about 60 billion dollars (74.2 trillion won). That figure was announced at the Conference on Financial Assistance to Ukraine held in Washington, D.C. on April 21st. But director Malpass said off the record, “The estimate of the extent of damage was narrowly taken. We expect the real damage to be astronomical.” Ukraine’s President Zelensky, who attended the meeting online, explained that $7 billion (8.7 trillion won) will be needed every month to recover from the economic losses from the war and that “it will cost hundreds of billions of dollars to rebuild.” Over 300 bridges and 8,000 kilometers of roads have been destroyed throughout Ukraine, and the damage to homes is beyond count. As the war continues, the cost of damage is expected to continue to rise. ― The price tag of the war Russia will face ― Russia's first national bankruptcy crisis in 104 years Ironically, the damage to the aggressor, Russia, is likewise huge. Countries around the world have condemned Russia and imposed economic sanctions. Currently, Russia is on the verge of national bankruptcy due to global blockades on financial transactions. If Russia defaults, it will be the first national bankruptcy in 104 years since 1918, the year after the Bolshevik Revolution.  To overview the scenario, major countries such as the United States and European Union condemned Russia's action and canceled major Russian banks’ membership in the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) in February. “SWIFT” is an international code created for fast and accurate overseas remittance, a system used by 11,000 banks in 200 countries. SWIFT is not a direct money transfer channel but an important communication channel for conducting international bank transfers. What happens if a bank is kicked out of SWIFT? International financial transactions are blocked, making it impossible to use foreign currency. The U.S. SWIFT ban excludes Russia from access to U.S. banks. This prevents Russian holders of dollar government bonds from receiving interest in coveted dollars as of April 6th. Russia, anxious to honor its promissory notes, resorted to paying interest in rubles rather than dollars, but the credit default swap (CDS) market supervisory authority reckoned this as “default.” Russia has been granted a 30-day grace period. If interest is not paid in dollars by May 4th, Russia will receive a final default judgment. Naturally, Russia's international credit rating is in free fall. On April 9th, the S&P international credit rating agency downgraded Russia's credit rating to default (SD) status. A major contributing factor here is that the export ban has taken a toll on Russia's major exports, natural gas and crude oil. ― Global economy "perfect storm"right before our eyes ― The crisis is not restricted to warring parties of Russia and Ukraine. The global economy, which has become more volatile due to the conflict, has now gathered a thick layer of gloomy overcast. In particular, rising crude oil prices and rising grain prices are sucking the entire world economy down in a universal crisis: the classic "Perfect Storm." International Monetary Fund's (IMF) World Economic Outlook report released on April 19th foresees that the global financial crisis from the war will last a long time and will worsen before it starts getting better. The report predicts global economic growth slowdown from 6.1% in 2021 to 3.6% in 2022 and 2023 — 0.8 and 0.2 percentage points lower than the growth rate for 2022 and 2023 that was expected in January. The most striking feature of the IMF's economic outlook report is the Eurozone, whose growth forecast for this year dropped a whopping 1.1 percentage points from 3.9% to 2.8%, and next year's growth rate is expected to be only 2.3%. Particularly Europe, geographically close to Russia and Ukraine, and depending on Russian gas as its prime energy source, will inevitably feel the full, direct impact of the war. The inflation outlook presented by the IMF is even bleaker. The inflation forecast for 2022 is 5.7% in developed nations and 8.7% in emerging and developing nations due to war-induced raw material price hikes and increased price pressure, up 1.8% and 2.8 percentage points over the January outlook. Owing to this war, we may expect to experience global "stagflation," where prices rise while growth slows.   The future looks even more dismal. The report predicted that growth rates will decrease by about 3.3% after 2023, and there are concerns that growth rates may drop further contingent on factors such as expansion of the war or recurrence of the pandemic.   (Download from the IMF Report) “April 2022 World Economic Outlook: War Delays Global Recovery” https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2022/04/19/world-economic-outlook-april-2022 ― Three-fold crisis caused by war:Food, energy, and finance ― The UN published an analysis of the global crisis caused by this war on three fronts: rising food prices, rising energy costs, and financial debt. The United Nations is concerned that the Russian-Ukraine war has set in motion a global chain reaction, burdening a world economy already hit by COVID-19 and climate change, and is particularly worried about its multiplied impact on developing countries. Data show that 1.7 billion people in 107 economies are exposed to critical want in at least one of three areas: food, energy, and finance. Most of these people are living in developing countries, and a serious concern is that 69 economic zones with 1.2 billion people are undergoing major crises in all three areas at once. ◇ Rising food prices Due to the impact of COVID-19, food prices have already risen in an environment where socio-economic stress is high, so social tensions are bound to intensify. Rising food prices and social unrest are connected. You can clearly see the correlation in the graph below, where solid blue, red, and yellow lines represent the prices of agriculture, commodities, and grain, respectively. Plainly the period when each solid line rises sharply coincides with the periods of “Social Unrest in Various Countries,” “Arab Spring in the Middle East,” “COVID-19 Pandemic,” and “War in Ukraine.”   Rising prices threaten food security and political stability. (Source: UN) ◇ Rise in Energy Prices Oil and gas prices are rising sharply due to the Russia-Ukraine war, and the United Nations is concerned that the price rise will actually increase the consumption of fossil fuels worldwide. How is that? For the past 10 years, the international community has set "carbon reduction" as the top priority on their agenda to combat climate change. People all over the world were pulling together in the drive to reduce humanity's use of fossil fuels. However, due to the rise in crude oil and natural gas prices, these efforts are once more in danger of being waylaid. The rising cost of energy due to the war has made it more likely that many countries will return to fossil fuel drilling, mining and investments in fossil fuel-based energy.    Volatility index for crude oil and natural gas prices (Source: UN) ◇ Financial debt Inflation rose to 5.2% in 2021, a 10-year high. In response, many central banks are announcing that they will raise interest rates one after another, which increases the cost of repaying debt for developing countries. Data show that 60% of the least developed countries and other low-income countries are at high risk of, or already suffer from, debt. Download report “Global Crisis Response Group on Food, Energy and Finance Systems”  https://unctad.org/webflyer/global-impact-war-ukraine-food-energy-and-finance-systems ― A connected world moralduty shared by al ― “We have a clear moral duty to support the 1.7 billion other potential victims of this war.”   ᅳ UN Secretary-General António Guterres, April 13th ᅳ In a global era in which the whole world is connected and influencing each other, the war between Russia and Ukraine is not just a fire across the river. On April 13th, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres predicted that a ceasefire to end the Ukraine crisis would not be easy, and he appealed to the world to join in humanitarian aid.  Now the outriders of this war are brewing threatening dark clouds all over the world, and this is expected to worsen into a “perfect storm,” a global economic crisis that strikes all at once everywhere.  To address the humanitarian crisis facing Russian and Ukrainian civilians and prevent further global economic division, responsible attention and multilateral cooperation of all peoples around the world is urgently needed. “We are now facing a ‘perfect storm’ that threatens to devastate the economies of developing countries. The people of Ukraine cannot bear the violence being inflicted on them. And the most vulnerable people around the globe cannot become collateral damage in yet another disaster for which they bear no responsibility.”    ᅳ UN Secretary-General António Guterres ᅳ

Peace Issue 2022 Space Debris Threatens to Attack Our Planet!

― Internet Connection Successful!SpaceX Starlink works in Ukraine! ― On February 28, 2022, a brief tweet stating a user had successfully linked to the internet grabbed the world’s attention. The Twitter message was uploaded by Ukrainian developer Oleg Kutkov. What's so special about this short tweet that it inspired and gave hope to people around the world? In February, Russia attacked Ukraine and destroyed its entire communications network. On short notice, the Ukrainian government submitted a request for Starlink service, invented by the SpaceX company of Elon Musk, stating that their country needed means of communication to protect civilians and rescue injured people. SpaceX's Starlink is a technological system that enables people anywhere to use the Internet by receiving signals between thousands of cube satellites orbiting the earth and small local antennas on the ground. With this system, one can connect to the Internet through Starlink service even in mountainous areas, deserts, and developing countries where it is difficult to establish a base station. ― Ten Seconds! The time it took for Oleg Kutkov to connect to the Internet ― Ten seconds! That’s all the time it took for Oleg Kutkov to hook up to the internet. Oleg Kutkov, who had purchased a Starlink satellite dish from an internet shopping mall a few months earlier and had been keeping it stowed away, connected his satellite dish outside the window as soon as he learned the news that Starlink would start service in his country, the Ukraine. It is no exaggeration to state that it is owing to Starlink, a low-orbit satellite network, that the horrors of the Ukrainian war are conveyed to the world in real time through social media. The amazing development of personal satellite communications technology has made it possible for the whole world to communicate in real time even amidst an urban battlefield where every work of man is being reduced to rubble.   The above photo is a Starlink radio wave receiving antenna. (Source: Starlink, Inc.)   ― A shooting star embroidering the sky?>If you make a mistake, you may be in big trouble! ―   Yet as with all new technologies, light and dark coexist in the new technology called "Space Internet."   ● In 2009 a black hunk of metal punched through the roof of a British house! Surprisingly, it turned out to be a fuel tank from Apollo 12, which was launched forty years earlier. A Delta 2 projectile propellant tank landed in Texas, USA in 1997 (Source: NASA) ● In 2011, a metal chunk weighing 2.5 tons hurtled out of the heavens in the neighborhood of Beijing! It was a fragment from the German space-borne X-ray telescope ROSAT that did not completely incinerate in earth's atmosphere but plummeted to earth near Beijing, China. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), it would have been a catastrophe if the wreckage of the satellite had impacted in urban Beijing at the speed of 480 km/hr. Luckily it was a near miss, splashing into the sea just offshore with a 7-minute orbital delay.   ● In 2021, the core stage of the Chinese Long March-5B rocket, over 30 meters in length and weighing 18 tons, spun out of control and crashed to Earth! The wreckage, which held the world in bated breath, luckily plummeted into the waters southwest of India.  ● On April 4, 2022, a huge metal ring 3m in diameter weighing 40kg fell into a village in India as they prepared a village feast! The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) said the metal mass is believed to be debris from a Chinese Changjeong-3B launched on February 4 the previous year.   Tweet announcing that Chinese space debris fell on Indian village. ― Burgeoning global marketfor low-orbit satellites ― The global low-orbit satellite market is accelerating. Big players in the corporate world include "Starlink" of SpaceX, led by Elon Musk, "Kuiper Systems," a subsidiary of Amazon, and "OneWeb," a British space internet company.   ◇ US SpaceX plans to launch 11,943 satellites Elon Musk (CEO of SpaceX and Tesla) leads the private space industry. The U.S. entrepreneur plans to launch 11,943 satellites weighing 227 kg into low-Earth orbit by 2027 to enable global Internet access. Starlink began launching satellites in 2018 and has placed about 2,000 satellites in orbit so far.   ◇ US Amazon plans to launch 3,236 satellites American company Amazon is pursuing Project Kuiper to provide global broadband intercommunication with 3,236 low orbit satellites by 2029. Amazon says it will bring internet coverage to areas where 95% of humanity lives.   ◇ UK ‘OneWeb’ plans to launch 2,700 satellites OneWeb is a space internet company founded in the UK in 2012 by Greg Wyler. In the first phase, about 700 satellites will provide communication services from 2022, and in the second phase, about 2,000 satellites will be added to consolidate a global communication network.   ― Dead satellites form a hugeorbiting fleet of space junk ―   The problem is that fragments of artificial satellites or satellites whose useful terms have expired become "space junk" cluttering the heavens above earth's atmosphere.   According to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, a total of 12,554 satellites (including 1,290 not registered with the UN) have been launched into space since mankind launched the first satellite in 1957 until April 2022. Of these, only 8,569 satellites currently remain in orbit, while 3,983 satellites are known to have failed to reach orbit and plummeted back to terra firma or the sea.   According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), more than 95% of the objects orbiting Earth are useless space debris.   According to the European Space Agency (ESA), there are about 36,500 pieces of space debris the size of a tennis ball orbiting the Earth, with a total weight of 9,600 tons. If the scope of garbage is expanded to objects as small as 1 mm, the number is estimated to be about 130 million.   Image of space debris floating around the Earth (Source: ESA)   All these flotsam and jetsam are orbiting our planet at speeds about 7.5 km/s. At seven times the speed of a bullet, that's a terrifying speed. Colliding with a 1cm-sized piece of aluminum hurtling at this speed is equivalent to hitting a car weighing 1.5t at 50km/h. A piece of metal the size of a fingernail becomes a weapon capable of destroying a satellite or space station.   The "Global Risk Report" released by the World Economic Forum in January 2022 warns that the increase in space debris is causing damage to orbital and space equipment hosting facilities for Earth's major systems, which could ignite already volatile international tensions.   Report source: https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2022   ― Global warming expected to increase>lifespan of space debris by 40 years lifespan of space debris by 40 years ―   At the 7th "European Conference on Space Debris" hosted by the European Space Agency (ESA) in April 2021, a research team from the University of Southampton in the UK announced their finding that the hazards caused by space debris will increase due to global warming.   The process is as follows: Fragments orbiting the Earth gradually decelerate due to trace gases surrounding our planet, and slowly spiral in toward the Earth. As they reach Earth's thicker atmosphere, most of them are incinerated and vaporize due to the tremendous friction created as they pass through the lower layers of the air.   However, due to the increase in carbon dioxide caused by fuel combustion, the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere is lowered, and the attrition process of space junk takes longer. Already CO2 increase has reduced 21% of the atmospheric volume over 400 km since 2000, and it is predicted that if CO2 levels double by 2100, the volume of air above 400 km may be reduced by 80%.   This could increase the lifespan of orbiting space debris by up to 40 years and increase the amount of space debris by the appalling factor of about 50 times as much hazardous clutter in orbit!   ― Developing a vacuum cleaner may be thekey to avoiding a bolt out of the blue! ―   The first proposals for solving space debris began in the late 1970s. However, despite the urgent need for international cooperation due to the intertwined interests among nations, no adequate solution emerged. At the G7 summit in 2021, the issue of space debris was discussed on the agenda, but it was concluded without any compelling solution.   Still, there is hope. Humanity has always come up with new solutions to meet new challenges. ◇ "LiBDO" ᅳ NASA's space waste disposal technology Recently, NASA announced that it is developing a new space waste disposal technology called “Lithium-ion Battery DeOrbiter”, or “LiBDO” for short.   “LiBDO” is a technology in which the built-in battery retires into a thermal runaway state and ignites when the lifespan of the spacecraft is over, and the energy released as it goes out with a flare is directed as "reverse thrust" to dislodge the satellite from orbit. That is, the spacecraft finds its own grave without external help. That's the theory of how it’s supposed to work.   ◇ European Space Agency's (ESA) small space-cleaning satellite “RemoveDEBRIS” The European Space Agency (ESA) has plans to collect space debris in earth orbit with nets or harpoons. In fact, the European aircraft manufacturer Airbus and a British research team conducted an experiment to launch a small cleaning satellite in 2018 intended for this purpose but have not yet succeeded in capturing anything. European Space Agency is working on a project to collect space debris orbiting Earth with nets or harpoons. (Source: ESA)   ◇ Swiss startup ClearSpace's cleaning satellite The private sector is stepping up to tackle the problem. In 2025, together with ClearSpace, a venture based at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, they plan to launch their own space debris collection mission. It is a method of incineration by launching a cleaning satellite to collect space debris and then plunge it into the Earth's atmosphere. These are viewed as undesirable homework assignments we’d rather put off—yet if we fail to fulfill them the cost may be enormous.   ◇ Astroscale's magnetic arm cleaning satellite Astroscale, a USA–Japan joint venture, hopes to attract space debris with magnetic arms and then transfer it to the atmosphere where it safely burns up. Last year, they succeeded for the first time ever in capturing a small satellite with a magnetic arm.   However, even if government agencies and private companies develop technologies to deorbit space waste, most of these technologies will be useless if, owing to global warming, they cannot incinerate the space waste before it strikes the earth and causes untold damage.   Whether handling space waste will become a new industry for humanity, or an imposingly difficult problem to solve, as in the movie Space Sweepers, we all are watching with ever-increasing interest. Reference * Link to European Space Agency presentation:https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc8/paper/178 * If you wish to check the list of satellites launched into space from Earth so far, click the link. Online Index of Objects Launched into Outer Space https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/search-ng.jspx

Peace Issue The Top Ten Dangers Threatening Our World

― The Apocalyptic Film 2012 Could it really happen? ― A humongous earthquake strikes Los Angeles, the United States, and a family desperately attempts to escape in a private plane. But they soon discover the effects of the seismic shift are not limited to California's metropolis. A huge tsunami circles the entire globe, swamping even the peak of Mount Everest, and causing supervolcanoes to blow sky-high.   Literally the End of the World! Those who predicted the catastrophe in advance and can afford it undertake a modern “Noah's Ark” project. Only the select few can board: the global ultra-rich and empowered technocrats knowledgeable in the field who funded the expedition will get a ticket to ride this “New Ark.” Thus opens the apocalyptic movie “2012,” graphically portraying the process of instantaneous destruction of the earth as the center of the earth heats up like a microwave oven due to intense and sustained solar flares. Unrealistic though it might seem, in the last decade or so, natural disasters including massive earth tremors, tsunamis, and wildfires have been occurring around the world at an alarming tempo, recalling this ominous movie, originally screened in 2009. Anxiety is ratcheting up that colossal calamity threatening the entire human race may indeed be in the offing. ― These Next Ten YearsThe Top Ten Dangers Threatening Our World ― Download “Report 2022” at: https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2022 In January, the World Economic Forum (WEF) published “The 2022 Global Risk Report.” This annual assessment is prepared by the World Economic Forum at the beginning of each year based on a survey of 1,000 leading businessmen, academicians, scientists, and well-placed officials from 124 countries in the fields of economy, science, politics, and society. In this year's Report, experts named “The Environment” as the most important threat looming over humanity in the coming 10 years. A careful examination of the contents of the report raises real concern that the devastating scenarios portrayed in the film “2012” might indeed come true. The report itemizes the top 10 salient risk factors that humanity and the globe may have to grapple with in the next 10 years. These hazards are divided into five areas: economy, environment, geopolitics, society and technology. Experts cited the environmental field “Climate Action Failure” as the biggest danger hanging over us. To summarize, the chief dangers risk experts foresee in the coming decade are, in order: ▲failure to take action in climate change ▲extreme weather phenomena ▲biodiversity loss  ▲weakened social cohesion ▲livelihood crisis ▲epidemic disease ▲human harm to the environment ▲crises over natural resources ▲debt crisis ▲global economic confrontation. We're constantly hearing about environmental issues, and it can grow tiresome; we become inured to the topic. But the gong of doom is not backing off—ranking second and third place are also environmental warning signs: “extreme weather” and “biodiversity loss.” In other words, the top 3 global risks are all environmental in nature. Not only these, but “Human environmental damage” and “Natural resource crises” placed 7th and 8th. They are also concerned about the biosphere, establishing that not only our perceptions but also scientific and statistical indicators point to the natural environment as the biggest danger impinging on humanity's existence now.  ― Environmental issues span the greatest global>short-term, medium range and long-term risks ― Worse yet, environmental issues figure as the biggest global hazard over the short, medium and long term. The report lists risk factors as short-term (2 years), medium-term (2-5 years), and long-term (5-10 years). “Extreme weather” and “Climate action failure” are consistently at top of the list. Environmental problems are happening around us right now; every indication shows that they will pose even more serious challenges in time to come. If this continues, we may find ourselves in the calamity of the film “2012” in the not-too-distant future. ― “What is the level of organized response to climate change?”68% of the experts surveyed responded “in the initial phase” ― When queried about the “level of response to climate change,” 68% of the experts responding to the report answered that it was “in the early stage.” 9% of the respondents said that we have not started yet. The World Economic Forum stressed that “comprehensive climate action by businesses, policy makers and civil society is essential to limit global temperature rise to no more than 1.5 degrees Celsius over pre-industrial levels.”   ― Intensifying crises linked to COVID-19 warn of "Social Danger" ― Six percent! This is the overall rate of COVID-19 vaccination for the 52 world's poorest nations. The report also examined the risks most exacerbated by COVID-19 and found that “social risk factors” increased significantly due to the pandemic. Among the causes of increased social risk are social distancing, vaccine inequality, and economic deterioration aggravated by COVID-19. In 1st place is “Social cohesion,” “Livelihood crises” hold 2nd place, “Climate action failure” ranks 3rd, and 4th place features “mental health deterioration”. Social instability from such risk factors inevitably undermines effective national policymaking. The report points out that the growth gap between developed and developing countries due to vaccine inequality may hamper a unified response to global issues such as climate change. ― The question of our very survival or downfall: The answer lies in our actions! ― - The temperature high in Cordoba, Spain in 2017 was 46.9°C (highest ever recorded) - Dallas, Texas recorded the lowest temperature in 72 years: -19°C in 2021 - Summer temperatures in the normally ice-bound Arctic now hover 10°C higher than usual.   Abnormal climate phenomena are cascading all over the world, causing records to tumble. The protagonist of the apocalyptic film "2012" wages a desperate struggle to save his family with human extinction looming on all sides. Perhaps this present moment, now is the golden time for such a last-ditch effort to postpone the extinction of humankind. The final scene of “2012” is neither a joyful relief nor a gloomy tragedy. In any case, the President of the United States in the screenplay states the golden one-liner: “The world as we know it is coming to an end.” That says it all. In order for our planet not to end as in the movie, we living, breathing people must take action now to stem climate change!

Peace Issue A Hellish Horror Show Created by Inequality

ㅡ The Bloody"Squid Game" is>Reality—not just a movie ㅡ “The Rose of Sharon has Bloomed” As I desperately run forward, a gunshot rings out at the back of my head. Dead bodies are strewn across the playing field, spattered with red blood. The scene is oddly incongruous, as the background music “Fly Me to the Moon” croons pleasantly on. Because of the soothing music, the monstrous atrocity somehow doesn't feel like a tragedy. Debt, Inequality, Death Squid Game roused a global sensation by ranking first in the global popularity rankings on Netflix. The fierce survival game played by Koreans driven by debt to vie for the 45.6 billion won in prize money exposes the outrageous inequality of our era. For some, it is sheer “hell,” but for VIPs who enjoy gaming while drinking the finest whiskey, it is simply an exciting “horror show.” British daily The Guardian published an article titled "Squid Game, a hellish horror show taking the whole world by storm" in an article on September 28th. The Guardian asks, "Yes, the games are terrifying but how much worse are they than the half-lives of those living in interminable debt?" Someone's daily reality might even be more gruesome than the situation in Squid Game. The reason this drama garnered global consensus is probably because the world we live in is unequal. ㅡ Chain Links of Inequality LinkedTogether in Unbreakable Chains ㅡ What is inequality? First, let's look back at the meaning of equality. The dictionary meaning of “equality” is “even and consistent without discrimination.” In other words, it means “treating all people equally and giving them equal opportunities” without dividing or discriminating based on differences in grades or levels.   Conversely, inequality means “the state of being uneven due to discrimination.” In Squid Game, some risk their lives for money, and some enjoy death just for pleasure. Gamers have a lot of wealth, fame, and power, but gamers choose to gamble with their one and only life rather than be in debt. This is inequality Worse still, the chains of inequality are chained together. Alienation, conflict, and poverty caused by inequality create social problems such as crime, disease, and environmental pollution, and the damage makes the lives of the vulnerable more difficult. It is a vicious cycle that repeats itself. ㅡ 2021The global level of inequality is even worse ㅡ On December 7, 2021, the World Inequality Lab, in which Thomas Piketty, a professor at the Paris School of Economics, and others participated, announced the “World Inequality Report 2022.” The report contains the results of research on social and economic imbalances in areas such as income, wealth, gender, and environment. The global level of inequality this year is worse than the previous year. Go to World Inequality Report: The World InequalityReport 2022 presents the most up-to-date & complete data on inequality worldwide   The report reveals that 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, was the year with the steepest growth in the world's billionaires' share of wealth in history.   Between 2019 and 2021, the wealth of the top 0.01% increased by more than 5% annually. The top 0.1% own 11.2% of the world's wealth and have an average of 81.7 million euros (about 108.5 billion won) each. According to the report, the richest 10% of the world's people earned 52% of global income (a total of 36.7 trillion euros, or 49.6 million billion won for the richest sector), while  the poorest 50% earned 8.5% of total income (a total of 6 trillion euros, or 8,113 trillion won for the lower half). That's a whopping difference of 31 times.   The disparity in holdings is even greater. The average wealth of the top 10% was 550,900 euros (about 744 million won), while assets of the bottom 50% average 2,900 euros (about 3.92 million won). So there is a 190-fold difference.   Because the gap between the rich and the poor has widened during the corona period, Oxfam and other civic groups around the world have even called the COVID-19 virus an “inequality virus.” This is because the rich and middle class can choose a variety of responses to overcome the epidemic, but the poor and the vulnerable have no choice but to suffer from COVID-19.   “The level of inequality around the world today is close to what it was in the early 20th century, around the peak of Western imperialism,” the report notes. 100 years have passed, but inequality in the global economy is still rampant, and there is still a long way to go to turn inequality into equality.   ㅡ Pakistani children earn $2for sewing Nike soccer ballsall day long for ㅡ There are two main opinions on why inequality appears. One is the view that it is because each person has different abilities, and the other is that society is creating structural inequality. The international community is focusing on resolving “structural inequality.” Pakistan sweatshop producing Nike soccer balls, 1996 [30]. There are kids in Pakistan who sew Nike soccer balls all day without a break. These kids sew 14 hours a day and earn about $2 a day. On the other hand, Nike executives can benefit enormously from their cheap labor. If Nike executives' hourly or daily wages were valued equivalent to the lifetime of a worker, would it be fair?    It's not just Nike soccer balls. Unfair trade using cheap labor from underdeveloped countries is endemic in Africa's coffee and chocolate industries, quarries, cotton industries, brick making, and other global industries. Such unfair trade functions to consolidate global “structural inequality.” A poor economic structure leads to a “vicious cycle of poverty.” The economic structure of developed countries is based on high value-added industries such as software and patented pharmaceuticals, but poorer countries depend on labor-intensive industries, making it difficult to grow. The structure of inequality in which the poor continue to be poor, and the rich are bound to get richer is a vicious cycle around the world.       ㅡ Why did the poorountries become poor? ㅡ   Why did poor countries become poor? First of all, countries that have experienced wars and political conflicts are more likely to be economically poor than those that have not. War destroys a nation's communications and facilities, creates a labor shortage, and, if continued, slows investment and business activity. In addition, when the government fails to fulfill its role due to political conflict, investment and various economic activities are reduced and the country suffers economic difficulties. 'Corruption' causes a shortfall in welfare services Countries with high levels of corruption and crime do not readily invest in people's well-being and in new businesses. If welfare such as public infrastructure, education, medical care, and pension are not properly guaranteed, the foundation for economic development is weak, and global investors are reluctant to invest in new businesses. Low levels of education Countries with low levels of education have no choice but to focus on primary industries. Developed countries, on the other hand, equipped with a skilled workforce and skills through high-quality education, dominate capital-intensive industries, and drive global economic growth. Without a universal and systematic education system, technological development and creative economic activities cannot be created. Substandard medical infrastructure Even ailments that can be healed with simple treatment in developed countries, often lead to life-threatening maladies in underdeveloped countries with poor medical infrastructure. Every year 100 million people fall into extreme poverty because of medical bills, and 10,000 people die every day because of lack of access to health care for economic reasons. Because health is not guaranteed, it is difficult to promote personal and social growth. ㅡ The monkey society teaches us theway to put an end to the Squid Game scenario!The method? Coexistence, Sharing, Care, Cooperation. ㅡ We cannot solve the challenges of the 21st century without addressing wealth inequality. How can we end the bloody "Squid Game" scenario in our world? Perhaps a monkey named Bonobo knows the answer.        In the book Bonobos: The Forgotten Apes (1997) by primatologist Frans De Waal, a chimpanzee called the bonobo features. Most research on chimpanzees reveals that chimpanzees have a male-dominated vertical hierarchy, engage in power struggles involving violence, and wage brutal warfare with other chimpanzee tribes.   However, according to Frans de Waal's research, bonobos have completely different behavior and culture. Bonobos have robust female-to-female bonds, and males do not dominate them. In addition, bonobos do not create detailed vertical hierarchies and are said to care for and embrace the sick or weak within the herd without alienating or oppressing them.   In bonobo society, gender equality is maintained, the value of ”feminine things” is emphasized, and a culture of coexistence, sharing, care, and cooperation exists to resolve inequality. This bonobo culture gave a huge shock to the world of primatology as well as anthropology, sociology, and women's academia.   Even in the harsh real world like Squid Game, there are groups that are making efforts for coexistence and cooperation like the bonobo society. ● Oxfam, an international relief organization that creates a “poverty free, fair world” Oxfam is an international relief and development organization established by the Oxford Academic Council in 1942 to relieve poverty during World War II. Over the past 80 years, more than 100 countries around the world have conducted various aid activities to overcome poverty. Oxfam is exerting influence in policymaking through cooperation with governments and various international organizations, as well as solving the drinking water problem in underdeveloped countries, and carrying out humanitarian relief activities such as food aid, community development, and education projects.   In particular, Oxfam is carrying out activities such as “stop tax avoidance,” “paying fair wages for all,” and “expansion of health and education services” to resolve the global gap between the rich and the poor.   ● Billionaires pledge to donate (The Giving Pledge) The participation of the wealthy is essential to transform wealth inequality into equality. Global billionaires are also joining forces to tackle inequality. The Donation Pledge is a charitable organization founded in 2010 by Warren Buffett, Berkshire Hathaway, and Bill Gates; to become eligible to join, the principle is to donate at least half of one’s fortune.   Members include Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and Tesla CEO Elon Musk.   ㅡ Post COVID-195 steps to rebuilding a more equal worldby Oxfam ㅡ In order to resolve structurally fixed global inequality, fair and inclusive policies must be prepared. In particular, it is most important to effectively establish a system of public services and welfare policies such as “education” and “health” for all human life.   Oxfam presents the following 5 steps to overcome inequality after COVID-19:   1. The government should value women's unpaid care work. The government must build an economy for poor black women as well as rich white men. Governments need to start valuing the things that really matter: the millions of hours of unpaid care that women have been doing.   2. The government invests in free public services. Governments must provide free universal health and education services regardless of wealth, gender or race.   3. Comprehensive job security is required. Ending poverty requires not only wages but also much more comprehensive job security, including labor rights, sick leave, and unemployment benefits.   4. We need to make sure the rich pay their fair share of taxes. Progressive taxation of the wealthiest members of society is the cornerstone for building an egalitarian society.   5. Climate change must be addressed. Global warming is the greatest threat to humankind, making the lives of the vulnerable more difficult. The international community must end all subsidies for fossil fuels and invest in low-carbon industries, creating millions of new jobs. Source: Less billionaires and more nurses: five steps to rebuild a more equal world after Covid-19 | Oxfam International ㅡ Saving each other:The wisdom of coexistence ㅡ  Ki-hoon, the main character and final survivor of the “hell-like horror show”—Squid Game, says these things: “Originally, it is not that I believe because people are trustworthy. I believe because if I don’t I have  no one to rely on."   The secret by which Ki-hoon, who seems a bit immature, was able to become the final survivor by defeating the elite “Sang-woo,” who graduated from the top ranks, maybe was because he has the “wisdom to live together,” as can be seen from the above line. In 2020~2022, with COVID-19 pervasive, people all over the world realized that we are social animals who influence and affect each other, irrespective of the degree of being rich or poor. “Vaccine selfishness,” the view that only me and the people of my country need to live, eventually turned it into a more powerful mutant virus and it returned like a deadly boomerang. The lesson that COVID-19 can teach us is probably the message that “solidarity and cooperation are essential because the lives and deaths of all humankind are intertwined like a web.”   Vaccines aren't the only thing humanity needs to share to survive. In order for mankind to prosper peacefully, inequality must be reduced through a culture of coexistence, sharing, care, and cooperation. Only then can each of us act so as to save one another and our whole world!  

Peace Issue Creating a Gender Equal World

ㅡ The girl who went to draw water in the Stone Age where is she now?ㅡ “About 22,800 years ago, there lived a girl in the Stone Age. She took an empty bucket and went out to draw water, but for some reason, she has not arrived home to this day.”    What is this really about? In 2016, UNICEF released a report stating that the total amount of time women and girls around the world spend each day fetching water amounts to 200 million hours per year. Converting this long time into days, it is 8.3 million days, or more than 22,800 years in years. Sanjay Wijesekera, UNICEF's global head of water, sanitation and hygiene, illustrated this horrific reality, saying, “It would be as if a woman started with her empty bucket in the Stone Age and didn’t arrive home with water until 2016.” Fetching water is not only time consuming, it is also hazardous. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 8 out of 10 women and girls in Bangladesh are exposed to sexual assault and harassment while going out to get water. What if girls and women could have spent that huge amount of time receiving education instead of laboring to draw water? Perhaps the sexist infringements taking place around the world would have been reduced significantly. ㅡ Why American Women Screamed Bread and Roses 100 Years Ago ㅡ   About 110 years ago, 20,000 angry female textile workers gathered in New York's Lutkers Square. They marched to demand the right to live and the right to vote. Source: Mount Holyoke Archives and Special Collections (https://mhc-asc.tumblr.com/post/173999534645/at-the-conclusion-of-the-mtholyoke-laurel-parade)     It was March 8, 1908, and these American ladies rose to commemorate women who died in a fire after working 12 to 18 hours a day in a wretched clothing factory without electricity. The women demanded  safe working conditions,  equal wages to men,  humane working hours,  freedom to establish unions,  the right to vote, and held a large scale protest. They held large-scale demonstrations chanting, “Give us bread (adequate wages to survive on) and roses (suffrage to vote in elections)!” Since then, "Bread and Roses" has become the symbol of Women's Day, and in the U.S.A. the following year, March 8 was declared 'National Women's Day' to commemorate this protest, and following this 'International Women's Day' has been established around the world. In 1975,the United Nations designated 1975 as International Women's Year, and in 1977, March 8 was officially celebrated as International Women's Day. Since then, March 8 has become an important anniversary that has spread as a movement calling for the abolition of gender discrimination and the improvement of the status of women around the world.   ㅡ   Here we are in the 21st century:What is the reality of women around the world?   ㅡ   Some 45 years have passed since the establishment of International Women's Day. What can we say is the reality for women around the world today in 2021? The dictionary definition of gender inequality is “a phenomenon in which differences occur in the status, authority, and prestige occupied by men and women in a society.” When people are treated unfairly just because they are male or female, it can be said that “gender inequality” has occurred. In general, when we talk about “gender inequality,” we are referring to discrimination against women. Statistically, many of the world's women are less privileged than men and deprived of opportunities to defend themselves from poverty and fear. In 2010 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) created the Gender Inequality Index (GII) to assess levels of gender inequality in nations around the world.Since then, the United Nations Development Program has released the Gender Inequality Index, indicating the level of gender inequality in each nation based on a range between 0 and 1, with 0 being 0% inequality; 1 being 100% inequality. h3 class="p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Gender Inequality Index (GII) evaluates inequality  according to the following five indices in three categories (Reproductive Health, Empowerment, and Labor Market):    ● Reproductive Health ① Maternal mortality per 100,000 children ② Population born per 1,000 adolescents female   ● Women's Rights ③ Ratio of female parliamentarians ④ Proportion of female population with secondary or higher education among the population aged 25 and over   ● Labor Participation ⑤ Women's economic participation rate   Even in the 21st century, the reality of gender discrimination women face in underdeveloped countries is dire. According to the 2020 Gender Inequality Index of 189 countries, Yemen (0.795) was the most gender unequal country in the world followed by Pacific Papua New Guinea (0.725) and Sub-Saharan African nations such as Chad (0.710), Central African Republic (0.680) and Mali (0.671). Sub-Saharan African countries have very high maternal mortality and high adolescent fertility rates owing to poor medical infrastructure. Also, because it is difficult for girls to receive proper education, it is difficult for them to participate in economic activities, and entering the political world is a long story. On the other hand, the country with the lowest gender inequality in the world was Switzerland (0.025 points). In other words, in terms of gender equality, Switzerland is the most egalitarian country in the world, followed by Denmark (2nd place, 0.038 points), Sweden (3rd place, 0.039 points), the Netherlands and Belgium (tied 4th place, 0.043 points) in that order. In general, the Nordic countries measure up as countries with good gender equality. Because Nordic countries have sophisticated medical infrastructure, maternal mortality and adolescent fertility rates are low, and because both men and women can receive high-quality educational services, women actively participate in economic activities and enter politics.  ㅡ   Women and girls sufferhorrendous abuse and tragedyeven at this very moment;, sans-serif;">   ㅡ   While progress has been made over many years on gender equality and women's rights, women and girls around the world still face horrific discrimination and violence.    Horrible Child Abuse, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a procedure in which part or all of a woman's genitals are cut with a sharp tool, performed at the stage of coming-of-age ceremony. Because the procedure is very unhygienic and dangerous, in the short term, a woman is exposed to the risk of death, bacterial infection, and sexually transmitted diseases due to excessive bleeding, and in the long term, she may experience irregular menstruation, infertility, hormonal abnormalities, uterine bleeding, and psychological trauma. Up to 200 million women and girls in 30 countries have experienced FGM, many of whom suffer from sequelae (aftereffects) and complications. This amounts to 5% of the global female population. Although progress has been made in the past 10 years, such as a 30% decrease in FGM, FGM is still being practiced in about 30 countries, mainly in Africa.  Lack of legal protection against violence In 49 countries, there are no legal mechanisms to protect women from violence. More than one billion women worldwide are without legal protection against physical and sexual violence in the home.   A study by the United Nations concluded that physical and sexual violence against women is often perpetrated by familiar people in familiar places and that therefore “the most dangerous place for women is their home.”  Inequality of Educational Opportunity   Women spend on average three times more time than men doing unpaid work (childcare and family support, cooking, cleaning, etc.). The more time a person spends doing unpaid work, the less likely that person is to get an education. One in four young women aged 15 to 24 have not graduated from primary school, and nearly two-thirds of illiterate adults worldwide are women. A lack of education limits women's access to knowledge and information and robs them of opportunities to work in the future.    Half the world is women but only one-fourth of parliamentarians are women   Although women make up half of the world's population, they represent only 24.3% of seats in parliaments around the world. The percentage of women in parliament is an indicator of women's political participation in each country. The low ratio means that there is a high possibility that issues that are activated mainly by female politicians, such as parental leave, pensions, laws related to gender equality, and violence based on gender, are being neglected. As such, gender inequality is not only occurring in a specific country but is a global phenomenon. What is the international community doing to address gender inequality?    ㅡ Gender Equality!A fundamental right anda prerequisite for a sustainable world ㅡ   The fifth goal of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to achieve gender equality and to promote the empowerment of all women and girls. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but an essential foundation for a sustainable world that seeks peace and prosperity. Shall we take a look at the detailed goals of SDGs No. 5? The six sub-goals are the key challenges for achieving a gender-equal world. SDG5.1 End all forms of discrimination against women and girls everywhereSDG5.2 End all violence against women and girls, including trafficking and sexual exploitationSDG5.3 End all harmful practices, such as forced child marriage and female genital mutilationSDG5.4 Public service, infrastructure, social security policies, and promotion of gender equality in the family, so that all people recognize and value  unpaid care and houseworkSDG5.5 Ensuring the full participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership in the political, economic, and public sphereSDG5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare and rights As suggested in the detailed goals, if social changes are made in the direction of providing women and girls with education, healthcare, and decent jobs, and increasing women's participation in political and economic decision-making, the human rights of women around the world will be improved. Of course, we will be able to take a step towards a more peaceful and prosperous world.  ㅡ Together forgender equality! ㅡ   Various efforts are being made for gender equality all over the world.   ‘EachForEqual’ Campaign   ‘#EachforEqual’ is a campaign launched by the United Nations to celebrate International Women’s Day on March 8, 2020. It is meant to challenge gender stereotypes, fight prejudice, broaden awareness, and work to improve the situation in our respective places. Introduce how you can break gender stereotypes and raise your voice for the spread of gender equality on social media, and share it with the hashtag '#EachforEqual'.   ‘Stand For Her Land’ Campaign   Did you know that women in the world own only 13% of all agricultural land? This campaign was launched in 2019 to ensure women's rights to land and property. It emphasizes that securing land ownership and property rights is of the utmost importance in order for women to smoothly participate in farming and other agricultural activities and insists on guaranteeing women's property rights through the reform of laws and systems.      ㅡGender gap is wideningduring COVID pandemic   “Those industries mainly hit by the lockdown are women’s workplaces. As a result, the unemployment rate for women is much higher than for men.” World Economic Forum 2021 Global Gender Gap Report   Check out the gender gap around the world! https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021   Despite various efforts and progress toward a gender-equal world, there still seems to be a long way to go. It is said that overcoming the gender gap has been delayed by 36 years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the conclusion of the 'Global Gender Gap Report 2021', which was released in March by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 156 countries around the world, including the current state of gender gap in politics, economy, education, and health. Before Corona, it was expected that it would take 99.5 years for gender equality to be achieved, but now it has increased to 135.6 years. The rapid increase in the number of years it will take to overcome the gender gap  is due to the large gender gap in the ‘economic field.’ The report predicts that the economic gender gap will take another 268 years to close. In addition, during lockdown, many women were confined in their homes or communities and suffered physical and sexual violence. In sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, the number of girls undergoing FGM has increased compared to pre-epidemic levels. Looking at the gender gap ranking by country in 2021,the countries with the highest Gender Gap Index (GGI) were Iceland (0.892), Finland (0.861), Norway (0.849), New Zealand (0.840), and Sweden (0.823). The nations with the lowest were Syria (0.568), Pakistan (0.556), Iraq (0.535), Yemen (0.492) and Afghanistan (0.444).  The graph on the left is the Gender Gap Index (GGI) of Afghanistan, which ranked the lowest. It scored below the global average in all categories, with economic participation and opportunity 0.180, educational attainment 0.514, health and survival 0.952, and political empowerment 0.132. The graph on the right is the Gender Gap Index (GGI) for Iceland, which ranked No. 1. They scored 0.846 for economic participation and opportunity, 0.999 for educational attainment, 0.964 for health and survival, and 0.760 for political empowerment. We should note the disastrous results of the lower ranking countries, as well as the fact that none of the upper ranking nations reached or surpassed a score of 1. After all, even 20 years after entering the 21st century, it shows that there is still a long way to go in order to create a gender-equal world.      ㅡ Let's create a worldwhere girls get booksinstead of buckets! ㅡ   We are all mother's sons and father's daughters. Just as we share unconditional love in the family regardless of gender, we can make a better world if we respect and embrace each other in society regardless of gender. Gender equality means equal opportunities and participation are guaranteed for both men and women as members of society. Eliminating discrimination against women in society and providing them with opportunities and rights has a positive impact on the health and productivity of families, communities, nations, and the global village as a whole.   Here is the girl who left home with a bucket during the Stone Age now. Let's all unite and work together to bring knowledge to school instead of the dusty trail, books instead of heavy buckets, and knowledge along with clean water!

Peace Issue Sustainable consumption and production to save the planet

ㅡ The dirtiness is the attractive pointDo you know the Freitag bag? ㅡ   Do you know Freitag? Freitag is a Swiss brand that sells bags made from recycled materials that have been used for a certain period of time. As it is an ‘upcycling’ bag, it is dirty even if it is a new product, yet that is the attractive point of Freitag.   Moreover, Freitag bags are also environmentally friendly. 50% of the energy required to operate its factory utilizes recycled heat, and 30% of the water required to make bags utilizes rainwater. This is by collecting rainwater as in Switzerland, it rains for more than 140 days a year.   In fact, the bag made from ‘garbage’ is priced at hundreds of thousands of won. The reason many consumers purchase Freitag products even though the price is not reasonable is because they consider the global environment.   Besides Freitag, many products are being produced in consideration of the global environment. One can appreciate ‘good products’ at a glance without having to research each one!   ㅡ Find your carbon footprint! ㅡ   What is carbon footprint?   ‘Carbon footprint’ refers to the total amount of carbon dioxide among greenhouse gases generated during the entire process of activities, production, and consumption of individuals, companies, and countries.   The 'carbon footprint' originated in 2006 when the British Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) rendered the total amount of carbon dioxide generated during the production of products to be displayed as a footprint. A lower carbon footprint means less impact on the environment.   Most of the things we consume, especially mass-produced ones in factories, have a high carbon footprint. A large amount of carbon is emitted not only from clothing, food, electronic devices, and automobiles, but also from ‘energy production’ required for daily life and industrial activities.   Examine your country's carbon footprint on the Global Footprint Network! https://data.footprintnetwork.org/?_ga=2.194457381.966288939.1635924826-1453603342.1635924826#/countryTrends?cn=5001&type=BCtot,EFCtot   According to the 2019 Global Footprint Network survey, the carbon footprint of humanity as a whole has steadily augmented since the mid-20th century, increasing 11 times compared to 1961. The reason for the increase is the ‘excessive activity of humanity’.   What is the carbon footprint system?     The ‘Carbon Footprint System’ is a system that grants certification marks so that businesses and consumers can produce and consume eco-friendly products. Currently, many countries such as the UK, Canada, USA, Sweden are implementing the system.   ‘Stage 1 Carbon Footprint Certification’ is a system that marks on products the total amount of carbon dioxide generated in all processes from production to disposal. ‘Stage 2 Low-carbon Product Certification’ is a system that certifies products that have less than the average carbon emission of the same product and have reduced greenhouse gas emissions by applying low-carbon technology.   If we all purchase products with the Stage 2 low-carbon product certification mark, we can take care of the Earth a little more, right?   ㅡ Looking after our EarthSustainable consumption and production ㅡ   What is ‘sustainable consumption and production’?   The 12th goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which was resolved by the UN General Assembly in 2015 to be achieved by 2030, is ‘sustainable consumption and production’. This refers to economic activities to reduce the use of natural resources and harmful substances in the entire life cycle of products and services, and to reduce the emission of waste and pollutants.   Hence, it aims to ‘inject less resources, obtain more results, and emit less pollutants’. In order to take good care of our planet, we must pay attention not only to carbon emissions, but also how many resources are consumed and how much waste is produced.   ㅡ The Earth's enemyIs our enemy ㅡ   When the Earth is experiencing substantial difficulty, so do we. Who is making our precious planet suffer so much?   The culprit is the current 'mass production-consumption-disposal' system. After the Industrial Revolution, considerable amounts of products were mass-produced in the factory system, and the products poured into the market were consumed in large quantities. At the end of their life, they were discarded en masse. The harmful effects produced by the ‘mass production-consumption-disposal’ system are becoming extremely toxic to humanity.   ① Waste and exhaustion of resources   Most of the products produced and distributed in the global village are made from 'resources of the earth'. Typical examples include wood, which is a material for paper, plant fibers and petroleum by-products required to make clothing, and grains. The latter is used as raw materials for diverse foods. Yet with the mass production system, the resources used to produce products are increasing exponentially every year.   How much resource is your country consuming? Please check here! https://www.footprintnetwork.org/content/images/uploads/LPR_2008_english.pdf   According to a 2008 Global Footprint Network survey, the countries with the highest global resource consumption are the United States, United Kingdom and Germany. If everyone on the planet were living the American way of life, we would need at least 4.5 planets the size of the Earth.   Global population growth is driving further resource consumption. Resources such as water and underground resources are already experiencing shortages.   ② Global warming   Greenhouse gases are emitted throughout the production, distribution, use and disposal of products. Excessive accumulation of greenhouse gases raises the Earth's temperature and threatens the survival of all.   Download 2021 IPCC report (https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf)   According to a report published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in August 2021, the Earth's surface temperature has augmented 1.09 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.   The report sternly warns that 'If greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced, the global average temperature rise will reach 1.5 degrees between 2021 and 2040'.   In many parts of the world, sea level rise due to global warming and extreme weather events (hurricanes, typhoons, floods, and droughts) are already causing colossal human and property damage. The biodiversity of flora and fauna is also declining rapidly. If the global temperature rise reaches the critical point of 1.5 degrees, the survival of mankind is expected to be even more at risk.   ③ Overflowing garbage   With the advent of the mass production system, the price of products has decreased, and we enjoy a lifestyle of consuming more and more and disposing of more. There are disposable items used for convenience, packaging materials due to overpacking, outdated clothing, leftover food, and food and industrial products that are discarded even before reaching the shelves. These issues have created a serious garbage crisis around the world.   Read the 2021 World Bank Annual Report https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/annual-report   According to a World Bank report, global waste emissions are expected to increase from 2 billion tons in 2016 to 3.4 billion tons by 2050. As the population increases, consumption will also increase, and the amount of waste will also increase.   ㅡ Thinking about the Earth in daily life ㅡ   Practicing sustainable consumption and production is not grandiose. Merely think about the Earth once in a while in your daily life. How about joining the 'Meat free Monday' or 'Zero Waste'?   ‘Meat free Monday’   “You can change the world in one day of a week” -Slogan of ‘Meat free Monday'-   This campaign started in 2009 by former Beatles member Paul McCartney with his two children. In order to solve the diverse problems induced by the global meat consumption culture, it proposed to eat a vegetarian meal at least one day a week.   ‘Zero Waste’   This is a campaign to share cases of reducing waste in daily life with the aim of minimizing waste discharge to near zero. You can introduce your daily experience of reducing waste through social media and add hashtags such as #Zerowastechallenge. Examples include packing food in individual containers, avoiding plastic straws, using tumblers and shopping carts, and cooking with leftover food.   ㅡ COVID-19 Evidence that Earth is limited ㅡ   The 'mass production-consumption-disposal' system that supports the global economy has persistently destroyed the global environment. Ultimately, it threatens even the survival of mankind.   The COVID-19 pandemic, which has terrified the whole world, can also be regarded as a consequence of environmental destruction. This is because many diseases that stayed only in the wild spread to human society as humans invaded the realm of nature in order to enjoy a rich material life.   We must pay more attention to sustainable consumption and production in order to prevent a disease like COVID-19 from recurring on the planet that has reached its limit. Let's start by carrying a tumbler in our bags.  

Peace Issue Global transition to sustainable energy

ㅡ The secret to becoming No.1! ㅡ  ▲  Tesla Model 3 Elon Musk is the world's richest person as of November 2021 according to Forbes.He is said to have an estimated net worth of $320.3 billion. He has succeeded in an array of businesses such as PayPal, an online payment system, SpaceX, a rocket and spacecraft business, Tesla Energy, a solar panel business, and OpenAI, which is researching artificial intelligence.   One of the most well-known companies is Tesla, which makes electric vehicles. According to Consumer Reports, 91% of Tesla drivers said they would buy a Tesla again. The most prevalent reason was “the pleasure of owning a future-oriented image.”   Tesla's forward-looking image is reflected in their mission statement.    >“Tesla's mission is toaccelerate the global transitionto sustainable energy.”   Aren't you curious about what Tesla's goal of  “sustainable energy”, that made Elon Musk the world's richest person, is?ㅡPoisoned chaliceFossil energyㅡ   First, let's look at “unsustainable energy”. Fossil energy accounts for the largest portion of the energy currently used by mankind.   Fossil energy is the heat and pressure from the remains of plants and animals buried in the ground long time ago. It is energy created from fossil fuels that has been accumulated as a result. Examples include coal, oil, and natural gas.Click here to see the percentage of global energy consumption!https://yearbook.enerdata.co.kr/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html Fossil fuels are abundant since they are buried underground on a large scale, and they are not only easy to store and transport, but also highly energy efficient.   However, fossil fuels are energy that we are depleting, requiring at least millions of years to hundreds of millions of years to be created in the natural world. Experts predict that if consumption continues at the current rate,  oil will be depleted in 50.7 years, natural gas in 52.8 years, and coal in 114 years.   Yet even more serious than energy depletion are the immense greenhouse gas emissions from fossil energy. Seventy-three percent of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming come from fossil fuels. Humans use fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and every year, approximately 51 billion tons of carbon is emitted into the atmosphere.   Even as we speak, carbon emitted from fossil fuels is attacking humankind through climate disasters such as heat waves, heavy snowfalls, typhoons, droughts, and forest fires in diverse parts of the world. If we persist in utilizing fossil fuels at such a rate, global warming will reach an irreversible critical point.   Bill Gates, a software tycoon-turned environmental activist, warns of an urgent need to halt the usage of fossil fuels in his book How to Avoid a Climate Catastrophe. He assert that “20 percent of greenhouse gases emitted today remain in the atmosphere even after 10,000 years.” He further emphasized the urgent need for a switch to renewable energy if humanity is to survive a climate catastrophe.ㅡ Energy detoxRenewable energyㅡ        Our planet is full of toxins and needs an energy detox. This involves reducing the use of fossil fuels and replacing them with sustainable energy, green energy.   Types of renewable energy   ● Solar heat and solar power: an energy production method that utilizes the heat and light of the sun. It absorbs solar energy to heat water or collects sunlight using a heat collecting plate, stores it in solar cells, and uses it for energy production.   ● Wind power: an energy production method that utilizes the kinetic energy of wind. A three-blade windmill spins with the force of the wind and powers a generator to produce energy.   ● Hydropower: an energy production method that uses the power of water to turn a generator. After building a dam on a river, water gates can be opened to use the fast-moving water to turns turbines and generates energy.   ● Biomass: a method of energy production that utilizes living organisms. Grains, fruits, trees, animal excrement, waste, etc., are converted into ethanol and methane gas to be used as energy.   ● Geothermal: An energy production method that utilizes the high heat of the Earth's interior. It uses the hot water that exists underground to operate an electric turbine to produce energy.   ● Hydrogen energy: a method of producing energy by burning hydrogen present in organic matter or water. Hydrogen is attracting attention as a pollution-free energy source because it does not emit pollutants even if it is combusted by combining with oxygen in the air. Renewable energy sharehttps://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2018/Apr/Global-Renewable-Generation-Continues-its-Strong-Growth-New-IRENA-Capacity-Data-Shows     Among these, the most prevalently used renewable energy is hydrogen energy (53%), followed by wind energy (23%) and solar (18%) energy.     ㅡSustainable energyGoalㅡ     Among the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the 7th   is “Affordable and Clean Energy.”It becomes somewhat clear that sustainable energy is a global concern, right?   The details of this goal set by the United Nations are as follows.   7.1 Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services by 2030   About 2.8 billion people, or one-third of the world's population, use unsanitary and unhealthy fuels such as charcoal, coal, and animal waste for cooking. Moreover, indoor air pollution from these low-quality fuels kills 4.3 million people a year. Ensuring access to energy is essential for survival.   7.2 Significantly increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix (diversification of energy sources) by 2030   As of 2017, 17.5 percent of the world's electricity was generated from renewable energy. However, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), to overcome the climate crisis, the share of renewable energy in the total energy must be augmented to two-thirds by 2050.Check out the share of renewable energy in your country!https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix     7.3 Double global energy efficiency by 2030   2021 SDG7 Energy Generation Reporthttps://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/downloads       Energy intensity refers to the amount of energy required to perform a given function. The UN has set a target of reducing energy intensity from 5.6 MJ in 2010 to 3.4 MJ in 2030.   Increasing energy efficiency can have positive effects in diverse aspects, such as increased access to energy, reduced air pollution, increased resource value, economic benefits, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, reduced energy prices, and energy productivity.   ㅡ A fastertransition to renewable energy ㅡ     In 2015, the international community adopted the Paris Agreement, in which both developed and developing countries participated to counter global warming.   The goal of the Paris Agreement is to maintain the global average temperature rise well below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels, and that further efforts should taken to limit it to 1.5°C. In order to limit the increase in global temperature to 1.5℃ or less, it is necessary to transition to a “carbon-neutral” society in which net carbon emissions will be zero by 2050.   How can carbon neutrality be achieved? In order to become carbon-neutral, where the amount of carbon emitted and the amount removed is the same, we must first focus on reducing carbon emissions as much as possible. Furthermore, the remaining greenhouse gases must be absorbed by forests or removed using carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology.   The most important way to achieve carbon neutrality is to shift the main energy source from fossil fuels to new and renewable energy. Renewable energy is energy that does not generate carbon during usage and can be supplied infinitely even if consumed continuously. It is attracting attention as a new resource to replace fossil energy because of its advantages of being clean and inexhaustible.   Currently, the international community has set carbon neutrality as the top priority. The most recent Conference of the Parties (COP26), the largest conference in the world where heads of countries gather to discuss climate change, was held in Glasgow, UK in November 2021.   The concluding statement implores countries to “strengthen their carbon reduction targets by the end of 2022.” It further emphasizes the need to reduce carbon and greenhouse gas emissions by 45 percent compared to 2010 by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by the middle of this century. As a result, the global transition to sustainable energy is expected to accelerate.       ㅡ Future energy ㅡ     The fossil fuel-powered cars we use today will disappear from the planet in the near future. Tesla's mission “accelerating the global transition to sustainable energy” is in line with the vision of the international community. Tesla is preparing for the future of the earth and mankind rather than merely being satisfied as an electric vehicle manufacturer.Many countries are already expanding the means of transportation (automobiles, railways, aircraft, ships, etc.) powered by clean energy sources such as electricity and hydrogen. In particular, they are promoting the full-scale popularization of eco-friendly vehicles, and the use of biofuels is expanding where it is cumbersome to supply eco-friendly vehicles.Tesla is not just about cars. Tesla is focusing on energy that can mitigate the Earth's carbon dioxide concentration. Research on a solar roof (a roof-shaped panel that converts solar heat into electricity) and a power wall (a wall-type battery that stores the remaining electricity generated during the day) is being persistently conducted.As the transition to electric vehicles demonstrates, panels and batteries using renewable energy will naturally become part of our daily lives in the near future.The reason why people are passionate about the future-oriented nature of the Tesla company is that the choice to drive a Tesla now is a valid choice for the present as well as the future. What kind of energy will we be using 100 years later?

Peace Issue Environmental, Social, and Governance factors promote kindness.

ㅡ The straw has the flavor of paperbut I applaud you for being environmentally conscious.  ㅡ Starbucks is a global coffee brand that is particularly popular among coffee franchises.  Starbucks' unrivaled atmosphere and coffee taste may be the reason, but the company's long-running "eco-friendly" campaign has also played a role. In 2018, Starbucks launched the Greener Starbucks Korea campaign, and paper straws were introduced for the first time in franchise coffee shops.  Paper straws were criticized for having a "paper taste," but they succeeded in projecting an image of a "good brand" to the MZ generation (millennials and generation Z), who consider environmental issues even when drinking a cup of coffee. Starbucks also has introduced cup lids that allow iced drinks to be consumed without straws, as well as reusable cups to eliminate the use of disposable plastic cups entirely.  Starbucks' eco-friendly move aligns with the MZ generation's "value consumption" tendency to purchase eco-friendly products, even if the price is a little higher, cementing the company's unrivaled position as the world's No. 1 coffee brand. Companies are focusing on improving their image in order to win the hearts of the MZ generation, because "good companies" are well received by the MZ generation. And at the heart of the transformation is ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance factors), a new global standard for sustainable management. ㅡ The circumstances surrounding ESG's birth. ㅡ From quality to price A new era is on its way   How well do you understand ESG? ESG is an indicator for judging a company's non-financial performance. ESG stands for Environmental, Social, and Governance.  ESG management has recently emerged as a hot keyword around the world, but it is difficult to summarize the concept in a single sentence because it encompasses a wide range of areas such as "social responsibility," "creating shared value," and "sustainable management." Many people will think of companies' efforts that reflect eco-friendly trends because most companies recognize the need to focus on the environment and practice ESG management. Let’s go over the history of the terminology.   In 2004, the term ESG was first used in a report titled "Who Cares Wins" co-authored by the UNGC (UN Global Compact) and more than 20 financial institutions.   According to this report, a company's ESG performance can generate mid-to long-term value. Thus, a new management direction was proposed in order for a company to succeed.   Source: ANEVIS Later that year, the United Nations issued the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI). Since the term ESG is used in these investment principles, a new management guideline known as ESG has become widely used around the world. In a nutshell, the core of the principles is that when investing in a company, people will now use "value" as a standard rather than mere "performance."  Given that these principles were enacted around the time that discussions about climate change began to heat up, ESG can be described as the financial sector's urgent commitment to ensure the survival of the Earth.   These are the world's first socially responsible investment principles, developed in collaboration with a number of experts, including financial institutions affiliated with the United Nations Environmental Programme/Finance Initiative (UNEP/FI).  PRI consists of six principles and 35 specific practices.     | UN Principles of Responsible Investment  (PRI) ① We actively consider ESG issues in our investment decisions. ② We become active investors, incorporating ESG considerations into our investment philosophy and management principles. ③ We request that our investment targets disclose information on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. ④ We strive for the PRI level and financial industry implementation. ⑤ We work together to improve the effectiveness of PRI implementation. ⑥ We provide detailed reports to the outside world on the activities and progress of the PRI implementation.   Link to UN PRI  https://www.unpri.org/pri/about-the-pri   In other words, the principles of socially responsible investment are financial institutions' pledge to "invest only in companies that improve society."   As of January 2021, 3,615 financial institutions from all over the world had signed on to the Principles of Responsible Investment (PRI).  Companies must implement ESG management to attract investment now that more and more financial institutions are willing to invest only in companies that practice EGS management.   | Equator Principles The Equator Principles (EPs) are a voluntary agreement between financial firms not to invest in bad companies.  The Equator Agreement's central tenet is not to invest in development projects that threaten the environment or violate human rights. Currently, 123 financial institutions in 37 countries have adopted the Equator Principles.     Link to the principle of the equator  https://equator-principles.com/   ㅡ Who is assessing ESG? ㅡ Well-regarded companies are those with a high ESG grade. Companies are eager to manage according to ESG principles in order to gain the favor of investors and consumers. Then, who will assign ESG grades and based on which criteria? There are currently more than 125 organizations worldwide that evaluate ESG. Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI), Sustainalytics, and Bloomberg are examples of global ESG evaluation agencies. These 125 or so evaluation agencies rate companies by analyzing their respective data and evaluation criteria. Morgan Stanley Capital International is the most representative evaluation firm.  Every year, MSCI assesses 35 key ESG issues for publicly traded companies around the world. There are seven levels of ESG ratings, ranging from AAA to CCC.  Microsoft and NVIDIA are among the companies that received MSCI AAA ratings in 2020. Check out your favorite company's ESG rating on MSCI! https://www.msci.com/our-solutions/esg-investing/esg-ratings/esg-ratings-corporate-search-tool Find out your company's ESG score on Standard & Poor's (S&P Global)! https://www.spglobal.com/esg/scores/results?cid=4071032 Different evaluation institutions may give companies different ESG grades. In the case of Tesla, it received an A grade from MSCI but was ranked in the bottom 10 percent by Just Capital.  This is due to MSCI giving a large boost to Tesla because of its eco-friendly energy policy (E), whereas Just Capital rated Tesla as not responding well to customer input or safety issues (S). In any case, these institutions' ESG ratings of companies have a significant impact on investors. Companies with lower ratings are expected to have a more difficult time attracting investment than in the past.      ㅡ All companies should strive for ESG! ㅡ       "Everyone, ESG!" If you don't strive for it, you won't attract investors." Spreading the emphasis on ESG across companies and society was the theme of Larry Fink's annual letter in early 2020 as CEO of BlackRock, the world's largest asset management firm, with more than $7 trillion in assets under management.  Every year, Founder Larry Fink sends letters to CEOs of investment firms, and the flow of money around the world will inevitably change as a result of the letters sent by the world's largest financial giant. He stated in January 2020, "We will be the first to look at climate change and sustainability in all future investment and acquisition decisions." He also stated, "I will not invest in coal developers or producers of fossil fuels."  This letter quickly sparked the global ESG management craze.  ㅡ ESG is already affecting Generation MZ consumers ㅡ ESG is already affecting consumers. ESG encompasses more than just investment and management. It's become a part of daily routine. ESG is now a daily focus for the MZ generation in Korea, born after 1980. Sensitive to the crisis of climate change, the MZ generation pursues eco-friendly consumption, and keywords such as upcycling, zero-waste (no plastic), eco-friendly delivery (precycling), and refurbishment (resupplies) accurately describe the MZ generation's consumption behavior. Generation MZ does not buy things simply because they are inexpensive and of high quality. This is because the social value is important to the MZ generation. As a result, even if they are a little more expensive, they buy products from companies that take responsibility for social issues and engage in positive action. The meaning-out generation is the English translation of another name for Generation MZ. Meaning out is a combination of "coming out," which refers to revealing one's identity, and "meaning," which refers to expressing one's values or beliefs through consumption. Fairness and transparency are important to Generation MZ. They do not ignore unreasonable or unethical situations but instead advocate on a variety of social issues such as fairness, equality, the environment, safety, gender discrimination, and animal abuse. The MZ Generation is an activist. People who share similar values and interests can easily exchange ideas or organize joint activities via online and offline meetings.  When it is disclosed that a good company is "rich," or that a company is not ethical or does not follow the law, they may launch a boycott via SNS (Simple Notification Service). Companies that are found to be engaging in illegal management activities or turning a blind eye to social problems may now face a boycott by the MZ generation. ㅡ [E] Patagonia, your very existence is ESG. ㅡ ‘Nice Company’,  ‘Eco-Friendly Company’,  ‘The Earth's Watchman.’ All of these titles refer to Patagonia, a US-based outdoor clothing company.  Patagonia discontinued production of steel traction devices, which used to account for a significant portion of sales, after discovering that the equipment made for rock climbing cracked and damaged the rock walls. Instead, it is a well-known anecdote that Patagonia created aluminum equipment that did not harm the environment and as a result, achieved greater success. Even before the climate-change crisis became apparent, Patagonia was already equipped with an eco-conscious mindset.  Patagonia donates 1 percent of its total sales to environmental organizations each year, referring to it as a "tax paid to the Earth." Patagonia has also advertised, "Please don't buy our clothes," claiming that farming to grow eco-friendly cotton and not consuming even eco-friendly products as much as possible is more environmentally friendly. Even in consumption, Patagonia's ESG management has captivated the MZ generation's pursuit of social meaning.  As a result, Patagonia earned the reputation of being a "good company that cares about the environment," and it now ranks second in the US outdoor clothing market. ㅡ [S] The star of the show is...multi-ethnic and gender equalityNeflix ㅡ Have you noticed how many "female protagonists of color" there are in Netflix videos? This is due to Netflix's extra effort to earn an "S" in ESG.  Netflix aims for gender equality in the main characters in movies and series as well as increasing the proportion of main characters of color. As a result, it has improved significantly on 19 of the 22 inclusion indicators of an S evaluation year after year. According to the 2019 Inequality in Popular Films report, Netflix has significantly more characters that are diverse in terms of gender, race, LGBTQ, and sexual orientation. Read more about the "Inequality in Popular Films" report: https://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/aii-inequality-report-2019-09-03.pdf ㅡ [G] Equal board of directorsTransparent decision-making ㅡ In comparison to the concerns about the environment and society, the governance aspect of ESG is a somewhat unfamiliar concept.  Governance is defined as "any device that allows all stakeholders to make transparent decisions with responsibility within the constraints of given resources in order to achieve common goals."  In most cases, it refers to the board of directors and corporate leadership.   According to ESG experts, governance is the most important aspect of the elements: environment (E), society (S), and governance (G).  This is due to the fact that all corporate activities for the environment (E) and society (S) ultimately stem from management's decision-making.   Governance is ranked first among the four pillars of ESG by the World Economic Forum (WEF): governance, planet, people, and prosperity.  Every year, ESG evaluation agencies add a new G index, with evaluation indicators such as "female director ratio," "CEO wage calculation method," "lobby funds," "bribery prevention measures," and "risk management" increasing.   BlackRock stated in 2018 that it would not invest in companies with fewer than two female directors.  Goldman Sachs stated that beginning in the second half of 2020 it will not engage in Initial Public Offering (IPO) work for companies that do not have directors who meet diversity standards.     The gender balance of high-level officials also applies to senior executives, with many women breaking through the glass ceiling.  Citigroup, one of the top ten US banks, appointed its first female CEO. Rashida Jones of MSNBC is the cable news industry's first black woman to be appointed president.  Furthermore, the BLM (Black Lives Matter) movement is countering racial segregation and promoting diversity in the composition of Boards of Directors. ㅡ Leap for a better society ㅡ The primary reason for people's interest in the environment, society, and governance factors is that consumers' and investors' values regarding the role of corporations have shifted.  There is a growing expectation that companies that have caused major social problems should solve them through responsible management activities and take actions that have a positive impact on people’s lives, in addition to the prevailing values that focused only on corporate economic performance. ESG demonstrates that the era of so-called "good companies," in which companies that strive to protect the environment, fulfill their social responsibilities, and have transparent governance, has arrived.   Unlike in the past, when companies were concerned only with how much money they made, the emphasis now is on "how" they made money.   When we consider the environment (E), respond to various societal issues (S), and have a transparent governance structure (G), a more peaceful and sustainable society can develop.   Will you engage in ESG investment, management, and consumption in order to create a more peaceful world? 

Peace Issue The Scream of a Woman in Afghanistan

ㅡ "No one cares about us because we were born in Afghanistan." "We're going to die in history." - Afghan girl's despair at the Taliban rule -  ㅡ “Is this really the 21st century?” People running desperately toward aircraft, people hanging upside down on the stairs in an attempt to board an aircraft, people clinging to an aircraft's wheels as it takes off...Crowds rushed into the Kabul Airport to flee the country after the Islamic armed group Taliban reclaimed control of Afghanistan. Afghans who had been going about their daily lives were thrown into battlefields rife with violence and fear.People all over the world witnessed how easily modern civilization could devolve into an anti-civilized and violent situation as they found the urgent scenes of the Afghan exodus more compelling than a movie.The two youths killed in a take-off crash of a transport plane were ordinary Afghan boys aged 16 and 17. They were brothers who supported their mother by selling fruits in the market in Kabul.Even now, 38 million Afghans fear having to choose a perilous escape route. And the reality imposed on the weak and women in need of protection among them is as perilous as standing on the edge of a knife.   ㅡ Who Are the Taliban? ㅡ In Arabic, Taliban means "students." The Arabic word "Talib," which means "student," is combined with the Pashtun plural suffix "an"; in this case, "student" refers to a seminary student studying in a madrasa, a boarding school that teaches Islam.What caused a group of theological students studying God's teachings to become ruthless? To understand this, we need to turn the clock back 40 years and look at developments since then. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, the US-trained and supported mujahedin (warriors) to fight the Soviets. Theological students were trained to be anti-Soviet warriors in Pashtun, southern Afghanistan. The Taliban was founded in 1994 in Kandahar, Afghanistan's southernmost province. From 1996 to 2001, they controlled roughly three-quarters of Afghanistan under the leadership of Muhammad Omar. ㅡ The country with the worst women's rights record in the world ㅡWomen and minorities bore the brunt of the Taliban's atrocities during their five-year reign. During this time, Afghan women were unable to obtain an education, find work, or go out without male protection, and they were barred from holding any public office. In the face of the cruel reality of not being guaranteed basic human rights, women helplessly endured ruthless violence. ▲ World Economic Forum Report: 'Global Gender Gap Report 2021'https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021/digest  Women in Afghanistan have the lowest social status in the world as of 2021. According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Afghanistan ranked 156th out of 156 countries on the gender equality index. It wasn't always like this. In fact, in the 1960s and 1970s, Afghans enjoyed a free atmosphere within Islamic society, and women openly walked around Kabul in miniskirts. However, with the Taliban in power, women's human rights deteriorated to a pre-modern level. ▲ UNESCO Statistical Institute data: ‘Afghanistan's education registration rates, women (reference data in September 2020)’. https://data.worldbank.org/topic/education?locations=AFThe Taliban barred Afghan females from going out without being escorted by a male relative, going to school, or working. In UNESCO's "Afghanistan Education Institution Registration Rate, Women" graph, there is a break beginning in 1996. This means that education for females was halted entirely for a time. Since 2001, when the Taliban stepped down and a different Afghan government was established, the graph has risen dramatically, restoring female educational opportunities. In 2018, approximately 83 percent of school-age Afghan females were enrolled in educational institutions.  However, due to the Taliban's reign, the graph is expected to plummet once more.   Women were labeled as evil under common law. What is the Taliban's motivation for oppressing females? The foundations are based on Pashtunwali, Deovanni, and Sharia Law. 1. Pashtunwali Pashtunwali, the Taliban’s main pillar, is the code of honor of the Pashtun people that values the following virtues in a Pashtun man: hospitality, protection, honor, and bravery.  The Taliban interprets Islamic law based on Pashtunwali, but the Pashtunwali view is overwhelmingly male-centered, with women regarded as evil beings.  According to Pashtunwali, women are completely owned by men and are merely tools for second-generation production. 2. Deobandi Deobandi is an Islamic revivalist movement that occurred in India following British colonial rule. Afghanistan, as a neighboring country, was heavily influenced by the Deobandi concept, which completely excludes women from public spaces.  3. Sharia law Sharia law is a way of life that all Muslims must adhere to, including prayer, fasting, and charitable contributions to the poor. However, if Sharia law is interpreted punitively, it can be applied more brutally to women than any other legal system in the world. The following are the main characteristics of Sharia law: - Extreme punishment: Harsh physical punishments seen only in medieval society, such as amputating hands for theft and stoning women to death for adultery. - Extreme sexism: Sharia law has been revised by the Taliban to make women and non-Muslims increasingly vulnerable. As a result, even if a woman has been beaten or sexually assaulted, it is difficult for her to prove that she has been victimized. ㅡ Under Taliban rule A woman's life is miserable ㅡ ▲ Women wearing miniskirts and walking freely on the streets in the 1970s, and women covered their whole bodies with burka under the Taliban.According to a Human Rights Watch report published in 2020, brutal corporal punishment, including extreme oppression and the suppression of freedom of religion, expression, and education, was used on Afghan women during the Taliban's rule. Directly to Human Rights Watch: "Taleban-controlled Afghanistan's education, social restrictions, and justice (2020)". https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/06/30/you-have-no-right-complain/education-social-restrictions-and-justice-taliban-held         A report on Afghanistan's Education, Social Restrictions, and Justice categorize the Taliban's oppression of Afghan women in four areas.  1. Education When the Taliban took power in 1996, laws prohibiting girls over the age of eight from attending school were enacted.   As a result, in Kabul alone, 106,256 girls and 8,000 female college students were expelled, and 63 schools were closed. Women who desired an education had no choice but to attend underground schools in secret, risking execution if discovered.   2. Workplace The Taliban outlawed all employment of women on September 30, 1996. The number of women fired totaled 7,793. Many women who had had jobs were forced to beg for money on the streets. 3. Well-being When women were examined by a male doctor, the Taliban required them to be fully clothed. This hampered a full examination and treatment, even if a woman went to a small hospital with a female doctor.  Furthermore, women's mental health was jeopardized by forced confinement and social isolation. A survey of 160 women revealed that 97 percent had severe depression and 71 percent had poor physical health.      4. Punishment Extreme violence was used as a form of punishment under Sharia law. Women who violated Sharia law faced public repercussions such as public beatings.   | Cases of female punishment under the Taliban.   ○ In October 1996, the tip of a woman's thumb was amputated because she had painted her nails. ○ In 1999, a mother with seven children was accused of murdering her husband at the Kabul Gaji Sports Stadium and was executed in front of 30,000 spectators; she was punished instead of her daughter, who was strongly suspected of the crime.  ○ When a woman was discovered running an unofficial school in her apartment, the children were beaten and the women were thrown down the stairs.   | Restrictions on women under the Taliban.   ○ Women cannot walk down the street unless they are accompanied by a male blood relative or are wearing a burka. ○ Men should not have to hear the footsteps of a woman, so women should not wear high-heeled shoes. ○ Women should not speak loudly in public because strangers should not be able to hear the voices of a women. ○ To prevent women from being seen on the street, the windows on the ground and first floors of all residential buildings should be painted or shuttered.  ○ All place names that contain the word 'female' should be modified; 'Women's Garden,' for example, was renamed 'Spring Garden.'  ㅡ  Struggling to be humanHow to eliminate violence against women  (EVAW) ㅡFollowing the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001, various efforts were made in Afghanistan to promote women's rights. It was a difficult battle, but a number of non-governmental organizations and government agencies attempted to reform Afghan laws so they guarantee women's rights, which resulted in the enactment of the EVAW law (Law on the Elimination of Violence Against Women) in August 2008. This was the first law in Afghan history to criminalize violence against women, outlawing 22 violent acts against women, including rape, assault, forced marriage, prohibition on property acquisition, and denial of employment and educational opportunities.     Go straight to Human Rights Watch: "Afghanistan's Enforcement of the Act on the Elimination of Violence against Women (2021).https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/08/05/i-thought-our-life-might-get-better/implementing-afghanistans-eliminationAlthough there were limitations, the human rights of women could be protected within the boundaries of the law.  This was the fruit of Afghan women's painful efforts. Human Rights Watch evaluated the law on the Elimination of Violence against Women (EVAW) as "a slow but true change and an advocacy pin for the efforts of Afghan women's human rights groups to reform other laws."   However, with the Taliban's resurgence, the law is on the verge of being scrapped.ㅡ Women's rights dated back 20 yearsin Afghanistan  ㅡ  The Taliban seized Kabul, Afghanistan's capital, on August 15, and reclaimed power 20 years after their earlier five-year regime. After the Afghan government surrendered without a fight, Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country. The Taliban vowed to respect the human rights of women under Sharia law, but the Taliban brutally shot a woman who went out without a burka.   A woman dressed in tight-fitting clothing was murdered for refusing to accompany a male relative.▲ A hair salon in Kabul where women's faces on the wall were severely damaged by spray. The politics of fear has begun. Twenty years of work for Afghan women's human rights came to naught in an instant. Burka prices are skyrocketing, and girls and women born after 2001 who had never lived under the Taliban's rule find this reality unfamiliar and frightening. The world is watching with bated breath as courageous Afghan women take to the streets to defend human rights at the risk of their lives.   The risk is the fact that cruel triggers can be pulled on these women at any time.▲ On August 17, 2021, Afghan women protesting in front of Taliban soldiers demanding women's human rights. The international community has urged the Taliban to protect its citizens’ human rights. The United Nations Secretary-General for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet, has urged Taliban leaders to respect the rights of Afghans. She specifically warned them not to cross the fundamental red line of rights for women and girls.   ㅡ How to Help Afghan Womenㅡ  What can we do to help the Afghan women who are terrified?   Dr. Sakena Yacoobi, the mother of refugee education in Afghanistan and the winner of the 2nd Sunhak Peace Prize, is desperately appealing to the world for interest and relief in Afghanistan. "Our democracy could have imploded right now. Anomalies, on the other hand, do not go away so easily. Even the wind's whispers cannot be killed. The Taliban will not be able to derail their dreams. Even if it takes longer than we anticipated, we will prevail."   - After returning to power, Dr. Sakena Yacoobi sent a letter to partners around the world. (Sakena Yacoobi's Special Letter: http://www.sunhakpeaceprize.org/en/news/notice.php?bgu=view&idx=478)Dr. Sakena Yacoobi, who risked her life to run an underground school for girls under the Taliban in the late 1990s, founded the Afghan Institute of Learning (AIL) in 1995 and has been providing education and vocational training to thousands of refugees in order to improve Muslim women's rights and social status. The Afghans will eventually return to a peaceful life, as Dr. Yacoobi predicted.  Even in the midst of this ruthless violence, there are people with ideals and beliefs that Afghanistan will rise again one day.  Everyone's attention and solidarity are urgently needed so that women and children in Afghanistan who have been harmed by the harsh reality do not abandon the "heart of hope."         | How to help Afghanistan   Make a contribution to the Afghan Learning Institute (AIL) https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=U342N8B8RBHPG&ltclid=40ea689c-0b50-44fc-845c-5c69e93a8ba2https://www.afghaninstituteoflearning.org/how-to-donate.html   For a United Nations peacekeeping force https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/contact   The International Committee of the Red Cross https://www.icrc.org/en/contact  

Peace Issue Net Zero: The only way earth can survive

ㅡ Red Flag for Mother Earth’s Health!Abnormal Temperature Rise ㅡ The red flag is raised for the health of Mother Earth these days. Mother Earth, who was afraid of the constant increase in temperature, went to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and requested a diagnosis and prescription. ●  Mother Earth: My temperature is constantly increasing. I’m so afraid because heatwaves, wildfires, droughts, and floods are occurring all over due to the rise in temperature. Every day I am afraid of what will happen tomorrow, and it is even hard to breathe. Why is this happening to me? ● IPCC: Mother Earth’s temperature has risen by about 1℃ compared to the pre-industrial era. If this continues, life will be in danger. Let’s take a closer look. ㅡ IPCC’s DiagnosisThe main cause if rising temperature rise: Carbon dioxide ㅡ ● Mother Earth: Actually, since industrialization began, I have been living an increasingly prosperous and convenient life, something I never experienced before. Those were very pleasant days. Was poison hiding in those great times? ● IPCC: Now, let me explain by drawing a graph. The increase in Mother Earth’s temperature is due to accumulated greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.  A huge amount of carbon dioxide has been emitted since the Industrial Revolution began in the 1800s. For about 100 years since the early 1800s, carbon dioxide was mainly generated by coal, and for about 100 years since the early 1900s, it was primarily generated from petroleum. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted so far has reached 45,873,850,000t (The World Bank, 2018). Such poison has been gradually accumulating in Mother Earth. The current surface temperature of the Earth has increased by about 1.09℃ compared to 1850~1900. This is a very, very serious situation. Direct link to IPCC 2021 ‘6th Assessment Report’ Summary: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf  IPCC published its 6th Assessment Report on August 9, 2021. The report emphasizes that it is clear that climate change due to global warming is caused by human influence.  The graph shows the trend of global surface temperature changes (black line) over the past 170 years divided into human activity + natural factors (brown line) and natural factors only (green line). The green line shows the change in surface temperature assuming that only natural factors were present, such as the sun and volcanoes, and the brown line shows the combined impact of human and natural factors on the average annual surface temperature. Isn’t the brown line much steeper? You can notice that the increase in surface temperature is much greater when human influences were added. What stands out in the report is the unprecedented increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and cumulative carbon dioxide emissions. As of 2019, carbon dioxide was measured at 410 ppm, methane at 1866 ppb, and nitrous oxide at 332 ppb, but before the industrial revolution, the Earth’s carbon dioxide concentration was 280 ppm. In particular, the concentration of carbon dioxide was at a level unprecedented in the past 2 million years. ㅡ Dark Future of Mother Earth1.5~2℃ Rise in Temperature by 2050 ㅡ ● Mother Earth: How long can I live? I want to return to health as soon as possible. I want to get back to normal life as soon as possible, free from heatwaves, wildfires, droughts, and floods.   ● IPCC: If conditions continue, the average temperature will rise by 1.5℃ by 2050 compared to the pre-industrial era. The symptoms will appear much more often and be more serious than they do now. If the average temperature rises to 2℃, the decline in the health of Mother Earth will be irreversible, and if it rises to 6℃, life on Mother Earth cannot continue.   If the global temperature rises by 1.5℃ compared to the pre-industrial era, the risks to the ecosystem and human life are likely irreversible. Therefore, 1.5~2℃ is called the climate defense line, and the IPCC predicts that the global temperature will reach this climate defense line in 2050. The report predicts that 95 percent of life on Earth will become extinct when the global average temperature rises by 6℃ because methane hydrates will be released in large quantities.  ㅡ IPCC’s Prescription Extreme cut on carbon emissions by 2050! ㅡ ● Mother Earth: How much carbon should I lose to remain alive? ● IPCC: Let me talk straight. Zero carbon emissions need to be achieved by 2050. Initially, by 2030 carbon dioxide emission needs to be reduced by at least 45 percent, compared to 2010 levels, and carbon neutrality, or net carbon emission of 0, achieved by 2050. To achieve this requires great determination. Direct link to Global Warming of 1.5℃ Special Report (2018): https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/download/ In conclusion, IPCC’s 1.5℃ ‘Special Report’ states that all countries must achieve net-zero by 2050 in order to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5℃ or less compared to the pre-industrial levels. ● Carbon Neutral refers to the activities that reduce the net emission of carbon dioxide (one of six greenhouse gases) to zero. In other words, carbon neutrality is achieved when the emission of carbon dioxide equals the absorption of carbon dioxide added by human activities. ● Net-zero refers to the activities that reduce the net emission of all six greenhouse gases to zero. Therefore, net-zero is more difficult to achieve than carbon neutrality. This is also called Climate Neutral. ㅡ Main Point to Achieve Net-Zero by 2050 ‘Green Energy’ ㅡ ● Mother Earth: We have been relying on fossil fuels for 200 years, so can we achieve net-zero by 2050? ● IPCC:  If we compare this to weight loss, no matter what type of weight loss you aim to achieve, you are aware that ultimately you have to change your eating habits, right? Reducing greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, requires a major transition in energy consumption. It means cutting down on the use of fossil fuels and changing the diet to green energy (solar, wind, hydro).  Major Transition to Green Energy The World Resources Institute (WRI) has suggested ten strategies for achieving net-zero. These include reducing coal power step by step, investing in clean energy and improving energy efficiency, renovating buildings, decarbonizing materials, shifting to eco-friendly vehicles, increasing the use of public transportation, decarbonizing airplanes, and ships, restoring forests, reducing food waste and garbage, and reducing meat consumption and increasing vegetable consumption.    Direct link to World Resources Institute’s (WRI) solution to achieve Net-Zero: https://www.wri.org/insights/net-zero-ghg-emissions-questions-answered   Especially, current internal combustion engines that emit a large quantity of greenhouse gases are expected to be replaced with eco-friendly, pollution-free vehicles, such as electric or hybrid vehicles in the near future.   Europe, the world’s largest electric vehicle market, announced a proposal for carbon emission reduction in July 2021, including the introduction of a Carbon Border Tax and a ban on sales of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Under the goal of reducing by 2030 net greenhouse gas emissions by 55 percent compared to 1990 levels, sales of new vehicles with gasoline or diesel engines will be banned in Europe by 2035. New energy vehicles (NEV) are expected to make up over 35 percent of new vehicle sales in China in 2025. The United States has announced plans for half of all new cars sold in the US to be eco-friendly by 2030. ㅡ 1.5℃ Rise Could Happen by 2040Carbon Reduction Is Necessary ㅡ Currently, global temperatures are rising much faster than predicted. IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report (2021) warns that if the current level of greenhouse gas emission continues, the global temperature is highly likely to increase by 1.5 degrees by 2040, which is within 20 years. Therefore, we are in an urgent situation that may require pushing carbon neutrality ahead to 2040. Countries and corporations should accelerate their efforts to reduce carbon emissions. It is also time for individuals to set a daily carbon reduction goal for the health of the planet. Every big change starts with a small effort! Make today day 1 of carbon-cutting! Five practical methods to cut carbon use: 1. No meat Monday: each person who goes vegan for one day a week has the same effect as planting 15 pine trees that are 30 years old! 2. Remove unnecessary stuff from the car trunk: 2.3 kg reduction per 1 liter of gasoline 3. Use a personal water bottle: about 10 kg reduction per person per year (using 2 paper cups per day X 1 year = 8 kg of carbon) 4. Use second-hand products: 33 kg reduction per pair of jeans  5. Receive receipts digitally: 3 g reduction per sheet

Announcement The Interviews with Indonesian winners of the ‘2021 Peace Motion Graphics Contest’

The Interviews with Indonesian winners of the ‘2021 Piece Motion Graphics Contest’ were introduced on the ‘Korea Culture Sharing Website’, which is operated by the depatment of Korean Culture and Information Service, of the Korean government. The lively reflections of the winners of the ‘2021 Peace Motion Graphics Contest’ will be presented to young people around the world who love Korean culture.Link to the interview:https://www.korea.net/TalkTalkKorea/English/community/community/CMN0000012884

Announcement A Letter from Afghanistan

While the world is in shock from the Islamic fundamentalist group, Taliban, entering Kabul, a letter from Sakena Yacoobi, an Afghan woman educator and the second Sunhak Peace Prize Laureate, arrived at the Sunhak Peace Prize Secretariat on the 17th.The open letter, 'Afghanistan has fallen- What you can do to help,' contains the urgent voice of Dr. Yacoobi, calling for the protection of Afghan women and children from this crisis.As the Afghan Institute of Learning (AIL) founder and CEO, Dr. Yacoobi continues to promote women's rights and education through the institute even during this desperate situation. In addition, she is proposing a way for people worldwide to join the Afghan refugee relief effort in solidarity with AIL.Link to Afghan Learning Institute: https://www.afghaninstituteoflearning.org/Dr. Yacoobi has sent this letter to many colleagues and organizations who have been promoting the rights of Afghan women. Former U.S. President George W. Bush released a statement calling for Afghan refugee relief on the 17th in Newsweek, citing Sakena Yacoobi's desperate letter at the end.Link to the full text of former U.S. President George W. Bush's statement calling for relief in Afghanistan: https://www.newsweek.com/george-bush-urges-afghanistan-refugees-helped-without-delay-full-statement-1619960The Sunhak Peace Prize Secretariat shares Dr. Yacoobi's message hoping that people worldwide will help the Afghan refugees.   This is one of the most difficult letters I have ever written. After twenty years, our government collapsed with almost no resistance. The constitution we worked so hard for, the rights our women sacrificed so much to gain, thrown out the window like scraps for the dogs. Our military and the Ghani government fled, leaving our women and children to face the Taliban with no support. The world watched it happen, without care. We begged, screaming for help. So, now we see peace is again made on the back of women and children. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has fallen, and Kabul is in complete chaos. My office and staff are unharmed, for which we thank God.   The nation of Afghanistan is in turmoil. My schools are still running as of now. We have been instructed that we can continue as long as we separate boys and girls. The day the Taliban took Kandahar, they planted three flags in the courtyard. My schools must be important, as they visited the very first day the Taliban took control. Our Women Learning Centers remain open as they primarily serve women. As of now, my staff is unharmed. We hope and pray this remains true. We have been told that Radio and TV Meraj are not to operate until we are given notice; we will wait for that instruction. We hope and pray that the Taliban wasn't lying when they told the world they did not intend to shut the schools, but our universities have already closed their doors to women and told them to go home. Burqa sales have tripled, as have the prices to purchase them. Women who lived through the Taliban before now go to purchase these garments, while the daughters raised under the American occupation throw them in their mothers' faces, refusing to wear them.   We are a nation at a crossroads, but AIL will do what AIL has always done. We will continue to educate and provide a safe space for children and women. We will continue to offer food, job training, and medical care for as long as we can remain in our facilities. When it is no longer possible to stay in those buildings, we will find new buildings and work there. Wherever we have schools now, we will have schools next week, next month, or next year. AIL was started in secret, and it will continue in secret if it must. While we are afraid, we will not be defeated. Our mission remains the same. We will set up schools in every province, now that the worst has come. We know what to expect. We know the Taliban very well. There is no question of how they operate or what they expect. We know how to manage them, and we will act accordingly. Letter after letter, phone call after phone call, came in this weekend asking how you can help. We need humanitarian supplies. The refugee situation we updated you with last week and the week before has only deteriorated. We have 300,000 internal refugees and 80,000 children who are without shelter and food. Where we were short of supplies, now we are out. Those in need are overwhelming us. Aid agencies have left with the Americans. AIL will not be leaving, so we will expand our facilities to help those who lost everything, including their homes, in the fighting. We need dry milk, clothes, school supplies, medicine, hygiene items, and since Covid is still present, soap and sanitizers are critical. Many of you have asked what else you can do, and to that, I say to contact the UN and government officials and tell them you want them to use every possible tool they have to protect our women and girls through diplomatic means. Sanction Pakistan for their invasion of my country, and pray for the safety of my people.   Our democracy may have fallen for now. Ideas do not disappear so easily. One cannot kill whispers on the wind. The Taliban cannot crush a dream. We will prevail, even if it takes longer than we wanted it to. Much love to you all,Dr. Sakena YacoobiHow you can help AfghanistanDonate to AILhttps://www.afghaninstituteoflearning.org/how-to-donate.htmlEmail the White Househttps://www.whitehouse.gov/contact/Email Number 10 Downing Streethttps://email.number10.gov.uk/Request Peacekeepershttps://peacekeeping.un.org/en/contactInternational Committee of the Red Crosshttps://www.icrc.org/en/contact

Announcement ‘Maestro of humanity’: 2017 Sunhak Peace Prize Laureate Gino Strada dies at 73

Beloved and respected by humanitarians around the world,Dr. Gino Strada died on August 13 at the age of 73.He was the founder of the medical-aid NGO, EMERGENCY. As a surgeon, he devoted his life to healing those in need.  He saw healthcare as a human right.In 2017 Dr. Strada was awarded the Sunhak Peace Prize  in recognition of his lifelong humanitarian work, saving millions of people suffering in conflict areas around the world.EMERGENCY has treated over 11 million people in 19 countries since 1994.It currently operates in Afghanistan, Eritrea, Iraq, Italy, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda, and Yemen.His commitment to healing was unchanging and he spoke out passionately on behalf of those who suffer, saying, "If any human being is suffering at this moment, if they are ill or hungry, this regards all of us,because ignoring a person's suffering is always an act of violence and one of the most cowardly".His noble love of humanity will remain a warm seed in our hearts. His life has been a blessing to this world.We love you Gino.

Peace Issue Solution for the ‘Three planetary crises’

ㅡ Solution for the ‘Three planetary crises’  ㅡ "Fundamentally, the pandemic is a warning from the planet that unless we change our ways, much worse lies in store.  It is a warning that we must finally get on top of the three planetary crises that threaten our collective future : the climate crisis, the biodiversity and nature crisis, and the pollution and waste crisis...Without strong science that travels,  we cannot influence unsustainable consumption and production patterns that underpin the three planetary crises." António Guterres, UN Secretary-General  What do you think is the key to overcoming the pandemic? Are masks, hand sanitizers, vaccines, and treatments enough?  The answer is no! Scientists warn that if humanity does not address the root cause, another pandemic could follow after COVID-19. It was our 'normal' that led us to the pandemic. The Pandemic began when the humans destroyed the natural habitat of the wild animals, which led to these animals invading the habitat of the humans. If we do not change our ‘normal’ that destroys nature, the new pandemic will continue to attack humanity. This epidemic is a warning that humanity must change the path they have created by 180 degrees. It is a warning that the three planetary crises, the climate crisis, the biodiversity and nature crisis, and the pollution and waste crisis, will threaten our collective future. On April 27th,  the UN Environment Management Group (EMG) held an online conference on the 'Defining Green Recovery.' At this conference, there was a heated discussion of using 'green recovery' to overcome COVID-19, which brought instability in the life and economy of the world. At this conference, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) released a report titled Making Peace with Nature, which presented a blueprint for the scientific foundation for reporting the global environment. The below are the key points from this conference Click the link to download the ‘Making Peace with Nature’ report. Making Peace With Nature | UNEP - UN Environment Programme ㅡ Crisis 1: Climate Change ㅡ △ Samburu, Kenya, January 2020: Due to global warming, the sudden growth of the grasshopper population is plaguing herds of African elephants. Global warming is the biggest disaster in human history. The effects of global warming are easy to see around us. The 2020 Atlantic Hurricane, with 30 typhoons, was the most severe hurricane ever recorded. Currently, 2 billion people live under the stress of water scarcity. Wildfires, floods, and droughts are so common today that they are no longer the big news. Last year, a swarm of grasshoppers in Africa crossed the Red Sea and struck Iran and Pakistan in the Middle East, and then advanced to the grain fields of South America such as Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil, causing the worst damage to farms in 23 countries in 70 years. Drinking water pollution due to climate change is also a difficult situation. An additional 1.8 million people are expected to die from contaminated water, and there are many displaced people due to this issue, of which women account for 80%. The recent global warming is heading towards a more complex situation. Despite the decrease in carbon dioxide emissions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, global warming continues and is expected to increase by 3 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrialization within the 21st century. ㅡ Crisis 2: Biodiversity and Nature ㅡ The next thing that threatens human existence is biodiversity and nature crises. Biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate. Of 7.8 million species, more than 1 million plants and animals are projected to become extinct each year. Humans have altered 75% of the terrestrial surface and 66% of the marine area. Decreased biodiversity doesn't just mean pretty grass and butterflies are gone. It is a complex problem that turns the entire ecosystem upside down. When biodiversity declines, the foundations of what makes well-being possible, such as food, water, temperature control, economic growth, etc., are shaken while degrading ecosystems. ㅡ Crisis 3: Pollution and Waste ㅡ Pollution and waste are the 'toxic traces' we have left as we grow our economy. Every year, pollution causes millions of premature deaths. Due to climate change and ecosystem destruction, pollution-related diseases are expected to increase significantly, and approximately 9 million humans are expected to die prematurely every year. About a third of all rivers in Latin America, Africa, and Asia suffer from severe pollution. Every year we throw away 50 million tons of e-waste, roughly equal to the weight of all commercial airliners ever made. ㅡ Peace with Nature is the defining task of the 21st Century ㅡ We already knew about all these issues. But the unfortunate fact is that we didn't act enough to solve the problem. We have already set the international agreement, such as the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement, and the globally agreed goals on biodiversity; however, it was not implemented properly.  Now, the age of promise must change into an age of action. Achieving peace with nature is a decisive task in the 21st century. How can this be achieved? There is a need for a transition to a more sustainable pattern. If humanity has been living in an unsustainable production and consumption system, it is time to switch to a sustainable production and consumption system. ㅡ 1st point to address the planetary crises: economy and business. ㅡ Have you ever abandoned a product that is still usable today and bought a new, more attractive version of the product? That is unsustainable consumption and the main culprit that makes the planet sick. In line with the pace of change in modern society, companies are constantly releasing upgraded versions of products, and many people do not hesitate to discard old items to buy new ones. Eventually, this leads to environmental destruction. Now, there is a desperate need for a new economy and business that will make humanity prosper without compromising the value of nature. Companies should operate the production process in consideration of various factors such as pursuing high energy efficiency, eliminating the use of toxic chemicals, extending the life of products, improving product recyclability, reducing the number of harmful substances emitted during disposal, and respecting workers. Biodiversity and natural restoration can also be substantial economic opportunities. Overall, the business opportunity to transform food, land, and ocean use systems is said to generate additional revenues or cost savings of $3.6 trillion by 2030 while creating 191 million new jobs. ㅡ 2nd point to address the planetary crises: governance ㅡ Five years ago, countries signed the historic Paris Agreement to limit global warming this century to below 2 degrees Celsius and pursue 1.5 degrees. What is the outcome after five years? Greenhouse gas emissions have temporarily decreased due to the economic downturn caused by the pandemic, but there is no significant difference in long-term temperature. To achieve the 2 degrees Celsius target, a challenge remains to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by a third by 2030. The same goes for biodiversity. Governments in each country pledged in 2010 to achieve their biodiversity targets by 2020. However, like the Paris Agreement, it was not implemented as well. Each country needs to develop concrete implementation plans and take international action before it's too late. In addition to fulfilling the agreed international commitments, we must invest in a 'green recovery' to overcome the pandemic. According to a recent report published by UNEP, if green recovery funds are wisely invested in technological innovations such as renewable energy, carbon dioxide emissions could be reduced by 25% in 2030. ㅡ 3rd point to address the planetary crises: personal responsibility ㅡ Your little choice today can heal the planet. "The fact is that if you live in the developed world, you impact planetary health," said the UNEP Executive Director, Inger Anderson, as she pointed out that about two-thirds of the world's carbon dioxide emissions are linked to private households. Most of us already know what we need to do to save our planet. There are answers to trivial everyday life, from reducing disposable plastics to lessening food waste to save energy. We need to change our minds so that our little choices become sustainable choices. The responsibility lies with all of us. Two-thirds of all greenhouse gas emissions are related to private households, and the planet is at risk as demand for food and materials increases. Right now we require 1.6 Earths to maintain the current population and living standards, both of which are rising. ㅡ Building  a peaceful and inclusive relationship with nature ㅡ To overcome the crisis on our planet, all of humanity must change the way we think about the environment. A peaceful yet inclusive relationship between mankind and nature must be reestablished. Changing our mindset is very difficult. But we can and must do it. COVID-19 has shown how fast we can change our habits when we have to. Bold leadership, scientific innovation, dedicated global fundraising, and lifestyle changes have brought us to the point of developing a vaccine and breaking out of the pandemic in a year. Now we have to change the way we think about nature. Not forgetting that the cause of the pandemic was the 'destruction of nature,' a shift in the mindset of peaceful and inclusive perception of nature is necessary. Humanity must overcome the pandemic's wounds with a 'green recovery' and once again create bold leadership, scientific innovation, global fundraising, and lifestyle changes.

Peace Issue Disaster drives inequality, inequality prevents peace

△ Delhi, India, May 2020. Children from slums in India await a charity food distribution. Disasters accelerate inequality.  The adverse conditions facing the vulnerable are exacerbated by disasters, making it harder to overcome those conditions. This is the case for the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic had a significant impact worldwide, but its damage is more lethal to the poor. According to the 2020 UNDP report, the world is experiencing a decline in education, health, and living standards for the first time since 1990. All these declines began with the global epidemic of COVID-19 and are widely observed in all world regions. The economic contraction caused by the quarantine measures severely hit the lives of vulnerable groups such as residents of underdeveloped countries, low-income groups, women, and the disabled. UN Secretary-General Antonius Guterchs criticized the reality of global inequality exacerbated by COVID-19: "COVID-19 has been likened to an x-ray, revealing fractures in the fragile skeleton of the societies we have built.  It is exposing fallacies and falsehoods everywhere. The lie that free markets can deliver healthcare for all; The fiction that unpaid care work is not work; The delusion that we live in a post-racist world; The myth that we are all in the same boat.  While we are all floating on the same sea, it’s clear that some are in superyachts, while others are clinging to the drifting debris." ㅡ The face of global inequality revealed by Covid 19 ㅡ As the pandemic is prolonged, inequality in global income and assets is intensifying. The government's fiscal rescue packages support the wealthy industries, while the livelihood of the vulnerable, who have lost their job due to the blockade, is worsening. In February 2021, Oxfam, an international aid organization, pointed out in a report called The Inequality Virus that “the world is witnessing the largest increase in inequality in history due to COVID-19”. ○ COVID-19 is an inequality virus: The rich and middle class were able to choose various responses to overcome the epidemic, but many of the poor and the vulnerable had to face a harsh reality with no options. According to The Inequality Virus Report, the top 1,000 billionaires, dubbed ‘Mega-Rich,’ took only nine months to recover their wealth to their pre-pandemic highs. In contrast, the world's poorest people will take more than ten years to recover. ○ Growing Poverty from COVID-19: Due to COVID-19, about 90 million people in low-income countries around the world are at risk of falling into poverty (International Monetary Fund report). If the inequality caused by the pandemic continues to the current level, it is predicted that the world's poor population will increase by about 500 million by 2030 (World Bank WB report). ○ Polarization Accelerated by Digitization and Automation: The COVID-19 contributes to the growing inequality, as the digital transformation of production and operations is accelerating. Increased automation and telecommuting further threaten the labor market of low-skilled, underpaid workers. The problem is, as the ‘new normal’ of the COVID-19 era, such as working from home, is settled, jobs for low-skilled workers are expected to decrease significantly even after the pandemic. ㅡ Inequality leads to angerAnger leads to social anxiety ㅡ “ This is not just a protest against an increase in subway fares,  it is an expression of years of repression,  primarily targeting the poorest people. ” △ Bogota, Colombia, May 2021: The protests that began in opposition to the Colombian government's tax reform proposal have continued despite President Iván Duque's decision to withdraw the reform bill. From the spark of anger and discontent formed over poverty and inequality on May 10, 2021, protests continue to spread in Columbia. The start of the protest was the government's tax reform plan. The government proposed a tax reform plan to increase the tax burden from those with a monthly salary of about $650 per month, only three times the minimum wage, which created a backlash from the middle and low-income class.  Protesters were angered that the government was only targeting the middle and low-income citizens rather than the wealthy. The protest was also the repressed anger over poverty and inequality that COVID-19 has deepened. In 2019, massive protests took place in Ecuador, Chile, Lebanon, and Spain as well. The causes, methods, and goals are all different, but the common thing that drives people into the streets is inequality; many protesters have long been isolated from the state's wealth. Protests in Ecuador began when the government announced it would abolish fuel subsidies, and in Chile, higher bus and subway fares sparked protests. Chile is one of the wealthiest countries in Latin America, but it is also the most unequal. Chile has the lowest income equality among the 36 member states of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). On the day when protesters and security forces clashed in Chile, Chilean President Sebastián Piñera was spotted eating in a high-end Italian restaurant, which angered the civilian. A student at the protest told the media that "This is not just a protest against an increase in subway fares, it is an expression of years of repression, primarily targeting the poorest people." The situation in Chile, which has spread to anti-government protests, is an important event that shows the growing gap between the rich and the poor and economic inequality. Not only in Chile, but around the world, the gap between the rich and the poor has become a spark that arouses social unrest. ㅡ Only the wealth of the rich continues to grow. ㅡ Oxfam International, which aids over 100 countries worldwide, publishes an inequality report every year at the Davos World Economic Forum, which brings together the world's wealthiest and most influential people. In a January 2020 report, Oxfam diagnosed global inequality as 'out of control' due to the biased economic system that excludes women while billionaires accumulate more wealth. Click the link below to download the Oxfam Inequality Report. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620928/bp-time-to-care-inequality-200120-en.pdf The Oxfam report released in 2020 accused the government of exacerbating inequality by not securing sufficient resources for public services such as healthcare and education, imposing low taxes on businesses and the wealthy, and failing to prevent tax evasion adequately. ○ The wealth of the top 1% billionaires, twice the wealth of 6.9 billion people: The world's richest 1% has more than twice the wealth of the 6.9 billion people. ○ The top 1% of billionaires’ consistently accruing wealth: In 1980, the wealthiest 1% of the global village accounted for 16% of global income, and the bottom 50% accounted for 8%. In 2016, the top 1% accounted for 22% of global income, and the bottom 50% accounted for 10%. If the wealth trend accelerates, the top 1%'s income share is expected to increase by nearly 39% by 2050. ○ Half of the world's population lives on less than 5 dollars and 50 cents per day: 3.4 billion people, half of the world's population, live on less than 5 dollars and 50 cents per day. ○ The mortality rate before age 5 in the poorest countries, three times the mortality rate before age 5 in rich countries: The mortality rate of children before the age of 5 in the world's poorest countries (bottom 20%) is three times the mortality rate for children before age 5 in the world's wealthiest countries (top 5%). ○ Women's income is 1/2 of men's income: Up to 30% of the global income inequality index comes from inequality between women and men. Women are earning less than 50% of the median income than men (ranking all households in a country in order of income and then making exactly the middle household as median income). ○ Women's unpaid housework hours are twice as much as men's: Worldwide, women spend twice as much time on unpaid domestic work than men. The economic value of women's unpaid domestic work is $1.08 trillion per year. This is a major contributor to women's precarious jobs and low-income levels. ㅡ Why does inequality arise? ㅡ Poverty can result from an individual's lack of competence, but it is also the result of social, political, and structural inequality, such as inadequate welfare systems, corruption, and unequal trade structures. Therefore, a holistic approach from a political and social context and a global perspective must be made to solve global inequality. ○ Unstable Politics: War destroys all infrastructure in the country, causes a shortage of labor, and slows investment and business activities if it persists. In addition, when the government cannot fulfill its role due to political conflict, the country faces financial difficulties from reduced domestic and foreign investment and various economic activities. In countries with high levels of corruption and crime, finances are not properly spent on public infrastructure, education, medical care, pensions, and social security, resulting in corruption. Corruption leads ○ to Corruption and Lack of Welfare: a deterioration in the quality of life of the people, loss of the driving force for economic development, and eventually leads to poverty. ○ Poor economic structure: The economic structure of rich countries is based on industries that can generate high profits. For example, developed countries in the United States and Europe are based on the IT industry or the patented pharmaceutical industry. On the other hand, poorer countries depend on the agricultural economy, making it difficult to generate high profits compared to its investment. ○ Low level of education: When countries with low levels of education are immersed in primary industries, advanced countries equipped with labor and skills through high-level education stand out in capital-intensive fields, and the economic gap between these two groups is widened. Without universal and systematic education, technological development and creative economic activities cannot be induced. ㅡ The key to resolving inequality isfairness and inclusion ㅡ The wealth we enjoy comes from someone who worked hard somewhere. Therefore, everyone who participates in the economic system must be inclusive.To become a better world, human-centered logic, rather than the logic of capital, should be the basis of the economy. If the profits of business and society are more evenly distributed to all citizens and a sustainable working environment is created, will inequality not be resolved little by little?○ Fair and inclusive policy: Global poverty has decreased due to the international community's efforts, but the gap between rich and poor has widened. Rather than focusing solely on economic growth, fair and inclusive policies such as education and health care for everyone needs to develop.○ Fair tax system: Active taxation of the wealthiest is the essential solution to addressing economic inequality. Increasing the tax rate mainly to the rich, such as progressive income tax and inheritance tax, is critical in addressing inequality. ○ Basic Income guarantee: As the economic gap widens, labor productivity and consumption demand of the low-income class decline. This, in turn, leads to a hindrance to economic growth in a society. In order to provide a fair and inclusive life, a policy is required to guarantee the basic income of low-income families and introduce the maximum wage system (a system that designates the upper limit to how much a high-income individual can earn).

Press Release “The Sunhak Peace Prize Committee is accepting nominations for the 5th Sunhak Peace Prize”

● Nominations may be submitted up until July 31, 2021The Sunhak Peace Prize honors distinguished individuals or organizations that have contributed significantly to peace and to the welfare of future generations. In particular, the Committee considers three core areas of accomplishment in the evaluation of candidates: Sustainable Human Development, Conflict Resolution, and Ecological Conservation. Sunhak laureates are selected biannually by an international committee, and receive an award in the amount of $1,000,000. Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon founded the Sunhak Peace Prize to continue the legacy and vision of her late husband, Rev. Dr. Sun Myung Moon, who founded the Universal Peace Federation and dedicated his life to the promotion of peace, seeking to build a world where all people live together in harmony. The inaugural award was given in 2015. The 5th Award Ceremony will take place in 2022.   Criteria for Evaluation of Nominees: - Contributions to the areas such as sustainable human development, conflict resolution, or ecological conservation - Improving the quality of life of people from diverse nations, races, religions and cultures for the sake of peace   Nominators are to complete the candidate nomination form, along with relevant supporting material, detailing the candidate's achievements. The nomination must be submitted to the Sunhak Peace Prize Secretariat by July 31, 2021. The prize committee will decide on the final Sunhak Peace Prize Laureate(s) in December 2021. The official announcement will be made soon thereafter. The Award Ceremony will be held in April 2022, in South Korea. The nomination form can be downloaded from the official website (sunhakpeaceprize.org).   The first Sunhak Peace Prize in 2015 was awarded to Mr. Anote Tong, former President of Kiribati, for his efforts to raise awareness of climate change and rising sea levels; and, Dr. Modadugu Vijay Gupta, who increased the productivity of fisheries through the development of aquaculture methods. The second award in 2017, which focused on the global refugee crisis, was given to Italian surgeon Dr. Gino Strada, and to educator Dr. Sakena Yacoobi. The laureates of the third award in 2019, which focused on peace and development in Africa, were Dr. Akinwumi Adesina, President of the African Development Bank, and Waris Dirie, founder of Desert Flower Foundation. The 2020 Sunhak Peace Prize was awarded to President Macky Sall of the Republic of Senegal and Bishop Munib A. Younan, the International Honorary President of Religions for Peace. Marking the centenary of the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, a special Founders' Centenary Award was presented to former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.   Contact: Sunhak Peace Prize Committee Secretariat sunhakpeaceprize@gmail.com TEL: +82-2-3278-5158, FAX: +82-02-3278-5198 Source: The Sunhak Peace Prize Committee

Peace Issue 135.6 years. The time it takes to reach equality between men and women.

ㅡ 135.6 years.  The time it takes to reach equality between men and women. ㅡ   How big is the gap between the positions of men and women? According to the “Global Gender Gap Report 2021” report released by the World Economy Forum (WEF) in March, it will take 135.6 years to become a world where men and women are equal. The same report in 2019 predicted that it would take about 95 years if it had followed the same trend from then, but 36 more years were added to the current prediction due to the pandemic. In other words, the pandemic has delayed the progression of women obtaining their rights by a few decades.  The 'Global Gender Gap Report,’ released every year at the World Economic Forum, is a detailed analysis of gender gaps in politics, economy, education, and health in 156 countries worldwide, and is an important criterion for understanding the degree of gender inequality in each country. ㅡ Greater gender inequality with pandemic ㅡ   Why did the pandemic have a bigger impact on women? The reason is that the areas where women work are mainly affected by the austerity economy. Many women around the world are engaged in services, such as restaurants, factories, and hotels, which usually require face-to-face interaction with others. From following the quarantine measures, such as blockade and curfew, the significant increase in women spending more time at home has also increased the women's burden on housework, childcare, and eldercare, which worsened gender inequality. During the pandemic, gender inequality increased even in the United States, a developed country. In the U.S., a total of 140,000 jobs were lost compared to early December 2020, while women lost 156,000 jobs, men gained 16,000. Of course, many American men were also unemployed because of the pandemic. However, when the unemployment rate is divided by gender, men are far ahead of women. As a result, compared to the pre-pandemic, from February, women's jobs decreased by about 5.4 million, and men's jobs decreased by about 4.4 million.  ㅡ Violence against women isShadow Pandemic ㅡ   △ In the time between January to October 2020, 91 women in Italy were killed from violence. The photo shows Italians protesting against Gender-based Violence on the 'International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women' in November 2019. The pandemic also increased violence against women. As the time spent at home increased due to Covid 19, violence against women has increased significantly around the world. In addition to the virus, the “shadow pandemic” of violence against women is spreading. The UN warned that violence against women is also becoming a “pandemic” due to the Covid 19 pandemic. According to UN Women's Organization CEO Jail Le Mram Boung Kuka, 245 million women experienced sexual and physical violence from their partners in 2020 alone. Domestic violence, cyberbullying, child marriage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence increased in 2021 as well.  A sad report was also published in Italy that 91 women were killed between January to the end of October 2020. Approximately one woman was killed every three days; 81 women were killed by family members, and 56 were victims of boyfriends. In December 2020, when Italy's tragic report became known, rallies and silent protests followed around the world. Participants at the rally raised their voices that the number of women suffering from domestic violence increased sharply as a blockade was imposed due to the Covid 19 outbreak. ㅡ Gender equality indexIceland at No. 1Afghanistan is last ㅡ   △ The World Economic Forum publishes the “Global Gender Gap Report” every year. Click the link to view the report.  https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021/digest According to the report “Global Gender Gap Report 2021,” the country with the highest gender equality index was Iceland, followed by Finland, Norway, New Zealand, Sweden, Namibia, and Rwanda. Iceland has held the No. 1 position in gender equality in this report for 12 consecutive times.  △ According to the report “Global Gender Gap Report 2021,” the country with the highest gender equality index was Iceland, followed by Finland, Norway, New Zealand, Sweden, Namibia, and Rwanda. What is Iceland's #1 secret? This is due to the low burden of child-rearing and housekeeping for women. Iceland was also said to have had severe gender inequality until the 1980s. However, in 1975, women held a general strike to overcome gender discrimination at work and in housework, which led to changes by making men aware of the importance of parenting and housekeeping. After the general strike, Iceland allocated 40% of its lawmakers and ministers to women in a political agreement to equalize the gender ratio. In 2013, a law was passed that gives 40% of corporate board members to women. Currently, Iceland has twice as many female college graduates as men and is the world's number one female graduate in science and technology. Women's participation rate in economic activity is 88%, which is the No. 1 in the OECD.   △ Afghan women are in the least gender-equal country in the world. An Afghan woman wears a cover-up burka and holds a child. Meanwhile, Afghanistan ranked 156th, ranking last among the countries surveyed. Women in Afghanistan are at the extreme opposite of those in Iceland. In Afghanistan, parenting and sharing of household chores are entirely up to women, and both women's education and social advancement are blocked. South Asia, with India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan, was the most severe in gender inequality in each region of the world. South Asia took 195.4 years to achieve gender equality, followed by East Asia (165.1 years), which included South Korea, China, and Japan, longer than the Middle East and North Africa (142.4 years). ㅡ What hinders gender equality? ㅡ The United Nations Women ranked the most impeding factors for gender equality in February. Click the link to download the “Report on the Results of the Survey from the Perspective of Key Stakeholders in the Next Generation Strategic Plan (2022-2025)”. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2021/02/key-stakeholders-perspectives-for-un-womens-next-strategic-plan 1. Implementing existing laws and policies in an inappropriate way (64%) 2. Insufficient female representatives in the positions of second-place decision-makers and leaders (60%) 3. Firm discrimination, threatening attitude, and negative social norms (53%) 4. Insufficient influence of the obligatory agency that enforces gender equality (51%) 5. Gender inequality in the economy sector (51%) 6. Chronic lack of gender equality and women's autonomy in the workplace (46%) ㅡ Post-Pandemic,As an opportunity to restore global gender equality! ㅡ   Women's employment must increase if we want a dynamic economy of the future. Perhaps the “Post Pandemic” economic recovery initiative could be a new opportunity to solidify gender equality. At this point in the post-pandemic contemplation, we need to complement the system that prohibits discrimination in employment and promotion and more additional education for women. It is also necessary to change a culture in which domestic work such as child-rearing and elderly care is too dependent on women. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen legislation to eradicate sexual violence that is taking place around the world.

Peace Issue Zero hunger! For a world without hungry people

Satisfying hunger through meals is an act of survival as well as a most basic and important human right. However, even in this day of abundance, approximately 9 percent of the world’s population of about 700 million people are suffering from hunger. That number is increasing by more than 10 million people every year.  Why does this happen?  ㅡ Food security means having access to sufficient food ㅡ Food self-sufficiency is decreasing worldwide. A major cause is that after the industrial revolution, industries moved from primary to secondary and tertiary industries, reducing agricultural area and labor worldwide. As a result, the food self-sufficiency rate has dropped dramatically in many countries as they started to depend on imported foods. The high dependence on foreign countries’ food export will be fatal if the exporting country decides not to export food. As each country’s food self-sufficiency drops, food security can become a national security issue. Food security means, that a country must always maintain an adequate food supply for its people even during special circumstances such as population growth, natural disasters, and war. After the 2008 global food crisis, food security became an even more important issue for the international society. A global recession started following the financial crisis that began in the United States in 2007, and global food prices surged over the next two years.  The surge in food prices had a fatal impact especially on developing countries in Asia and Africa, and food riots broke out in more than 40 countries around the world. Those who could not buy food due to the high food prices in countries such as Algeria, Mexico, the Philippines, Haiti, and Egypt protested the government. Food had caused national security to be weakened.    △ On October 8, 2017, the Rohingya people are reaching out to grab free bread held out by a man in Bangladesh.  ㅡ Reasons food crises occur ㅡ Food security occurs due to the intertwining of multiple causes.  l Continuous increase in world population The world population exceeded 3 billion in the 1960s, and since then, it has steadily increased by about 1 billion every 10 years, surpassing 7.8 billion in 2020. If this trend continues, the world population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050. The top countries contributing to the growth in the world’s population are mostly developing countries in Asia and Africa, which are also the most vulnerable countries in terms of food security. l Weather variation and water shortage Over the past 100 years, the Earth’s temperature rose by about 1℃. If the use of fossil fuels continues at the current pace, the average global temperature is expected to rise by about 6.4℃ at the end of this century. Given the climate-dependent nature of agriculture, climate change is taking a heavy toll on crop growth, with increasing uncertainty in agricultural production due to frequent floods, droughts, massive typhoons, and tidal waves. l Increase in meat consumption The global community has become a fan of delicious meat and dairy products, and now consumes a huge amount of meat. The increase in meat consumption leads to a higher demand for grain. About 7~8 kilograms of grain are needed to produce 1 kilogram of beef. The consumption of grain as animal feed accounts for more than 40% of the world’s grain production. l Increase in biofuel usage Bioethanol is a fuel made by fermenting starch crops such as sugar cane, wheat, corn, potatoes, and barley that is used as a fuel additive in vehicles. Producing enough bioethanol for a medium-sized car requires an amount of corn a person can eat for a year. As a huge amount of corn gets used to produce bioethanol, the amount available for human consumption will inevitably decrease.  ㅡ If grain prices rise, commodity prices also rise ㅡ The price of grains such as wheat and soybeans rose to 2 to 3 times higher in 2008. The rise in food prices led to a rise in commodity prices, which further led to global inflation. Such a phenomenon is called agflation. The global economy is greatly intertwined, and so an economic crisis and inflation that start in one country can have a great impact on other countries.   What is agflation? Agflation is a new term that combines the terms agriculture and inflation to describe the phenomenon of commodity prices rising due to the rise in grain prices.  This term was first introduced in the magazine Economist and has been widely used since then.  Food insecurity due to agflation has led to riots and national crises in countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Egypt, Mexico, and Haiti. The issue of food security has become much more important than before.  ㅡ 28 of the 48 countries in Africa are in a state of severe food insecurity  ㅡ   △ Children are receiving food distribution at a school in Rusinga, Kenya, October 23, 2016 How serious is the hunger problem? The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at global, regional, and national levels. It measures a country’s state of hunger on a 100-point scale. A GHI score of zero means that a country has no undernourished person in its population. A GHI score of 100 means that a country’s entire population is experience hunger.  According to the 2020 Global Hunger Index report, the worldwide GHI score was 18.2, down from a 2000 GHI score of 28.2. Also, of the 48 countries in Africa, 28 countries are at a serious level of hunger and 8 countries are at an alarming level of hunger. In other words, 75% of the countries in Africa are experiencing a serious level of hunger.   ㅡ International efforts for food security ㅡ The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2 is to bring the number of people who suffer from hunger to zero. As a foremost goal, the UN is working towards zero hunger.    The World Food Programme (WFP) is the world’s humanitarian organization focused on emergency relief, relief and reconstruction projects, and special response projects aimed at achieving zero hunger where no one suffers from a lack of food. The WFP is providing critical humanitarian aid to fight hunger at a time when the logistical flow of supplies has been blocked due to the spreading of COVID-19. What is the World Food Programme? Established in 1961, the WFP is the largest humanitarian organization focused on eradicating hunger through food assistance. The WFP, which operates offices in more than 80 countries around the world, helps nearly 100 million poor people in 88 countries each year. Currently, there are 36 State Members in the WFP’s Executive Board. The Republic of Korea has been participating as a board member since 2011. The WFP was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas, and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict." The Nobel Committee, in selecting the WFP for the Nobel Peace Prize, said, "Until the day we have a medical vaccine, food is the best vaccine against chaos."   Among the Sunhak Peace Prize laureates, Dr. Modadugu Gupta, the co-recipient of the inaugural Sunhak Peace Prize in 2015, has also dedicated himself to combating the global food crisis.  Dr. Modadugu Gupta is a fisheries scientist who dramatically increased fish production and laid the foundation for the Blue Revolution. Risking his life to work in conflict areas, Dr. Gupta developed low-cost aquaculture technology that has emerged as a possible solution to address the looming food crisis due to population increase and climate change-induced rise in food price ㅡ Food security can be strengthened through alternative foods and agricultural innovation ㅡ Through efforts to attain a stable food supply, there have been impressive developments in alternative foods and agricultural technology. The price of lab-grown meat obtained by indefinitely multiplying meat muscle cells has decreased significantly since its first introduction, and lab-grown meat is expected to become widely available. Also, plant-based meat and edible insects are rising as an alternative food due to their high productivity and high-quality protein content.  New agricultural technology is also developing. A vertical farm uses urban high-rise buildings as agricultural land and can artificially control all conditions that affect farming (temperature, humidity, light, water, etc.) so that crops can be produced year-round regardless of the weather.  Digital agriculture, which increases agricultural productivity by using technologies such as the internet of things, drones, and satellites, is also growing rapidly. By using drones and satellites to check the cultivation process and situation in real-time, a supply and demand plan can be made for the cops. These technologies can also be used to determine the appropriate time to use pesticides. By using less water and less pesticide through such technology, it will be possible to produce higher price agricultural products at lower costs. Securing a stable supply of food has been an important and long-standing task for humanity since human history began. Having food to eat at each meal to avoid hunger is not only an act that satisfies a basic human need but also a basic human right. Despite remarkable scientific advancement, two billion people around the world are still struggling to secure food. The global community needs to work together to solve the food crisis.  ㅡ We need to create a world where no one is hungry  ㅡ

Peace Issue As the world gets smaller, we need to become global citizens who solve global challenges together

We live in a large village called the Earth. Thanks to the rapid development in transportation and communication, we can fly to the other side of the Earth in one day and hear news from all around the world in real-time. As countries worldwide influence each other in various areas including politics, economics, society, culture, and science, the world is becoming a single community.  However, as interdependence increases across the globe, many problems arising from such globalization are deepening. Climate change, pandemics, refugee crises, and other global problems all require international cooperation. The need for legal and institutional regulations that apply beyond national boundaries is becoming urgent and solving these global problems require an expansion of our perspectives beyond national borders.  ㅡ In the age of globalization, we are already global citizens ㅡ   We live in a globalized world and are impacted by the effects of globalization. Therefore, we are already all global citizens. Furthermore, we need to be aware of the common problems that the Earth as a single community is facing and work together to solve them. Such efforts are not only for the Earth but for all individuals that are members of the global community.  Let’s look at the definition of global citizenship. First, let’s look at the definition of a citizen. A citizen refers to a person who, as a member of a democratic society, has political rights and voluntarily and actively participates in national policy decisions. Following this definition, we can understand global citizens by extending the concept of nation that defines a citizen to the world. In other words, a global citizen refers to a person who, based on an awareness of the community, takes interest in the various global problems and actively works to solve them to create a peaceful global village. A global citizen does not reject other people based on their religion, race, or nationality and takes a continuous interest in solving the challenges faced by the global village. Someone with global citizenship understands their identity to extend beyond the family and nation to the entire world and actively participates to solve global issues by fostering a sense of morality, inclusion, and other characteristics.    △ In November 2015, Syrian refugees arrived on the beach of Lesbos Island, Greece. A volunteer from Europe is helping the refugees who are full of fear and pain. Living in a globalized era, we must come together in solidarity.  ㅡ Global citizenship is the attitude of accepting differences and trying to solve global challenges together ㅡ What attitude should global citizens have? A global citizen does not reject other people based on their religion, race, or nationality and takes a continuous interest in solving the challenges faced by the global village.  This is called global citizenship. In other words, global citizenship refers to recognizing oneself not simply as a citizen of one country but as a member of the global community and taking responsibility and authority as a global citizen.   △ Internationally known youth environmentalist Greta Thunberg demonstrates together with other youths at the Bristol Youth Strike 4 Climate (BYS4C) on February 28, 2020. Important values that global citizens should possess l Human rights Human rights are rights that every person should enjoy as a human being. Regardless of race, religion, ethnicity, level of wealth, everyone’s human rights should be respected.  l Interdependence People from all regions of the world are in an interdependent relationship. We need to understand that all events - economic, environmental, cultural, social, and political – that occur across the world have an impact on us and that our actions also impact the world. l Diversity  A necessary condition for diverse people to co-exist peacefully is acceptance and respect for what is different. We need to accept differences in race and religion; social, historical, and political background; language, and culture; and throw away stereotypes and prejudice and be open to diversity.  l Sustainability Sustainability refers to human beings having a long-term outlook and not destroying the natural resources for short-term growth. In other words, it refers to developing while maintaining harmony with nature. Attitudes global citizens should take l Empathy toward others The human rights of all people should not be violated for reasons of race, gender, regional characteristics, religion, economic hardship, and others. Global citizens should look after the hardships of our neighbors in the global village whose human rights have been violated and have empathy towards them. l Respect for what is different Global citizens should respect differences among each other and accept cultural diversity. l Critical and creative thinking Global citizens should analyze the cause and effect of phenomena that occur in the global village and think about how to eliminate the cause and creatively solve the problem. l Action-oriented Once a problem is identified and the solution is found, action is required. Using the developed communication systems available, global citizens should listen to what is happening around the world, form an opinion and take action. ㅡ Global challenges that require joint efforts of global citizens ㅡ At the UN General Assembly in 2015, 17 common goals for humanity were agreed upon to be achieved by 2030. Under the slogan, “Leave no one behind,” the Sustainable Development Goals propose the direction humanity should take in the five areas of people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership. The 17 goals are composed of 169 more specific goals. l Seventeen goals for a better world   1. No poverty 2. Zero hunger 3. Good health and well-being 4. Quality education 5. Gender equality 6. Clean water and sanitation 7. Affordable and clean energy 8. Decent work and economic growth 9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure 10. Reduced inequalities 11. Sustainable cities and communities 12. Responsible consumption and production 13. Climate action 14. Life below water 15. Life on land 16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions 17. Partnerships for the goals l No poverty Around the world, 1.3 billion people are living in absolute poverty (World Bank, 2012). These people in on less than $1.25 a day.  Despite rapid development that has raised the standard of living to its highest, the lives of 22.7% of the world's population suffer from poverty. Absolute poverty, in which survival is at stake due to lack of food and poor living conditions, is a problem that we all need to combine efforts to solve. l Zero hunger Currently, the world's malnourished population is about 800 million (10.7 percent). The United Nations aims to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2030, but its achievement is projected to be difficult. There is enough food in the world for everyone to eat. However, hundreds of millions of people suffer from hunger because production and distribution are uneven and do not take into consideration the poorest people.  Poverty and starvation are also the results of social, political, and structural inequality, such as the lack of proper welfare systems, corruption, and unequal trade structures. Therefore, solving the issues of hunger and food inequality requires a holistic approach within political and social contexts, and a solution must be sought from a global perspective. l Protection of the environment Pollutants produced by a country spread to the rest of the world through the atmosphere and currents. Yellow dust, fine dust, ship oil, and radioactive materials are some of the representative pollutants. These can lead to conflicts and disputes between countries. Since the start of the industrial revolution in the 18th century, fossil fuels used by humankind have been emitting greenhouse gases. An increase in greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere produced a warming effect, and the average temperature of the Earth has risen by about 0.8 degrees Celsius over the past 100 years as of 2020. As a result, glaciers have been reduced, sea levels have risen, and various weather anomalies and natural disasters are threatening the Earth's ecosystem. l Conflict and refugees To this day, conflicts between countries and ethnic groups are occurring in many parts of the world due to differences in religion, race, and culture. Regional conflicts that start in certain areas expand into wars between countries and even into indiscriminate terrorism that spreads fear globally. Recently, conflicts and friction have intensified due to religious fundamentalism or exclusive nationalism. The conflict between Palestine and Israel and the civil war in Syria are affecting neighboring countries. The number of forcibly displaced people worldwide who have lost their homes due to conflict and violence reached 79.5 million or 1 percent of the world’s population at the end of 2019 (UNHCR). This number is the highest since World War II. As conflicts in the Middle East and Africa intensified in the 21st century, the number of refugees has exploded. Many refugees die in the process of crossing an international border. In many countries, there are conflicting opinions regarding the acceptance of refugees leading to a crisis in how to deal with the refugee inflow. Peaceful coexistence with refugees is an important challenge in the 21st century.  ㅡ Urgent call for solidarity among global citizens in an age of pandemic ㅡ An unprecedented global epidemic has brought chaos to the entire global community. The World Health Organization officially declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. What's even scarier than a virus is indiscriminate hatred. The COVID-19 virus is creating hatred, discrimination, and unconditional exclusivism against China, where the first case occurred, Chinese people and other Asians. This exclusivist attitude adversely affects the path toward resolution of the pandemic, which requires international cooperation. COVID-19 cannot be overcome with nationalism. To overcome the pandemic, international cooperation and global solidarity are needed in developing vaccines and sharing quarantine best practices.  It should be recognized that the people who were already vulnerable, suffering from conflict, hunger, violence, and poverty before the pandemic, face an even more severe crisis, and greater attention and efforts need to be given to them.   ㅡ We must foster our global citizenship at a time when problems requiring international cooperation are increasing ㅡ

Peace Issue Female genital mutilation, a practice that needs to end

“The practice [of female genital mutilation] also violates a person's rights to health, security and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death.”   -World Health Organization- ㅡ At least 200 million girls and women alive today living in 31 countries have undergone FGM. An estimated 3 million girls are at risk of undergoing FGM every year. ㅡ Female genital mutilation refers to any procedure that involves partial or total damage to the external female genitalia or another injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons, usually carried out as a religious or traditional custom. The official name set by the World Health Organization (WHO) is “female genital mutilation” and is abbreviated as “FGM”. According to UN data, there are at least 200 million girls and women alive today who have undergone FGM, and an estimated 3 million girls are at risk of undergoing FGM every year.  FGM is carried out mostly in about 31 countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. It is estimated that 98% of women in Somalia, 97% in Guinea, 90% in Sierra Leone, 87% in Egypt, 83% in Eritrea, 74% in Ethiopia, 25% in Nigeria, 19% in Yemen, and 8% in Iraq were circumcised.  Recently, FGM has been introduced to Europe and American countries, as ethnic groups with FGM traditions have immigrated to Europe, United States, and South America.    Source: FGM Prevalence UNICEF (2016) ㅡ A 4,000-year-old practice – is it tradition or violence?  ㅡ FGM is seen as a practice that has been handed down from generation to generation in Africa for thousands of years. Although the exact origin is unknown, there are several conjectures. Three conjectures of the origin of FGM ① It has been performed for disease prevention, healthy sex life after marriage, and hygienic reasons.  ② It started as a form of sacrifice to a fertility god.  ③ It began as a rite of passage to becoming an adult or becoming an official member of a tribe or nation.   Reasons FGM is carried out ① Rite of passage to become an adult: Some societies believe that the clitoral gland of the female genitals are considered traces of men remaining in the female body, so women have to go through the FGM to become complete adults.  ② Premarital purity: Some societies believe that girls who go through FGM are more likely to keep their premarital purity and become virtuous women after marriage. In this regard, there is a perception that women who have not been circumcised are unreliable and unsophisticated. ③ Polygamic reasons: FGM is practiced mainly in African and Islamic cultures, where polygamy is common. It is said that since it is not easy for a husband to take care of several wives at once under polygamy, he conducts FGM as a method to manage his wives Girls and women who have undergone FGM have to live with physical side effects and complications throughout the rest of their lives. The procedure is accompanied by severe pain and bleeding. Most of the time, it is carried out without anesthesia. Furthermore, such pain can become a mental trauma causing the person to feel shame, loss, discouragement, and emotional anxiety for the rest of the person’s life.  By 2050, one-third of the world’s female population will be born in the 31 countries where FGM is still performed. This means that more than 500 million women will be exposed to the risk of FGM. In Somalia, where the proportion of women who experience FGM is high, the female population is estimated to double in 2050 compared to 2017, signifying that even more women will be affected by FGM. ㅡ Bringing FGM to the world’s attention  ㅡ   FGM was considered an African tradition until world-famous fashion model Waris Dirie, who had undergone FGM as a young girl growing up in Somalia, exposed its inhumane violence to Western society in 1997. Waris Dirie served as the United Nations Goodwill Ambassador for the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation from 1997 to 2003. During her tenure, she highlighted FGM as the most representative and symbolic international problem that suppresses women’s human rights. International efforts to eliminate FGM In 2003, the first lady of Nigeria, Mrs. Stella Obasanjo, officially declared “Zero Tolerance to FGM” in Africa during a conference organized by the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children.  Then in 2012, the UN General Assembly designated February 6th as the International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation. Centering on the UN, many international organizations are working to spread the awareness that FGM is not simply a matter of culture or tradition but inhumane violence and are taking the lead in efforts to legally ban FGM. To eliminate FGM, women’s perception and understanding are more important than anything else. International NGOs have carried out education to change the perception of FGM from a beautiful tradition to a cruel and violent act against human rights.  The UN is carrying out various activities with the goal of eliminating FGM by 2030. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 is to “achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.” The third target under this SDG is to “eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage, and female genital mutilations.”  In July 2003, government representatives from the AU member countries gathered in Maputo, Mozambique, and adopted the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, or the Maputo Protocol. Article 5 of the Maputo Protocol emphasizes the elimination of harmful practices, referring to a ban on female genital mutilation and other traditional practices that are harmful to women. Global media coverage and interviews of those who have undergone FGM have raised the interest of many people about the issue of FGM. UNICEF, Desert Flower Foundation, and Tostan are some of the international NGOs working to eliminate FGM.  Since the 2000s, many countries have enacted legal bans on FGM, and there has been the constant declaration of eradication of FGM led by community leaders. However, FGM has not been completely eradicated. Stay-at-home restrictions due to COVID-19 have worsened the situation.  ㅡ Stop FGM!  ㅡ   In a world where diverse peoples and cultures actively interact and coexist, FGM is a common problem for the world. Living in the 21st century, we need to be aware of the violence of FGM that threatens girls' and women’s lives and work together to eliminate it. 

Peace Issue Things we must do for a sustainable ocean

In the summer of 1997, Captain Charles Moore was passing through the middle of the North Pacific Gyre when he encountered a stretch of plastic debris surrounding the ship. For a week straight, he sailed between the pieces of plastic, all of which were plastic waste that came from the land.  What had happened to the ocean? ㅡ The deep and wide ocean gave us many gifts ㅡ How well do you know the ocean?  l 71% of the Earth’s surface The Earth glows blue when seen from space. This is because most of the Earth’s surface is covered by the ocean. In fact, about 71% of the Earth’s surface area is covered with water, which is equivalent to about 362 million square kilometers. l 97% of the Earth’s water Freshwater coming from glaciers, lakes, and rivers accounts for only about 3% of the total volume of water on Earth. Of the 3%, much less is accessible as drinking water for humans. Accordingly, technology to convert the abundant seawater into freshwater is actively being researched, developed, and applied. l Produces 70% of the atmosphere’s oxygen The ocean supplies oxygen, which is essential for sustaining life. Marine algae and other ocean phytoplankton produce about 70 percent of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. The amount of oxygen supplied by the ocean is far greater than double the amount that is supplied by the Amazon rainforest. l Ocean is the Earth’s air conditioner  One of the functions the ocean performs is to control the Earth’s weather. The ocean current circulates energy by moving the heat near the equator to high latitudes with less heat. The ocean acts like an air conditioner for the Earth. If the ocean currents do not perform this function, the tropics will get hotter and polar regions will get even colder. l Repository of the tremendous amount of resources  A wide range of creatures live in the ocean and a vast array of mineral and energy resources are buried within it. The ocean has infinite potential for development. About 17,000 species of plants and about 152,000 species of animals live in the ocean, which accounts for 80 percent of the Earth's species. The ocean also has a vast amount of energy resources such as oil and natural gas. As of 2012, approximately 30 percent of the world's oil came from offshore oil fields. In addition, energy is being produced from the ocean using the ocean tides, current, wave, and temperature differences. The magazine Nature estimates the total annual value of land ecosystems at $10.6 trillion and the total annual value of marine ecosystems at $22.6 trillion, which is more than double the land ecosystem value. It also estimates the available use period of mineral deposits on land to be 40 to 110 years, but 200 to 10,000 years in the ocean. ㅡ Our ocean is becoming ill  ㅡ Marine pollution refers to the deterioration of water quality and other adverse effects to the ocean caused by chemicals and trash produced by human activities entering the ocean. Most pollutants produced on land will eventually reach the ocean. Among the substances that enter the ocean, pollutants with a high degree of residuality remain in the ocean and form high concentrations in the environment or inside the body of marine creatures, causing serious problems. What is happening to the ocean? l The ocean is getting hotter Global warming is having a huge impact on the ocean as well as on land. For the past 100 years, the average temperature of the ocean surface has risen 0.1℃ every 10 years, and the temperature of the deep sea is rising faster than the shallow sea. Even if humankind were to stop greenhouse gas emissions right now, the temperature of the deep sea is expected to rise steadily until 2050. l Ocean water nutrient pollution Nutrient pollution refers to the gradual increase of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients causing excessive algae growth, which reduces the amount of oxygen in the water. This in turn hinders the breathing of fish and other marine life. When nutrient pollution intensifies, the blue color of the water changes to red, and fish die in droves. l Loss of marine habitats Marine life habitats where spawning, breeding, and growing occur are being destroyed by industrial development, pollutants, and climate change. Between 1980 and 2010, 40% of marine life habitats such as coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, sea forests, coral reefs, and mudflats disappeared or were destroyed. l Marine life extinction  According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 60% of the world's marine regions are adversely affected by humans and 267 species of marine life are on the verge of disappearing. ㅡ What are the most common types of trash found on beaches?  ㅡ About 80% of marine pollution comes from land, and plastic makes up the biggest proportion. Over 90% of the trash floating in the ocean is plastic. Every year, up to 12.7 million tons of plastic are thrown away into the ocean.  Seventy percent of the plastic that flows into the ocean slowly sinks below sea level. Sea creatures can swallow plastic pieces and choke to death. Pieces of plastic floating in the ocean are broken down into tiny pieces by seawater or sunlight.  The tiny pieces of plastic are called microplastic and are sometimes eaten by the fish. Once swallowed, microplastics stay in the fish for a long time and emit various harmful substances. Humans who eat these fish are also not free from the damages caused by the negative substances.  What are the most common types of trash found on beaches? (Based on the Ocean Conservancy’s 2019 International Coastal Cleanup analysis) 1) Food packaging (4.77 million) 2) Cigarette butts (4.2 million, was the most common for 33 years) 3) Plastic bottle (1.88 million) 4) Plastic bottle caps (1.5 million) 5) Plastic straw (940,000) Besides these kinds of trash, there are various other pollutants harming the ocean. Pesticide absorbed into the soil flows into rivers and seas, and heavy metals that are produced in the process of plating and petrochemical and automobile production flow into rivers along with sewage and wastewater eventually flowing into the sea. Large amounts of nuclear waste have also been dumped in the ocean.    △ The third Saturday of September of every year is the International Coastal Cleanup day. It began in 1986 when the environmental organization Ocean Conservancy based in Texas first started the cleanup with the support of the UN Environment Programme. Currently, about 500,000 volunteers from 100 countries worldwide participate in the cleanup making it one of the largest environmental events for the protection of the ocean.  ㅡ The ocean is not the Earth’s trash bin  ㅡ   International efforts for a sustainable marine ecosystem The causes of marine pollution and the collapse of the marine ecosystem are very complex and diverse, and the scope of causes span the entire global community. Therefore, it is important for all countries in the world to work together to come up with and implement solutions. The international community, countries, organizations, and individuals need to work together.l International convention Various international agreements have been signed to address the marine pollution and collapse of the marine ecosystem. ① Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter (1972, London Convention): Convention to regulate the dumping of waste from airplanes and ships ② Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (1995, GPA): The GPA was created as an intergovernmental mechanism to counter land-based pollution and its impacts on the marine environment through detailed action plans. ③ Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001): This international environmental treaty aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants that do not decompose in the natural environment and accumulate in plants and animals up the food chain causing disturbance of the immune system and damage to the central nervous system. ④ Honolulu Strategy of the International Marine Debris Conference (2001): The Honolulu Strategy is a global framework to reduce the amount of marine debris produced worldwide and manage and reduce the amount and impacts of existing marine debris. National efforts for a sustainable marine ecosystem l Designation of marine protected areas Countries are designating marine protected areas to protect the ocean and sustainably manage marine habitats and resources.  l Support for development of plastic alternatives Plastic made from plant sources, such as fruit cells and corn, that are biodegradable and harmless to the human body, and other kinds of plastic alternatives is being developed.  l Encouragement and operation of the marine resources certification system A country can support and encourage fishing companies and workers to secure seafood supplies in a sustainable manner without overfishing and illegal fishing. Furthermore, responsible and healthy consumption by consumers should be encouraged by expanding the market for seafood supplies produced in a sustainable manner. Individual efforts for a sustainable marine ecosystem l Reduce the use of plastic Using reusable water bottles instead of disposable water bottles and using reusable shopping bags or baskets instead of plastic bags can make a positive difference to making our oceans healthy again. l Participate in marine protection activities Participating in or sponsoring marine cleanup activities hosted by good NGOs dedicated to protecting marine habitats and wildlife can also be a way to create a healthy ocean. l Consume sustainable seafood Some companies supply seafood in a sustainable way, while others do not. When purchasing seafood, purchase products from companies that practice sustainable fishing when possible to help protect the ocean. ㅡ Let’s save the ocean!  ㅡ   △ In July 2020, the Japanese bulk carrier Wakashio ran aground on a coral reef off the southeastern coast of Mauritius, and more than 1,000 tons of oil spilled into the sea. Volunteers are working to remove the oil off the coast of where the accident occurred.  Now is the golden time to save the ocean. The deep and wide ocean, covering 71% of the Earth’s surface, that has been providing humanity with necessities of life for a long time, is being polluted daily and slowly dying. The enormous amount of pollutants and trash that humans have let flow into the ocean has caused the ocean to lose its self-purifying ability.  Ocean pollution not only affects marine life but also affects humanity’s life. The serious problem facing the ocean is the responsibility of humanity. The only way to save the ocean is to understand clearly the dire situation of the ocean’s health and act now to improve the situation. Let us all work together to turn the polluted ocean into a healthy ocean once again.!

Peace Issue Every human being has the right to be cured

Ninety percent of people who contract disease live in developing countries in Africa, South Asia, and Latin America. However, these countries only account for 10% of the world’s healthcare resources. In these countries, 15,000 infants die every day from treatable diseases.  ㅡ Many people still die from preventable diseases ㅡ Health inequality refers to the gap in health that arises from the difference in social and economic status such as income level, occupation, class, wealth, and education level.  As nutrition improves and medical technology develops, the life expectancy of people is increasing. An increase in life expectancy, increase in immunity, and decrease in infectious disease mortality rate, among other measures, show that healthcare is being provided at the highest level in history. However, 3.6 million people die every year due to lack of treatment. because they are unable to receive treatment. To prevent and treat diseases, proper nutrition and a hygienic environment, as well as on-time vaccination, diagnosis, and treatment, are important.  Because the conditions for preventing and treating diseases are unequal among individuals, countries, and society, many times, even minor illnesses lead to death. About 800,000 children die each year from diarrhea because they are not able to receive the appropriate medical treatment at the right time.  ㅡ The gap between average life expectancy in developed and underdeveloped countries is 20 years! ㅡ   Global health inequality is deepening. The average life expectancy in 2020 for the world was 73.2 years. Over the past 100 years, human life expectancy has increased significantly. For most of the developed countries, it is over 80 years. With the development of medical technology and improvement in the public health environment, some countries even expect the average life expectancy to reach 100 years. However, the average life expectancy in underdeveloped countries in 2020 was between 50 and 60. This is because infant mortality and maternal mortality rates are still high in underdeveloped countries in Africa and South Asia. Many children in these regions die from endemic diseases such as typhus, malaria, and dengue fever, and highly contagious diseases such as polio, pneumonia, cholera, and measles. The most widely used indicators to assess the quality of public health are infant mortality rate (the number of infant deaths within a year of birth per 1000 live births) and maternal mortality ratio (the number of women dying from complications from pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births). As a country's economy grows and its healthcare infrastructure improves, infant mortality and maternal mortality decrease. Infant and maternal mortality rates are highest in Africa and South Asia. In these regions, children's and women’s health remain a blind spot. The main causes of infant mortality are preventable infections and endemic diseases, and the main causes of maternal mortality are poor prenatal management, lack of delivery facilities, and infection during labor among others. ㅡ The most serious preventable diseases ㅡ   △ Many people in Soroti, Uganda, Africa get infected with malaria because of poor conditions. Malaria is preventable through insecticide-treated mosquito nets and malaria vaccinations, and even if a person is infected, it can be cured through drug treatment for 15 days if it is diagnosed early on. l Pneumonia: 2.65 million deaths per year Pneumonia, a very common disease, is the inflammation of the lungs accompanied by symptoms such as coughing, phlegm, chills, and fever. Although it can be prevented with vaccination, 2.56 million people around the world died of pneumonia in 2017, due to lack of vaccination, diagnosis, and treatment. One-third of the deaths were of children under the age of five. l Tuberculosis: 1.5 million deaths per year Although tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that has disappeared from many developed countries, outbreaks still occur in developing and underdeveloped countries. In 2018, around 10 million people worldwide contracted TB and 1.5 million people died from it. l AIDS: 690,000 deaths per year AIDS is one of the most serious public health issues in the world today. It is most seriously widespread in underdeveloped countries, with more than two-thirds of all infected people living in sub-Saharan Africa. Of that population, children account for about 5%. AIDS is the number one cause of death for adolescents aged 10-19 in Africa and the second cause of death for adolescents worldwide. l Malaria: 400,000 deaths per year Malaria, an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes, is an endemic disease that is widely spread across the African continent, with more than 10% of infected people dying. In 2019, there were about 229 million cases of malaria and 409,000 deaths from malaria. Children under the age of 5 accounted for the largest proportion of deaths.  Malaria is preventable through insecticide-treated mosquito nets and malaria vaccinations, and even if a person is infected, it can be cured through drug treatment for 15 days if it is diagnosed early on. However, mosquito nets, malaria vaccines, and antimalarial drugs are too expensive for people living in Africa. The price of antimalarial drugs is about $20, which is far too high for people living on $1 a day on average. ㅡ Why is the average life expectancy low in underdeveloped countries? ㅡ l Lack of national healthcare infrastructure A lack of national healthcare infrastructure is the biggest reason. Countries in Africa and South Asia are struggling to diagnose and treat diseases due to a lack of medical staff, facilities, and medicine.  In addition, the lack of national vaccination projects and healthcare projects makes disease prevention challenging. Malaria, typhoid, cholera, dengue fever, polio, and measles are diseases that can be prevented by timely vaccination and proper sanitation. However, they remain fatal in underdeveloped countries.   △ In April 2019, a baby is lying outdoors in a dirty bathtub in Senegal. Diseases that can be prevented by timely vaccination and a hygienic environment can be still fatal in underdeveloped countries.  l Poverty Poverty makes receiving proper treatment challenging. Without money, a person cannot go to the hospital or buy medicine even if he or she is sick. About 800 million people in the world spend more than 10 percent of their household income on medical expenses, and 100 million of them live in extreme poverty. For these 100 million people, after their medical expenses, they only have $1.90 a day (as of 2018) to survive on. l Lack of disease awareness  Lack of awareness around the disease is also a big challenge. It is difficult for poor people in underdeveloped countries to receive proper education, which leads to a lack of awareness of health, hygiene, and medical care. These people often neglect personal health and miss the proper timing of receiving medical treatment due to poor concepts of hygiene, blind faith in traditional medical beliefs, and poor understanding of diseases, prevention, and treatment methods. l Facilities with poor hygiene conditions Unhygienic bathrooms are hotbeds for diseases. In underdeveloped countries, there are often insufficient sanitation facilities, and so it is common for people to defecate near open places by the river where food is being prepared or near where children are playing. These unsanitary practices encourage disease outbreaks. It is common to be infected with germs and parasites as well as diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, and typhoid from using contaminated water.   △ February 14, 2015 – Unsanitary toilets in remote villages in the central region of Kasai, the Democratic Republic of the Congo provide favorable conditions for disease outbreaks. l Drugs that are not researched due to low profitability Some drugs, despite the need, are not researched due to low profitability. Treatments for frequent endemic diseases and infectious diseases that occur mostly in developing countries are much less profitable than various health supplements and cancer treatments mostly sold in developed countries. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies are passive in developing drugs for diseases in developing countries and it becomes even more difficult to receive proper treatment in developing countries.  ㅡ Goal to ensure healthy lives and well-being for all people ㅡ The United Nations set the following goals to achieve good health and well-being for all by 2030. This is the third of the Sustainable Development Goals set in 2015, which aims to raise the level of health of vulnerable people.  SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all of all ages ① Reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. ② End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births. ③ End the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases, and other communicable diseases. ④ Reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being. The international community is working hard to achieve these goals.  l Strengthening basic health systems Strengthening basic health systems is a major focus of international efforts. International organizations such as the World Health Organization and UNICEF work with governments to operate and support programs that provide education, training, and information related to disease prevention and hygiene improvement for households and communities. Such organizations provide technology, strategy, etc. to governments and provide necessary medical equipment and train public health personnel. They provide basic health services mainly to underdeveloped countries where health services are not available due to lack of essential medical facilities l Support for neonatal health Around 7,000 newborns die every day worldwide. Lack of awareness of unsanitary environment and lack of essential medical services are the biggest causes of newborn deaths in underdeveloped countries. To address these issues, international organizations, governments, and related agencies work together to implement programs that provide vaccinations and nutrition and help prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases. l Support for maternal health Around 830 women worldwide die from pregnancy and childbirth related complications every day. The death of mothers due to pregnancy and childbirth can be sufficiently prevented by proper medical support, systematic prepartum and postpartum care, and provision of pregnancy and childbirth related information. International organizations and governments are carrying out health and medical projects to help mothers and newborns around the world to be able to receive professional help during childbirth and have access to clean water, proper nutrition, basic medical services, and vaccines. ㅡ We must work together to protect the health and human rights of all people ㅡ

Peace Issue We need to create a better world where we live together with refugees

△ Syrian refugees aboard a ship from Turkey arrive near Molyvos, Lesvos, Greece, on October 29, 2015. Refugees are seriously injured or killed during the dangerous journey. In 2015, the death of a child shocked the entire world. The three-year-old child who was found dead on the Turkish beach was named Alan Kurdi. Kurdi had died from a shipwreck while trying to escape to Europe from the Syrian Civil War. This single photo of an innocent child’s death was more than enough for the world to realize the seriousness of the refugee problem.  Who is responsible for Kurdi’s death? ㅡ There are people who flee for their lives ㅡ Refugees are people who “owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.” Refugees are people who have to emigrate to preserve their lives and freedom. Most refugees leave their homeland empty-handed in desperate situations.  These people cannot seek protection from their home country and sometimes, their home country is the one persecuting them. If other countries do not accept them and they cannot receive help from their own country, their lives become as if they have received the death sentence.  They will have to continue their lives without any rights under conditions where it is difficult to sustain their livelihoods.  △ Syrian refugees are passing through Slovenia’s Doveba Station on October 25, 2015, to head to Germany, their dream destination. Reasons people become refugees l War refugees Those who are forced to flee due to armed conflicts due to racial, ethnic, ideological, territorial, and underground resource disputes. Syrian refugees, Somali refugees, and Afghan refugees due to civil war and conflict between countries are examples of war refugees.  l Political refugees Those who flee to escape suppression by the regime due to different political ideologies. Yemeni refugees, Kurdish refugees, and Venezuelan refugees are examples of political refugees.  l Religious refugees Those who leave their homes to avoid conflicts, oppression, and massacres due to religious differences. Rohingya refugees who fled to escape political and religious persecution from the Myanmar government are an example of religious refugees. l Climate refugees Those who lose their homes due to natural disasters that cannot be controlled by humankind such as floods, droughts, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Kiribati refugees in the South Pacific who face the threat of their homes being submerged underwater due to climate change-induced sea-level rise and Haiti refugees who lost their homes due to the level 7.0 earthquake are examples.  Climate change will become a greater cause of refugees in the future. Damage to drinking water sources, an increase of droughts and floods, reduction in food production caused by climate change are already seriously affecting Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.  ㅡ One percent of the world’s population do not have a home ㅡ △ October 2015, Syrian refugees in a refugee camp in Kos, Greece, are in despair.  In 2019, 1% of the world's population, or 79.5 million people were living as refugees. Every two seconds, a person becomes a refugee fleeing from war and violence. Even at this moment, a person is losing hope. The number of refugees worldwide has doubled compared to 2010. During the last ten years since 2010, 100 million people sought protection within their country or from another country after leaving their homes due to threats to their safety. More than 80% of refugees are staying in countries or regions suffering from food shortages and malnutrition, and many of these countries are also exposed to the dangers of climate disasters. The top source countries of refugees are Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Myanmar, and Venezuela. More than half of all refugees are children and adolescents. Some were forced to leave their hometowns along with their parents, but others became refugees themselves to escape the threats posed to them. Every year, about 10,000 children and adolescents leave in search of safety by themselves. In many cases, they also become orphaned refugees after being separated from their parents during their refugee life. ㅡ Life-threatening journey of refugees ㅡ What awaits the refugees after they leave their homes? l Life-threatening escape and journey The refugees' escapes and journeys are always accompanied by danger. Refugees who do not have official documents to cross the border mostly use illegal methods such as using informal passageways or getting help from brokers. As a result, they have no choice but to go over the barbed wire fence, ride a boat with water leaks, and even hide in a container with no breathing holes in their journey to find refuge. The number of refugees who lose their lives in accidents during the escape journey continues to increase. Currently, most of the refugees are headed for Europe. Most refugees come from Africa or the Middle East, and to them, Europe is the closest and the most suitable place to settle down. But now, Europe has begun to close its doors to refugees. l Refugee camps Most of the refugees leave their hometowns with empty hands. To protect them, international relief agencies provide refugee camps. Since countries in Africa and the Middle East are some of the biggest source countries of refugees, many refugee camps are in neighboring countries such as Jordan, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and Kenya.  However, these camps are poorly facilitated. Public health care or education is difficult to expect, and there are only a small amount of rationed food and tent facilities to avoid rain and wind. According to the UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, more than half of the world’s refugee camps are unable to provide the minimum recommended amount of water per person, which is 20 liters. Furthermore, about 30% of the camps are not equipped with proper waste disposal and bathroom facilities.   △ Refugee camp for Syrian refugees located in Turkey l Difficult and long path to asylum A person persecuted by one’s own country may apply to be protected by another sovereign authority, and this is called seeking “asylum”. Only when asylum applications are accepted can refugees who arrive in a new country receive official protection from the country's government and enjoy a full life. But it is generally very difficult to be granted asylum, and it may take years for asylum to be finally confirmed. l Forced repatriation of refugees If those who have left their homelands cannot attain refugee status, they are repatriated to their home country. The Refugee Convention stipulates that "no person shall be deported or repatriated to the borders of any area where life or freedom may be threatened on the grounds of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion."  This is the most basic principle of refugee protection in the Refugee Convention and is legally binding for all countries in the world under international customary law. However, many countries violate the agreement and forcibly repatriate refugees by prioritizing their interests and relations with neighboring countries. ㅡ Child refugees face an even more dangerous and uncertain future ㅡ △ January 31, 2017, refugee children are playing in Belgrade, Serbia. Less than half of child and adolescent refugees receive school education despite education being the most important factor in helping them start a new life. Education should be provided as a priority.  More than half of refugees are children and adolescents.  There are 3.5 million refugee children who are unable to go to school due to conflicts and violence. Amidst conflict situations where it is a challenge for refugees to find food and a place to rest, education becomes a luxury.  Children and adolescents who do not have prospects for entering school and gaining employment are at greater risk of being taken advantage of and committing illegal acts out of desperation. Refugee children who are unable to receive education are more likely to become subject to human trafficking or child labor. Threats child and adolescent refugees face ① In some countries, children are forced to fight as child soldiers. ② In some regions, children are forced to marry at an early age. ③ Sometimes, the parents or brokers sell the children, and such children are sent to unfamiliar homes to work or are forced to work in factories under harsh conditions. Provision of educational opportunity is the most important factor for child and adolescent refugees to start a new life. Education is a basic right and a very important part of finding hope and dignity for people who have been forced to leave their homes. It is because education is the tool that can enable them to stand on their own to create a better future for themselves.    △ August 13, 2015, Students studying at a school in a refugee camp in Gaziantep, Turkey  ㅡ We were all refugees or are potential refugees ㅡ Many countries around the world oppose accepting refugees because accepting refugees can place a huge economic and social burden on the country. To protect refugees, the government must spend an enormous budget, which is covered by the people's taxes. Furthermore, there are concerns that if many refugees are taken in, the competition for jobs may intensify. However, refugees may become a source of human capital as well. According to the French National Science Research Center, refugees benefited the economy of European countries. The study says that 3 to 5 years after refugees received refugee status, they increased the accepting country’s GDP, and increased tax revenue by 1%.  The world is becoming smaller, and the issue of refugees is becoming an issue for all of us. The refugee issue affects not just the source country but its neighboring countries and even the world. It is a global issue.  Therefore, to solve the refugee problem, each one of us needs to have the awareness that we are world citizens who belong to a common community of Earth. When we see the world as one community, national borders and nationalities become meaningless and each one of us becomes an equal member of the community.  If we trace back our history, one of our ancestors may be a refugee who came from afar. Also, any one of us can become a refugee fleeing from unavoidable danger and violence.  All countries on Earth have the potential to become a source country of refugees as well as a receiving country that protects refugees. With this awareness, we need to find a way to live together with refugees.  ㅡ We need to protect and live together with refugees around the world ㅡ

Peace Issue Why we need to take immediate action to stop climate change

In the summer of 2007, the Arctic sea ice that had remained frozen for thousands of years began to melt. Its surface area decreased to a quarter of what it was before. Due to these changes in the Arctic Ocean ecosystem, many animals, including polar bears, have become endangered.  But is global warming a problem only for polar bears? ㅡ The threat we are facing now ㅡ For the past 100 years, the Earth has become warmer at a faster pace than ever before. The Earth’s temperature has never changed by more than 1°C in the previous 10,000 years, but in the recent 100 years since the Industrial Revolution, the Earth’s temperature rose by 1°C. This phenomenon of the Earth becoming warmer is called global warming. Reasons the Earth’s temperature is rising l Human activity Climate change can occur due to natural causes but the climate change being experienced in the past 100 years has been accelerated by human activity.  l Greenhouse gases and greenhouse effect Ninety-nine percent of the Earth’s atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen. The remaining one percent is mostly made up of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. These greenhouse gases create the appropriate temperature for us to live in. Over the past 100 years, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere has increased by more than necessary, which has warmed up the Earth.ㅡGreenhouse gases are accelerating global warming ㅡ Reasons greenhouses gases are increasing l Indiscriminate use of coal and oil The biggest cause of greenhouse gases is fossil fuels such as coal and oil, which make up more than 90 percent of the energy source used on Earth today. Fossil fuels are used in thermal power plants that produce electricity, factories that mass-produce various products needed in daily life, and transportation methods such as cars and trains. Although the use of fossil fuels has allowed material abundance and convenience for humankind, it is destroying the Earth’s ecosystem. l Methane emitted by livestock Methane emitted by livestock raised for human consumption, especially cattle, has 30 times more global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Surprisingly, about 20% of all greenhouse gases are emitted by livestock. This is more than the amount produced by cars.  l Huge increase in garbage The tremendous amount of garbage being produced since Industrialization is also a factor.  A large amount of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, is produced during the process of breaking down the huge amount of garbage that is generated every day. l Indiscriminate deforestation Forests around the world, including the Amazon rainforest popularly known as the lungs of Earth, are shrinking significantly due to indiscriminate development. When forests shrink, nature’s ability to absorb greenhouse gases is also reduced, which further speeds up global warming. ㅡ Effects of global warming felt in our daily lives ㅡ Global warming is transforming not just the climate but the Earth’s ecosystem. As climate changes, ecosystems can be destroyed and can lead to big changes throughout the food chain affecting our lives as well.  Effects of climate change on our livesl Changes in ecosystemAs the temperature increases, the number of mosquitoes who like warm weather is especially increasing at a rapid pace. The spread of mosquitoes leads to the spread of infectious diseases and diseases such as malaria and dengue fever are likely to spread even further. Additionally, the extinction of marine animals is being accelerated due to rising water temperatures and ocean acidification.l Increase in natural disastersAs the average temperature of the Earth rises, the sea stores more heat than the atmosphere, and the heated atmosphere and sea change the humidity and wind flow throughout the Earth causing changes in weather. Frequent floods, typhoons, droughts, landslides, and forest fires cause human and property damage and loss of homes.l Genetic variationsClimate change is changing the size of living organisms and causing many types of physiological phenomena that are different from before. For example, plants such as apricot trees and kiwis that can withstand high temperatures are emerging indicating that fundamental changes are taking place in the global ecosystem.l Threat to human healthThe persisting high temperature creates an environment more favorable for germs and pests to be active. The possibility of the occurrence of highly infectious diseases, such as cholera, diarrhea, malaria, bacterial dysentery, is increasing. l Acceleration of global inequalityAll the problems caused by climate change have a greater impact on the poor than the rich. The majority of people whose basic human rights are at risk of being violated due to climate change are those who live in poor countries. By 2050, the number of people who are unable to cope with climate change is expected to exceed 140 million. Climate change is a major factor that further exacerbates the problems of poverty and inequality.ㅡWarning! Warning!Global warming cannot be ignored any longerㅡ Even if the number of greenhouse gases were to be decreased immediately, the problems brought by global warming will not be solved soon. It will take at least 100 to 300 years for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to be normalized to the level before. That is why global warming that has already started is a very serious issue and why we need to raise awareness of the seriousness of the problem and act now. ㅡEveryone needs to participate to stop global warmingㅡInternational efforts to combat global warmingThere have been longtime international cooperation and effort to stop climate change. The international society has been taking global measures to reduce overall greenhouse emissions. △ November 30, 2015, Paris, France: Then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and French President Francois Hollande are waiting for other heads of state at the COP21 meeting in Paris. The Paris Climate Agreement was adopted at the COP21 meeting.l UN’s basic treaty on climate change, UNFCCCTo actively respond to climate change, the international society signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in June of 1992, promising to address climate change. The key point of the UNFCC treaty is for all signatory parties to participate in stabilizing global warming and for the developed nations, who historically have greater responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions, to take greater responsibility. All signatory parties are to submit annually a national report to the UN about their measures to limit the Earth’s global warming and their nation’s greenhouse gas emission statistics.l Kyoto ProtocolIt is an international convention with a legally binding force. The 38 developed nations with historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions through active industrial revolutions resolved to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from 1990 levels from 2008 to 2012.l Paris AgreementReplacing the Kyoto Protocol that expired in 2020, the Paris Agreement became applicable starting January of 2021. The Paris Agreement's long-term goal is to keep the increase of global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.National efforts to combat global warmingEach nation is preparing policies and regulations to minimize its greenhouse gas emissions. l Development of green energyEach nation is conducting research and developing green energy that can reduce the use of fossil fuels and improve the environment. l Environmental certification marksGovernments are preparing various policies related to business and personal production and consumption and encouraging the production and consumption of environmentally friendly products. Consumption of such products is being promoted through the designation of environmental certification marks. l Protection and support for those vulnerable to climate changeNational level protection and support aimed at residents of farming and fishing areas who are more severely impacted by climate change, people living in poverty who are vulnerable to natural disasters or infectious diseases, and residents living in low-lying coastal areas are being pursued.l Individual efforts to combat global warmingWhile international and national efforts to combat climate change are important, individual efforts are just as important. Actions that can be taken in daily lives must be implemented.  l Conservation of energy and resources If we lower heating by 1°C, 231kg of carbon dioxide can be saved annually per household.  Energy can be saved by keeping winter season heating to under 20°C and summer season indoor temperature to between 26~28°C. If we decrease our time in the shower by 1 minute, we can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced by 7kg. Installing water-saving showerheads and water-efficient toilets, turning off the faucet while brushing our teeth, and doing laundry after clothes have been collected are all ways of conserving energy that we can practice in our daily lives. l Use of public transportation and bicycles We can improve our health and the health of the Earth by taking the bus, subway, and walking. By walking or riding the bicycle, carpooling, and using energy-efficient cars, we can reduce carbon dioxide emissions. l Use of eco-friendly products When considering products with the same function, consider using a product that produces less environmental pollution. Select products that are energy-efficient or produce less waste. l Planting trees Trees absorb carbon dioxide. A pine tree absorbs 5kg of carbon dioxide per year. Northern Europe, which is heavily forested, has a greater absorption level of carbon dioxide and faceless pressure of reducing greenhouse gases. Efforts should be made to conserve forests and plant new trees. The climate environment is an international public good that all nations on Earth enjoy together. Therefore, it is impossible to make one nation or individual take responsibility for climate change. Developed nations that have already industrialized need to take lead and support the climate change response of developing nations to reduce the gap among nations. Policy development and implementation on a national level and individual effort in daily lives are also important. ㅡ Our house is on fire!The time to act is now ㅡ

Press Release Macky Sall Acceptance Speech

Macky Sall Acceptance SpeechHonorable Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon, co-founder of the Universal Peace FederationLadies and gentlemen, dear friends, distinguished guestsThe health situation which has put the international community in a state of emergency led me to cancel the trip to Seoul I was preparing myself for.It is with the deepest regret that I was not able to join you personally as I had planned. I would like to thank my Korean counterpart President Moon Jae In for all the preparations he made for my visit. It is with deep reverence that I salute the memory of Rev. Sun Myung Moon whose centenary we celebrate this year. He was a visionary leader and the inspiration behind the Universal Peace Federation.  I would like to offer my highest esteem to the honorable Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon.For several decades, Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon has been the embodiment of incredible kindness. Her life demonstrates a profound heart of superlative commitment to the cause of peace and the wellbeing of humanity. Her unique ability and lifelong dedication to comfort those in need is leading to the realization of a harmonious global community filled with love. Her dedication deserves our unending respect and admiration.I would like to once again extend to her my respect and esteem.　I see the members of the Universal Peace Federation as my associates. Ladies and gentlemen, in these times of turbulence and uncertainty, there is no task more urgent than fostering dialogue to allay tensions, promote mutual understanding and support the peaceful coexistence of people. It is with this spirit that in January 2018, Senegal welcomed the inaugural Africa Summit of the Universal Peace Federation. It is with this similar spirit that I humbly accept the Sunhak Peace Prize that you have awarded me. It is with humility that I accept this prize because to me, this award is not an end in itself but an encouragement to persevere in the culture of peace and human kinship.I accept this prize with humility because I recognize the essential blessing this prize brings to the people of Senegal.  Every member of the Senegalese people has always harbored a profound sense of togetherness in their diversity. This prize is greater than my humble self. it is a prize that honors the people of Senegal and I would like to dedicate it to the people of Senegal. As I accept this award, I think about all those whose peace is usurped by violence and the vicissitudes of life. I think about the victims of war and terrorism, about refugees and displaced people, about those suffering from xenophobia and racial discrimination simply because of their origin or the color of their skin. Peace is fragile.When society is characterized by indifference and the madness of self-centeredness, this society cannot take care of those most in need. Peace is threatened when extremism of all types manipulates the conscience of people and turns faith into activism to feed ideologies of conflict. Peace is threatened when some believe they are imbued with the mission of forcing unto others a unique ideology of action and existence. This stands at odds with the diversity of cultures and civilizations. It is for all these reasons that we must defend the ideal of a better world for all. That is why, in agreement with the African Union Commission, I have decided to donate the entire prize amount of 500,000 USD of the Sunhak Peace Prize to the peace fund of the African Union. I hope for this to promote efforts to realize peace continentally. This is why, as a laureate of the Sunhak Peace Prize, I will endeavor to stay faithful to the ideal that unites us. I will endeavor to pursue together with you, our common efforts for the peaceful coexistence among people, cultures and civilizations. I wish tremendous success at your gathering.